Pd-1/pd-l1 inhibitors

ABSTRACT

Compounds according to formula (I), methods of using said compounds singly or in combination with additional agents and compositions of said compounds for the treatment of cancer are disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/488,017, filed Apr. 20, 2017, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/507,678, filed May 17, 2017, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD

The present disclosure generally relates to compounds useful as inhibitors of PD-1, PD-L1 or the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. Provided herein are compounds, compositions comprising such compounds, and methods for their use.

BACKGROUND

Programmed death-1 (CD279) is a receptor on T cells that has been shown to suppress activating signals from the T cell receptor when bound by either of its ligands, Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1, CD274, B7-H1) or PD-L2 (CD273, B7-DC). When PD-1 expressing T cells contact cells expressing its ligands, functional activities in response to antigenic stimuli, including proliferation, cytokine secretion, and cytotoxicity are reduced. PD-1/PD-Ligand interactions down regulate immune responses during resolution of an infection or tumor, or during the development of self-tolerance. Chronic antigen stimulation, such as that which occurs during tumor disease or chronic infections, results in T cells that express elevated levels of PD-1 and are dysfunctional with respect to activity towards the chronic antigen. This is termed “T cell exhaustion.” B cells also display PD-1/PD-ligand suppression and “exhaustion.”

Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 ligation using antibodies to PD-L1 has been shown to restore and augment T cell activation in many systems. Patients with advanced cancer benefit from therapy with a monoclonal antibody to PD-L1. Preclinical animal models of tumors and chronic infections have shown that blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway by monoclonal antibodies can enhance the immune response and result in tumor rejection or control of infection. Antitumor immunotherapy via PD-1/PD-L1 blockade may augment therapeutic immune response to a number of histologically distinct tumors.

Interference with the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction has also shown enhanced T cell activity in chronic infection systems. Chronic lymphocytic chorio meningitis virus infection of mice also exhibits improved virus clearance and restored immunity with blockade of PD-L1. Humanized mice infected with HIV-1 show enhanced protection against viremia and viral depletion of CD4+ T cells. Blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 through monoclonal antibodies to PD-L1 can restore in vitro antigen-specific functionality to T cells from HIV patients, HCV patients or HBV.

Accordingly, agents that block PD-1, PD-L1 and/or the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction are desired. Small molecule agents that block or inhibit PD-1, PD-L1 and/or the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction are particularly desired. Applicants have discovered small molecule compounds that have activity as inhibitors of PD-1, PD-L1 or inhibitors of the interaction of PD-1 with PD-L1, and thus may be useful for treating patients having cancer.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I):

R^(W)-Q^(W)-L^(W)-Ar^(W)—Ar^(E)-L^(E)-Q^(E)-R^(E)   (I)

-   -   wherein:         Ar^(E) and Ar^(W) are each independently cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;     -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is         optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected         from halo, —OR^(a), —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —N₃, —SO₂R^(a),         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and cycloalkyl group             is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently             selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, and cyano;             L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —O—, —S—,             —SO—, —SO₂—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,             —(CR³R⁴)_(m)S(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,             —C(O)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)NR³             (CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, C₂₋₆             alkenylene, C₂₋₆ alkynylene,

-   -   wherein     -   each m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;         Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl,     -   wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally         substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from halo,         oxo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆         alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);         -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,             heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1             to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,             —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),             —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),             —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),             —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),             —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and wherein             the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may be oxidized on a             nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on a sulfur             atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;     -   wherein     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or,

-   -   -   wherein         -   L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;                 -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is                     optionally independently substituted with OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;                     R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R²,                     —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R²,                     —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆                     alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,                     —(CH₂)_(u)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                     —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d),                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻,                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)],                     —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂,                     —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)(CH₂)_(u)P(O)(OR^(c))₂,                     —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d));                     —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)),                     —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)), or

-   -   wherein:     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   ring B is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl;     -   T is independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R²,         (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e), (CH₂)_(q)OR^(a), or         (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and     -   z is 0, 1, 2, or 3;     -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl of         R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1 to 3         substituents independently selected from NR^(a)R^(b), halo,         cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆         cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylOH, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom;         R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl C(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆         alkenylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to         4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo,         C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b)         and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring         consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the         ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently         selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆         cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f),         —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g);         R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl,         —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and         —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl; and         R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.

The present disclosure further provides a compound of formula (I):

R^(W)-Q^(W)-L^(W)-Ar^(W)—Ar^(E)-L^(E)-Q^(E)-R^(E)   (I)

-   -   wherein:         Ar^(E) and Ar^(W) are each independently cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;     -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is         optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected         from halo, —OR^(a), —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —N₃, —SO₂R^(a),         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and cycloalkyl group             is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently             selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, and cyano;             L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —O—, —S—,             —SO—, —SO₂—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,             —(CR³R⁴)_(m)S(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,             —C(O)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,             —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,             —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, C₂₋₆ alkenylene, C₂₋₆             alkynylene,

-   -   wherein     -   each m is independently 1, 2, 3 or 4;     -   provided that when one of Ar^(E) and Ar^(W) is optionally         substituted phenyl and the other is optionally substituted         phenyl or optionally substituted         2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxine, and one of L^(E) and L^(W) is         —CH₂O—, —CH₂CH₂—, —CHCH—, and —C(O)N—; then the other of L^(E)         and L^(W) is a bond, —O— or —CH₂O— of the formula Ar—CH₂O-Q;         Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl,     -   wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally         substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from halo,         oxo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆         alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and R^(N);         -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, is optionally             substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from             oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b),             —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b),             NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),             —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),             —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;     -   wherein     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein         -   L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   provided at least one of L¹, V an L² is other than a bond;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;                 -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is                     optionally independently substituted with OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;                     R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R²,                     —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R²,                     —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆                     alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁-6 alkylNR¹R²,                     —(CH₂)_(u)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —(CH₂)N⁺R¹R²O⁻,                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d),                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻,                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)],                     —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂,                     —(CH₂)_(u)NR(CH₂)_(u)P(O)(OR^(c))₂,                     —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d));                     —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)),                     —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)), or

-   -   wherein:     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   ring B is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl;     -   T is independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R²,         (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e), (CH₂)_(q)OR^(a), or         (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and     -   z is 0, 1, 2, or 3;     -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is         optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently         selected from NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom, and when each of V² and L³ is a bond and p is 0,         then either (i) neither of L^(E) or L^(W) is a bond or (ii) ring         B is not a 5,6-membered fused heteroaryl where the 5-membered         ring of the fused heteroaryl is bound to the corresponding Q^(E)         or Q^(W);         R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl C(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆         alkenylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to         4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo,         C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b)         and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring         consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the         ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently         selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆         cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f),         —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g);         R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl,         —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and         —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl; and         R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.

The present disclosure further provides a compound of formula (I):

R^(W)-Q^(W)-L^(W)-Ar^(W)—Ar^(E)-L^(E)-Q^(E)-R^(E)   (I)

wherein: Ar^(E) and Ar^(W) are each independently a cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;

-   -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is         optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected         from halo, —OR^(a), —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —N₃, —SO₂R^(a),         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and         -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and cycloalkyl is             optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently             selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, and cyano;             L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —O—, —S—,             —SO—, —SO₂—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,             —(CR³R⁴)_(m)S(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,             —C(O)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,             —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,             —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, C₂₋₆ alkenylene, C₂₋₆             alkynylene,

wherein each m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;

Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;

-   -   wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally         substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from halo,         oxo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆         alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N); and         -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,             heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted             with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂,             —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a),             —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆-cyanoalkyl, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b),             NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),             —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),             —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and further             wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may be oxidized             on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on a             sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein: L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or             SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and                 -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is                     optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;                     R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R²,                     —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R²,                     —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆                     alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,                     —(CH₂)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻,                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d),                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻,                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)],                     —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂,                     —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)),                     —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)),                     —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)), or

-   -   wherein:     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   ring B is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl;     -   T is independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R²,         (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e), or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   z is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and     -   wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl         of R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1 to 3         substituents independently selected from the group consisting of         NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom;         R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆         alkenylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to         4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo,         C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b)         and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring         consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the         ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently         selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆         cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f),         —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g);         R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl,         —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and         —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl; and         R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of         stereoisomers, solvate, or tautomer thereof.

In one embodiment of formula (I), both Ar^(E) and Ar^(W) are optionally substituted bicyclic rings, wherein neither is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring. In one embodiment of formula (I), both L^(E) and L^(W) are —O—. In one embodiment of formula (I), both L^(E) and L^(W) are -Q-O—CH₂—Ar—. In one embodiment of formula (I), each of Ar^(E), Ar^(W), Q^(E), and Q^(W) are monocyclic, provided at least two are heteroaryl, and neither of R^(E), and R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring. In one embodiment of formula (I), at least one L is a bond, and none of Ar^(E), Ar^(W), Q^(E), Q^(W), R^(E), and R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring. In one embodiment of formula (I), at least one of the following occurs: a) both Ar^(E) and Ar^(W) are optionally substituted bicyclic rings, wherein neither is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring; or both L^(E) and L^(W) are —O—; b) both L^(E) and L^(W) are -Q-O—CH₂—Ar—; c) each of Ar^(E), Ar^(W), Q^(E), and Q^(W) are monocyclic, provided at least two are heteroaryl, and neither of R^(E), and R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring; or d) at least one L is a bond, and none of Ar^(E), Ar^(W), Q^(E), Q^(W), R^(E), and R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.

The present disclosure provides a method of inhibiting PD-1, PD-L1 and/or the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction comprising administering a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof, to a patient in need thereof.

The present disclosure provides a method of treating cancer comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof, to a patient in need thereof.

One embodiment provides the use of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof, for the treatment of cancer or a condition in a patient that is amenable to treatment by inhibiting PD-1, PD-L1 or the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction comprising administering said compound of formula (I) to said patient in need thereof.

In one embodiment, provided is a method for treating a cancer wherein the cancer is pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, renal cancer, hepatocellular cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, melanoma, neuroendocrine cancer, CNS cancer, brain cancer, bone cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, non-small cell lung cancer, small-cell lung cancer or colon cancer, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof to a patient in need thereof.

In one embodiment, provided is a method for treating a cancer or a condition in a patient that is amenable to treatment by inhibiting PD-1, PD-L1 or the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction selected from pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, renal cancer, hepatocellular cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, melanoma, neuroendocrine cancer, CNS cancer, brain cancer, bone cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, non-small cell lung cancer, small-cell lung cancer and colon cancer comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof to a patient in need thereof, further comprising at least one additional anticancer agent or therapy selected from nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, ipilimumab, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and resection therapy, to a patient in need thereof.

In one embodiment, provided is a method for treating HBV, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof to a patient in need thereof.

In one embodiment, provided is a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof, for the treatment of cancer or a condition in a patient selected from lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and leukemia. Additional diseases or conditions that may be treated include, but are not limited to acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), myeloproliferative disease (MPD), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), multiple myeloma (MM), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), follicular lymphoma, Waldestrom's macroglobulinemia (WM), T-cell lymphoma, B-cell lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof, in combination with at least one additional anti-cancer agent selected from rituxan, doxorubicin, gemcitabine, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and ipilimumab.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof, in combination with at least one additional check-point inhibitor selected from nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, and ipilimumab.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof, and at least one additional anticancer agent and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof, at least one additional therapeutic agent suitable for treating an HBV infection, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a kit that includes a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof, a label and/or instructions for use of the compound in the treatment of cancer or a disease or condition mediated by PD-1, PD-L1 activity or the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a kit that includes a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof, at least one additional anticancer agent, a label(s) and/or instructions for use of the compound(s) in the treatment of a disease or condition mediated by PD-1, PD-L1 activity or PD-1/PD-L1 interaction.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides articles of manufacture that include a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, and a container. In one embodiment, the container may be a vial, jar, ampoule, preloaded syringe, or an intravenous bag.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) for use in therapy.

In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) for use in the manufacture of a medicament for treating cancer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions

As used in the present disclosure, the following words and phrases are generally intended to have the meanings as set forth below unless expressly indicated otherwise or the context in which they are used indicates otherwise.

The following description sets forth exemplary methods, parameters and the like. It should be recognized, however, that such description is not intended as a limitation on the scope of the present disclosure but is instead provided as a description of exemplary embodiments.

As used in the present specification, the following words, phrases and symbols are generally intended to have the meanings as set forth below, except to the extent that the context in which they are used indicates otherwise.

A dash (“—”) that is not between two letters or symbols is used to indicate a point of attachment for a substituent. For example, —C(O)NH₂ is attached through the carbon atom. A dash at the front or end of a chemical group is a matter of convenience; chemical groups may be depicted with or without one or more dashes without losing their ordinary meaning. Unless chemically or structurally required, no directionality is indicated or implied by the order in which a chemical group is written or named.

A squiggly line on a chemical group as shown below, for example,

indicates a point of attachment, i.e., it shows the broken bond by which the group is connected to another described group.

The prefix “C_(u-v),” indicates that the following group has from u to v carbon atoms. For example, “C₁₋₆ alkyl” indicates that the alkyl group has from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

Reference to “about” a value or parameter herein includes (and describes) embodiments that are directed to that value or parameter per se. In certain embodiments, the term “about” includes the indicated amount ±10%. In other embodiments, the term “about” includes the indicated amount ±5%. In certain other embodiments, the term “about” includes the indicated amount ±1%. Also, to the term “about X” includes description of “X”. Also, the singular forms “a” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, e.g., reference to “the compound” includes a plurality of such compounds and reference to “the assay” includes reference to one or more assays and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art.

The term “substituted” means that any one or more hydrogen atoms on the designated atom or group is replaced with one or more substituents other than hydrogen, provided that the designated atom's normal valence is not exceeded. The one or more substituents include, but are not limited to, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, acyl, amino, amido, amidino, aryl, azido, carbamoyl, carboxyl, carboxyl ester, cyano, guanidino, halo, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydroxy, hydrazino, imino, oxo, nitro, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, thiocyanate, thiol, thione, or combinations thereof. Polymers or similar indefinite structures arrived at by defining substituents with further substituents appended ad infinitum (e.g., a substituted aryl having a substituted alkyl which is itself substituted with a substituted aryl group, which is further substituted by a substituted heteroalkyl group, etc.) are not intended for inclusion herein. Unless otherwise noted, the maximum number of serial substitutions in compounds described herein is three. For example, serial substitutions of substituted aryl groups with two other substituted aryl groups are limited to ((substituted aryl)substituted aryl) substituted aryl. Similarly, the above definitions are not intended to include impermissible substitution patterns (e.g., methyl substituted with 5 fluorines or heteroaryl groups having two adjacent oxygen ring atoms). Such impermissible substitution patterns are well known to the skilled artisan. When used to modify a chemical group, the term “substituted” may describe other chemical groups defined herein. For example, the term “substituted aryl” includes, but is not limited to, “alkylaryl.” Unless specified otherwise, where a group is described as optionally substituted, any substituents of the group are themselves unsubstituted.

A “substituted” group also includes embodiments in which a monoradical substituent is bound to a single atom of the substituted group (e.g., forming a branch), and also includes embodiments in which the substituent may be a diradical bridging group bound to two adjacent atoms of the substituted group, thereby forming a fused ring on the substituted group.

“Alkyl” refers to an unbranched or branched saturated hydrocarbon chain. As used herein, alkyl has 1 to 20 carbon atoms (i.e., C₁₋₂₀ alkyl), 1 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., C₁₋₈ alkyl), 1 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e., C₁₋₆ alkyl), or 1 to 4 carbon atoms (i.e., C₁₋₄ alkyl). Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, 2-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, and 3-methylpentyl. When an alkyl residue having a specific number of carbons is named by chemical name or identified by molecular formula, all positional isomers having that number of carbons may be encompassed; thus, for example, “butyl” includes n-butyl (i.e., —(CH₂)₃CH₃), sec-butyl (i.e., —CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃), isobutyl (i.e., —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂) and tert-butyl (i.e., —C(CH₃)₃); and “propyl” includes n-propyl (i.e., —(CH₂)₂CH₃) and isopropyl (i.e., —CH(CH₃)₂).

“Alkenyl” refers to an aliphatic group containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond and having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms (i.e., C₂₋₂₀ alkenyl), 2 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., C₂₋₈ alkenyl), 2 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e., C₂₋₆ alkenyl), or 2 to 4 carbon atoms (i.e., C₂₋₄ alkenyl). Examples of alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, butadienyl (including 1,2-butadienyl, and 1,3-butadienyl).

“Alkynyl” refers to an aliphatic group containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond and having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms (i.e., C₂₋₂₀ alkynyl), 2 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., C₂₋₈ alkynyl), 2 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e., C₂₋₆ alkynyl), or 2 to 4 carbon atoms (i.e., C₂₋₄ alkynyl). The term “alkynyl” also includes those groups having one triple bond and one double bond.

“Alkoxy” refers to the group “alkyl-O—” or “—O-alkyl”. Examples of alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy, n-butoxy, tert-butoxy, sec-butoxy, n-pentoxy, n-hexoxy, and 1,2-dimethylbutoxy.

“Haloalkoxy” refers to an alkoxy group as defined above, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen.

“Amino” refers to the group —NR^(y)R^(z) wherein R^(y) and R^(z) are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl; each of which may be optionally substituted.

“Aryl” refers to a monoradical or diradical aromatic carbocyclic group having a single ring (e.g., monocyclic) or multiple rings (e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic) including fused ring systems wherein one or more fused rings is/are fully or partially unsaturated. As used herein, aryl has 6 to 20 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C₆₋₂₀ aryl), 6 to 12 carbon ring atoms (i.e., C₆₋₁₂ aryl), or 6 to 10 carbon ring atoms (i.e., C₆₋₁₀ aryl). Non-limiting examples of aryl groups as used herein include phenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl, indanyl, tetrahydroindanuyl, and anthryl. Aryl, however, does not encompass or overlap in any way with heteroaryl defined below. If one or more aryl groups are fused with a heteroaryl ring, the resulting ring system is heteroaryl. The classification of mono or diradical indicates whether the aryl group terminates the chain (monoradical) or is within a chain (diradical). The above definition does not preclude additional substituents on the aryl group. For example, as used herein, the aryl group in “A-aryl-B” is a diradical whereas the aryl group in “A-B-aryl” is monoradical, though additional substituents may be present on each aryl group.

The term “alkylsulfinyl” refers to the group —SO-alkyl, where alkyl is as defined above, and includes optionally substituted alkyl groups as also defined above.

The term “alkylsulfonyl” refers to the group —SO₂-alkyl, where alkyl is as defined above, and includes optionally substituted alkyl groups as also defined above.

“Cycloalkyl” refers to a saturated or partially saturated cyclic alkyl group having a single ring or multiple rings including fused, bridged, and spiro ring systems. As used herein, cycloalkyl has from 3 to 20 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C₃₋₂₀ cycloalkyl), 3 to 12 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C₃₋₁₂ cycloalkyl), 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl), 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl), or 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl). Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.

As used herein the term “cycloalkenyl” groups means the non-aromatic carbocyclic group having at least one double bond.

“Cyanoalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with cyano (CN).

“Halogen” or “halo” includes fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.

The term “haloalkyl” refers to a monoradical or diradical having the indicated carbon atoms of the alkyl group wherein one or more hydrogen atoms have been substituted by a halogen. Examples of haloalkyl groups include —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —CHFCH₂F, —CF₂—, —CHF—, and the like. Similarly, the term “haloalkoxy”, e.g., —O—C₁₋₃haloalkyl, refers to an alkoxy group wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group have been substituted by a halogen. Examples of haloalkoxy groups include —OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CF₃, —OCHFCH₂F, and the like. One of skill in the art is aware that similar definitions apply for the alkenyl and alkynyl analogs (e.g., C₂₋₄haloalkenyl, —O—C₂₋₄haloalkynyl) of the above.

“Heteroalkyl” refers to an alkyl group in which one or more of the carbon atoms (and any associated hydrogen atoms) are each independently replaced with the same or different heteroatomic group. The term “heteroalkyl” includes unbranched or branched saturated chain having carbon and heteroatoms. By way of example, 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms may be independently replaced with the same or different heteroatomic group. Heteroatomic groups include, but are not limited to, —NR—, —O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, and the like, where R is H, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl, each of which may be optionally substituted. Examples of heteroalkyl groups include —OCH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, —SCH₃, —CH₂SCH₃, —NRCH₃, and —CH₂NRCH₃, where R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl, each of which may be optionally substituted. As used herein, heteroalkyl includes 1 to 10 carbon atoms, 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and 1 to 3 heteroatoms, 1 to 2 heteroatoms, or 1 heteroatom.

“Heteroaryl” refers to a monoradical or diradical aromatic group having a single ring, multiple rings, or multiple fused rings, with one or more ring heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. The term includes fused ring systems wherein one or more fused rings is/are fully or partially unsaturated. As used herein, heteroaryl include 1 to 20 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C₁₋₂₀ heteroaryl), 3 to 12 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C₃₋₁₂ heteroaryl), or 3 to 8 carbon ring atoms (i.e., C₃₋₈ heteroaryl); and 1 to 5 heteroatoms, 1 to 4 heteroatoms, 1 to 3 ring heteroatoms, 1 to 2 ring heteroatoms, or 1 ring heteroatom independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Non-limiting examples of heteroaryl groups include pyrimidinyl, purinyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxanyl, indolinyl, and pyrazolyl. The classification of mono or diradical indicates whether the heteroaryl group terminates the chain (monoradical) or is within a chain (diradical). The above definition does not preclude additional substituents on the heteroaryl group. For example, the heteroaryl group in “A-heteroaryl-B” is a diradical whereas the heteroaryl group in “A-B-heteroaryl” is monoradical, though additional substituents may be present on each heteroaryl group. Heteroaryl does not encompass or overlap with aryl as defined above.

“Heterocycloalkyl” refers to a saturated or unsaturated cyclic alkyl group, with one or more ring heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. A heterocycloalkyl may be a single ring or multiple rings wherein the multiple rings may be fused, bridged, or spiro. As used herein, heterocycloalkyl has 2 to 20 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C₂₋₂₀ heterocycloalkyl), 2 to 12 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C₂₋₁₂ heterocycloalkyl), 2 to 10 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C₂₋₁₀ heterocycloalkyl), 2 to 8 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C₂₋₈ heterocycloalkyl), 3 to 12 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C₃₋₁₂ heterocycloalkyl), 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C₃₋₈ heterocycloalkyl), or 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C₃₋₆ heterocycloalkyl); having 1 to 5 ring heteroatoms, 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms, 1 to 3 ring heteroatoms, 1 to 2 ring heteroatoms, or 1 ring heteroatom independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen. Examples of heterocycloalkyl groups include pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxetanyl, dioxolanyl, azetidinyl, and morpholinyl. As used herein, the term “bridged-heterocycloalkyl” refers to a four- to ten-membered cyclic moiety connected at two non-adjacent atoms of the heterocycloalkyl with one or more (e.g., 1 or 2) four- to ten-membered cyclic moiety having at least one heteroatom where each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. As used herein, bridged-heterocycloalkyl includes bicyclic and tricyclic ring systems. Also used herein, the term “spiro-heterocycloalkyl” refers to a ring system in which a three- to ten-membered heterocycloalkyl has one or more additional ring, wherein the one or more additional ring is three- to ten-membered cycloalkyl or three- to ten-membered heterocycloalkyl, where a single atom of the one or more additional ring is also an atom of the three- to ten-membered heterocycloalkyl. Examples of spiro-heterocycloalkyl include bicyclic and tricyclic ring systems, such as 2-oxa-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonanyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.4]octanyl, and 6-oxa-1-azaspiro[3.3]heptanyl.

The term “heterocyclyl,” “heterocycle,” or “heterocyclic” refers to a monoradical or diradical saturated or unsaturated group having a single ring or multiple condensed rings, having from 3 to 12 carbon atoms, from 1 to 6 hetero atoms, or from 1 to 4 heteroatoms, selected from nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and/or oxygen within the ring. Where the group does not terminate the molecule, it is a diradical and is construed as such i.e., also referred to as heterocyclylene or heterocyclene.

Exemplary “heterocyclyl” groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidin-2-one, azetidine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine, morpholine, piperazin-2-one, 2,6-diazaspiro[3.3]heptane, 2,6-diazaspiro[3.4]octan-7-one, 2,5-diazaspiro[3.4]octan-6-one, 2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonan-3-one, 2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecan-1-one, 1,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-2-one, 2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-3-one, piperazine, 2-azaspiro[3.3]heptane, and 2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.

The term “heterocyclyl” includes heterocycloalkenyl groups (i.e., the heterocyclyl group having at least one double bond), bridged-heterocyclyl groups, fused-heterocyclyl groups, and spiro-heterocyclyl groups. A heterocyclyl may be a single ring or multiple rings wherein the multiple rings may be fused, bridged, or spiro. Any non-aromatic ring containing at least one heteroatom is considered a heterocyclyl, regardless of the attachment (i.e., can be bound through a carbon atom or a heteroatom). Further, the term heterocyclyl is intended to encompass any non-aromatic ring containing at least one heteroatom, which ring may be fused to an aryl or heteroaryl ring, regardless of the attachment to the remainder of the molecule. A heterocyclyl may contain one or more oxo and/or thioxo groups.

“Acyl” refers to a group —C(═O)R, wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl; each of which may be optionally substituted, as defined herein. Examples of acyl include formyl, acetyl, cyclohexylcarbonyl, cyclohexylmethyl-carbonyl, and benzoyl.

The term “N-alkylated” means an alkyl group is substituted for one of the hydrogen atoms of a mono substituted amine, or a di-substituted amine group or a tri substituted amine group. When the alkylation is on a tri-substituted amine group an alkonium salt is generated i.e., a positive charge is generated on the nitrogen atom. N-alkylation is commonly associated with alkyl substitution on a ring nitrogen atom.

The term “oxo” refers to a group ═O.

The term “carboxy” refers to a group —C(O)—OH.

The term “ester” or “carboxyl ester” refers to the group —C(O)OR, where R is alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, which may be optionally further substituted, for example, by alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, CF₃, amino, substituted amino, cyano or —SO_(n)R^(f), in which R^(f) is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, and n is 0, 1 or 2.

The term “substituted amino” refers to the group —NRR, where each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which may be optionally substituted, or a group as described or exemplified herein, or where both R groups are joined to form a heterocyclic group (e.g., morpholino) as described or exemplified herein, which also may be optionally substituted.

The term “amido” refers to the group —C(O)NRR where each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which may be optionally substituted, or a group as described or exemplified herein, or where both R groups are joined to form a heterocyclic group (e.g., morpholino) as described or exemplified herein, which also may be optionally substituted.

The term “sulfoxide” refers to a group —SOR, in which R is alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each of which may be optionally substituted.

The term “sulfone” refers to a group —SO₂R, in which R is alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each of which may be optionally substituted.

As used herein, the terms “alkylcycloalkyl,” “alkylaryl,” “alkylheteroaryl” and “alkylheterocyclyl” are intended to refer to a cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl group which is bound to the remainder of the molecule via an alkyl moiety, where the terms “alkyl,” “cycloalkyl,” “aryl,” “heteroaryl” and “heterocyclyl” are as defined herein. Exemplary alkylaryl groups include benzyl, phenethyl, and the like.

“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not.

Certain commonly used alternative chemical names may be used. For example, a divalent group such as a divalent “alkyl” group, a divalent “aryl” group, etc., may also be referred to as an “alkylene” group or an “alkylenyl” group, an “arylene” group or an “arylenyl” group, respectively. Also, unless indicated explicitly otherwise, where combinations of groups are referred to herein as one moiety, e.g., arylalkyl, the last mentioned group contains the atom by which the moiety is attached to the rest of the molecule.

Where a group is represented by a bond, multiple adjacent groups whether the same or different, when represented by bonds, constitute a single bond. For example the group “-L¹-V¹-L²-” constitutes a single bond if each of L¹, V¹ and L² is a bond.

Where a given group (moiety) is described herein as being attached to a second group and the site of attachment is not explicit, the given group may be attached at any available site of the given group or to any available site of the second group. For example, an “alkyl-substituted phenyl”, where the attachment sites are not explicit, may have any available site of the alkyl group attached to any available site of the phenyl group. In this regard, an “available site” is a site of the group at which hydrogen of the group may be replaced with a substituent.

It is understood that in all substituted groups defined above, polymers arrived at by defining substituents with further substituents to themselves (e.g., substituted aryl having a substituted aryl group as a substituent which is itself substituted with a substituted aryl group, etc.) are not intended for inclusion herein. Also not included are infinite numbers of substituents, whether the substituents are the same or different. In such cases, the maximum number of such substituents is three. Each of the above definitions is thus constrained by a limitation that, for example, substituted aryl groups are limited to -substituted aryl-(substituted aryl)-substituted aryl.

“Isomers” are different compounds that have the same molecular formula. Isomers include stereoisomers, enantiomers and diastereomers.

“Stereoisomers” are isomers that differ only in the way the atoms are arranged in space.

“Enantiomers” are a pair of stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. A 1:1 mixture of a pair of enantiomers is a “racemic” mixture. The term “(+)” is used to designate a racemic mixture where appropriate.

“Diastereoisomers” are stereoisomers that have at least two asymmetric atoms, but which are not mirror-images of each other.

The compounds of the disclosure may possess one or more asymmetric centers and may be produced as a racemic mixture or as individual enantiomers or diastereoisomers. The number of stereoisomers present in any given compound of a given formula depends upon the number of asymmetric centers present (there are 2^(n) stereoisomers possible where n is the number of asymmetric centers). The individual stereoisomers may be obtained by resolving a racemic or non-racemic mixture of an intermediate at some appropriate stage of the synthesis or by resolution of the compound by conventional means. The individual stereoisomers (including individual enantiomers and diastereoisomers) as well as racemic and non-racemic mixture of stereoisomers are encompassed within the scope of the present disclosure, all of which are intended to be depicted by the structures of this specification unless otherwise specifically indicated.

The absolute stereochemistry is specified according to the Cahn Ingold Prelog R S system. When the compound is a pure enantiomer the stereochemistry at each chiral carbon may be specified by either R or S. A resolved compound whose absolute configuration is unknown may be designated (+) or (−) depending on the direction (dextro- or laevorotary) that it rotates the plane of polarized light at the wavelength of the sodium D line.

Some of the compounds exist as tautomeric isomers. Tautomeric isomers are in equilibrium with one another. For example, amide containing compounds may exist in equilibrium with imidic acid tautomers. Regardless of which tautomer is shown, and regardless of the nature of the equilibrium among tautomers, the compounds are understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to comprise both amide and imidic acid tautomers. Thus, the amide containing compounds are understood to include their imidic acid tautomers. Likewise, the imidic acid containing compounds are understood to include their amide tautomers.

The term “polymorph” refers to different crystal structures of a crystalline compound. The different polymorphs may result from differences in crystal packing (packing polymorphism) or differences in packing between different conformers of the same molecule (conformational polymorphism).

The term “solvate” refers to a complex formed by combining a compound of formula (I), or any other formula as disclosed herein and a solvent.

The term “hydrate” refers to the complex formed by the combining of a compound of formula (I), or any formula disclosed herein, and water.

The term “prodrug” refers to compounds of formula (I), or derivatives of formula (I) disclosed herein, that include chemical groups which, in vivo, can be converted and/or can be split off from the remainder of the molecule to provide for the active drug. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts or biologically active metabolites thereof of the prodrug of a compound of formula (I) are also within the ambit of the present disclosure.

Any formula or structure given herein, including formula (I), or any formula disclosed herein, is intended to represent unlabeled forms as well as isotopically labeled forms of the compounds. Isotopically labeled compounds have structures depicted by the formulas given herein except that one or more atoms are replaced by an isotope having a selected atomic mass or mass number. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the disclosure include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, fluorine and chlorine, such as, but not limited to ²H (deuterium, D), ³H (tritium), ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸F, ³¹P, ³²P, ³⁵S, ³⁶Cl, and ¹²⁵I. Various isotopically labeled compounds of the present disclosure, for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as ³H, ¹³C and ¹⁴C are incorporated, are within the ambit of the present disclosure. Such isotopically labelled compounds may be useful in metabolic studies, reaction kinetic studies, detection or imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) including drug or substrate tissue distribution assays or in treatment of patients. Such isotopically labeled analogs of compounds of the present disclosure may also be useful for treatment of diseases disclosed herein because they may provide improved pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic properties over the unlabeled forms of the same compounds. Such isotopically leveled forms of or analogs of compounds herein are within the ambit of the present disclosure. One of skill in the art is able to prepare and use such isotopically labeled forms following procedures for isotopically labeling compounds or aspects of compounds to arrive at isotopic or radiolabeled analogs of compounds disclosed herein.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” of a given compound refers to salts that retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the given compound, and which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts can be prepared from inorganic and organic bases. Salts derived from inorganic bases include, by way of example only, sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium and magnesium salts. Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to, salts of primary, secondary and tertiary amines, such as alkyl amines, dialkyl amines, trialkyl amines, substituted alkyl amines, di(substituted alkyl) amines, tri(substituted alkyl) amines, alkenyl amines, dialkenyl amines, trialkenyl amines, substituted alkenyl amines, di(substituted alkenyl) amines, tri(substituted alkenyl) amines, cycloalkyl amines, di(cycloalkyl) amines, tri(cycloalkyl) amines, substituted cycloalkyl amines, di-substituted cycloalkyl amine, tri-substituted cycloalkyl amines, cycloalkenyl amines, di(cycloalkenyl) amines, tri(cycloalkenyl) amines, substituted cycloalkenyl amines, di-substituted cycloalkenyl amine, tri-substituted cycloalkenyl amines, aryl amines, diaryl amines, triaryl amines, heteroaryl amines, diheteroaryl amines, triheteroaryl amines, heterocyclic amines, diheterocyclic amines, triheterocyclic amines, mixed di- and tri-amines where at least two of the substituents on the amine are different and are selected from alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and the like.

Also included are amines where the two or three substituents, together with the amino nitrogen, form a heterocyclic or heteroaryl group. Amines are of general structure N(R³⁰)(R³¹)(R³²), wherein mono-substituted amines have two of the three substituents on nitrogen (R³⁰, R³¹, and R³²) as hydrogen, di-substituted amines have one of the three substituents on nitrogen (R³⁰, R³¹, and R³²) as hydrogen, whereas tri-substituted amines have none of the three substituents on nitrogen (R³⁰, R³¹, and R³²) as hydrogen. R³⁰, R³¹, and R³² are selected from a variety of substituents such as hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, and the like.

Specific examples of suitable amines include, by way of example only, isopropyl amine, trimethyl amine, diethyl amine, tri(iso-propyl) amine, tri(n-propyl) amine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, 2-dimethylamino ethanol, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, N-alkylglucamines, theobromine, purines, piperazine, piperidine, morpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, and the like.

Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts may be prepared from inorganic and organic acids. Salts derived from inorganic acids include hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like. Salts derived from organic acids include acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluene-sulfonic acid, salicylic acid, and the like.

As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial, and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, or unless otherwise indicated herein, its use in the therapeutic compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the compositions.

The term “anticancer agent” is any drug that is effective in the treatment of a malignant, or cancerous disease. Effectiveness may mean inhibition, partial, or full remission, prolongation of life, improvement in quality of life, or cure. There are several major classes of anticancer drugs including chemical compositions as disclosed herein or known to one of skill in the art e.g., PD-1, PD-L1, PD-1/PD-L1 interaction inhibitors, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, natural products, and hormones.

The term “additional anticancer agent” as used herein means the use or combination of a second, third, fourth, fifth, etc., anticancer agent(s) in addition to a compound according to formula (I) disclosed herein.

The term “anticancer therapy” means any currently known therapeutic methods for the treatment of cancer.

The term “blockade agent” or “check point inhibitors” are classes of immune oncology agents that inhibit PD-1, PD-L1, or the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction.

The term “treatment” or “treating” means any administration of a compound or compounds according to the present disclosure to a subject (e.g., a human) having or susceptible to a condition or disease disclosed herein for the purpose of: 1) preventing or protecting against the disease or condition, that is, causing the clinical symptoms not to develop; 2) inhibiting the disease or condition, that is, arresting or suppressing the development of clinical symptoms; or 3) relieving the disease or condition that is causing the regression of clinical symptoms. In some embodiments, the term “treatment” or “treating” refers to relieving the disease or condition or causing the regression of clinical symptoms.

As used herein, the term “preventing” refers to the prophylactic treatment of a patient in need thereof. The prophylactic treatment can be accomplished by providing an appropriate dose of a therapeutic agent to a subject at risk of suffering from an ailment, thereby substantially averting onset of the ailment. The presence of a genetic mutation or the predisposition to having a mutation may not be alterable. However, prophylactic treatment (prevention) as used herein has the potential to avoid/ameliorate the symptoms or clinical consequences of having the disease engendered by such genetic mutation or predisposition.

It will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that in human medicine, it is not always possible to distinguish between “preventing” and “suppressing” since the ultimate inductive event or events may be unknown, latent, or the patient is not ascertained until well after the occurrence of the event or events. Therefore, as used herein, the term “prophylaxis” is intended as an element of “treatment” to encompass both “preventing” and “suppressing” as defined herein. The term “protection,” as used herein, is meant to include “prophylaxis.”

The term “patient” typically refers to a “mammal” which includes, without limitation, human, monkeys, rabbits, mice, domestic animals, such as dogs and cats, farm animals, such as cows, horses, or pigs, and laboratory animals. In some embodiments, the term patient refers to a human in need of treatment as defined herein.

Compounds

Provided herein are compounds that function as PD-1 inhibitors, PD-L1 inhibitors, and/or PD-1/PD-L1 interaction inhibitors, methods of using such compounds and compositions comprising such compounds optionally in combination with one or more additional anticancer agents or therapies. In all embodiments discussed herein where there is more than one occurrence of a group or variable, it is intended that the group or variable is independently selected the list that follows. It is further contemplated that all embodiments directed to compounds include any pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, solvate, prodrug or tautomer thereof.

The present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I):

R^(W)-Q^(W)-L^(W)-Ar^(W)—Ar^(E)-L^(E)-Q^(E)-R^(E)   (I)

-   -   wherein:         Ar^(E) and Ar^(W) are each independently cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;     -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is         optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected         from halo, —OR^(a), —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —N₃, —SO₂R^(a),         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and cycloalkyl group             is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently             selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, and cyano;             L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —O—, —S—,             —SO—, —SO₂—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,             —(CR³R⁴)_(m)S(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,             —C(O)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,             —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,             —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, C₂₋₆ alkenylene, C₂₋₆             alkynylene,

-   -   wherein     -   each m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;         Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl,     -   wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally         substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from halo,         oxo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆         alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);         -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,             heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1             to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,             —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),             —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),             —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),             —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),             —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and wherein             the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may be oxidized on a             nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on a sulfur             atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;     -   wherein     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein         -   L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;                 -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is                     optionally independently substituted with OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;                     R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R²,                     —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R²,                     —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆                     alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆alkylNR¹R²,                     —(CH₂)_(u)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                     —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d),                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻,                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)],                     —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂,                     —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)(CH₂)_(u)P(O)(OR^(c))₂,                     —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d));                     —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)),                     —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)), or

-   -   wherein:     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   ring B is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl;     -   T is independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R²,         (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e), (CH₂)_(q)OR^(a), or         (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and     -   z is 0, 1, 2, or 3;     -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl of         R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1 to 3         substituents independently selected from NR^(a)R^(b), halo,         cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆         cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylOH, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom;         R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl C(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆         alkenylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to         4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo,         C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b)         and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring         consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the         ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently         selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆         cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f),         —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g);         R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl,         —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and         —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl; and         R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.

The present disclosure further provides a compound of formula (I):

R^(W)-Q^(W)-L^(W)-Ar^(W)—Ar^(E)-L^(E)-Q^(E)-R^(E)   (I)

-   -   wherein:         Ar^(E) and Ar^(W) are each independently cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;     -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is         optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected         from halo, —OR^(a), —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —N₃, —SO₂R^(a),         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and cycloalkyl group             is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently             selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, and cyano;             L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —O—, —S—,             —SO—, —SO₂—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,             —(CR³R⁴)_(m)S(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,             —C(O)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,             —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,             —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, C₂₋₆ alkenylene, C₂₋₆             alkynylene,

-   -   wherein     -   each m is independently 1, 2, 3 or 4;     -   provided that when one of Ar^(E) and Ar^(W) is optionally         substituted phenyl and the other is optionally substituted         phenyl or optionally substituted         2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxine, and one of L^(E) and L^(W) is         —CH₂O—, —CH₂CH₂—, —CHCH—, and —C(O)N—; then the other of L^(E)         and L^(W) is a bond, —O— or —CH₂O— of the formula Ar—CH₂O-Q;         Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl,     -   wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally         substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from halo,         oxo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆         alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and R^(N);         -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, is optionally             substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from             oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b),             —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b),             NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),             —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),             —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;     -   wherein     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein         -   L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   provided at least one of L¹, V an L² is other than a bond;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;                 -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is                     optionally independently substituted with OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;                     R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R²,                     —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R²,                     —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆                     alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆alkylNR¹R²,                     —(CH₂)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻,                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d),                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻,                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)],                     —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂,                     —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)(CH₂)_(u)P(O)(OR^(c))₂,                     —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d));                     —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)),                     —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)), or

-   -   wherein:     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   ring B is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl;     -   T is independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R²,         (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e), (CH₂)_(q)OR^(a), or         (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and     -   z is 0, 1, 2, or 3;     -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is         optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently         selected from NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom, and when each of V² and L³ is a bond and p is 0,         then either (i) neither of L^(E) or L^(W) is a bond or (ii) ring         B is not a 5,6-membered fused heteroaryl where the 5-membered         ring of the fused heteroaryl is bound to the corresponding Q^(E)         or Q^(W);         R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl C(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆         alkenylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to         4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo,         C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b)         and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring         consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the         ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently         selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆         cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f),         —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g);         R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl,         —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and         —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl; and         R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.

The present disclosure further provides a compound of formula (I):

R^(W)-Q^(W)-L^(W)-Ar^(W)—Ar^(E)-L^(E)-Q^(E)-R^(E)   (I)

wherein: Ar^(E) and Ar^(W) are each independently a cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;

-   -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is         optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected         from halo, —OR^(a), —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —N₃, —SO₂R^(a),         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and         -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and cycloalkyl is             optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently             selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, and cyano;             L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —O—, —S—,             —SO—, —SO₂—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,             —(CR³R⁴)_(m)S(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,             —C(O)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,             —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,             —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, C₂₋₆ alkenylene, C₂₋₆             alkynylene,

-   -   wherein each m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;         Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl;     -   wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally         substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from halo,         oxo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆         alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N); and         -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,             heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted             with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂,             —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a),             —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆-cyanoalkyl, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b),             NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),             —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),             —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and further             wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may be oxidized             on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on a             sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein: L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or             SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and                 -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is                     optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;                     R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R²,                     —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R²,                     —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆                     alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,                     —(CH₂)_(u)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                     —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d),                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻,                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)],                     —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂,                     —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)),                     —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)),                     —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)), or

-   -   wherein:     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   ring B is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl;     -   T is independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R²,         (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e), or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   z is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and     -   wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl         of R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1 to 3         substituents independently selected from the group consisting of         NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom;         R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆         alkenylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to         4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo,         C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b)         and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring         consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the         ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently         selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆         cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f),         —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g);         R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl,         —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and         —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl; and         R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of         stereoisomers, solvate, or tautomer thereof.

In one embodiment, provided is a compound of formula (I):

R^(W)-Q^(W)-L^(W)-Ar^(W)—Ar^(E)-L^(E)-Q^(E)-R^(E)   (I)

wherein: Ar^(E) and Ar^(W) are each independently a cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;

-   -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is         optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected         from halo, —OR^(a), —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —N₃, —SO₂R^(a),         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   wherein each alkyl, and cycloalkyl group is optionally             substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from             NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, and cyano.

In one embodiment, Ar^(E) and Ar^(W) are each independently an aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;

-   -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is         optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected         from halo, —OR^(a), CN, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and —OC₁₋₆         alkyl; and         -   wherein each alkyl group is optionally substituted with 1 to             4 groups independently selected from OR^(a), halo, or cyano.

In one embodiment, Ar^(W) and Ar^(E) are each independently selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, indanyl, and indolinyl;

-   -   wherein each phenyl, pyridinyl, indanyl, and indolinyl is         optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected         from halo, cyano, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆alkyl-OR^(a),         —C₁₋₆haloalkyl, —OC₁₋₆haloalkyl, and —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl.

In one embodiment, Ar^(W) is the same as Ar^(E) and is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, indanyl, and indolinyl;

-   -   wherein each phenyl, pyridinyl, indanyl, and indolinyl is         optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected         from halo, cyano, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆alkyl-OR^(a),         —C₁₋₆haloalkyl, and —C_(L)-6cyanoalkyl.

In one embodiment, the group Ar^(W) is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, indanyl, naphthyl, indazolyl, indolinyl, quinolinyl, quinazolinyl, benzimidazolinyl, benzthiazolyl, thiazolyl, and thienyl. In another embodiment, the group Ar^(W) is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, indanyl, indolinyl, quinolinyl, and benzimidazolinyl.

In one embodiment, the group Ar^(E) is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, indanyl, naphthyl, indazolyl, indolinyl, quinolinyl, quinazolinyl, benzimidazolinyl, benzthiazolyl, thiazolyl, and thienyl. In another embodiment, the group Ar^(E) is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, indanyl, indolinyl, quinolinyl, and benzimidazolinyl.

In one embodiment, the groups Ar^(W) and Ar^(E) are the same. In one embodiment, the groups Ar^(W) and Ar^(E) are the same and have the same substituents. In one embodiment, the groups Ar^(W) and Ar^(E) are both phenyl each optionally substituted with methyl. In one embodiment, the groups Ar^(W) and Ar^(E) are both phenyl each optionally substituted with chloro. In one embodiment, the groups Ar^(W) and Ar^(E) are both indanyl each optionally substituted with methyl. In one embodiment, the groups Ar^(W) and Ar^(E) are both indolinyl each optionally substituted with methyl. In one embodiment, the groups Ar^(W) and Ar^(E) are both benzimidazole each optionally substituted with methyl. In one embodiment, the groups Ar^(W) and Ar^(E) are both indolyl. In one embodiment, the groups Ar^(W) and Ar^(E) are both indolyl each optionally substituted with methyl. In another embodiment of the disclosure, the groups Ar^(W) and Ar^(E) are different and are independently selected from phenyl, indanyl, thienyl, benzimidazolyl, indolyl, and indolinyl.

In one embodiment, the optional substituents on Ar^(W) and Ar^(E) are independently selected from halo, cyano, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, C₂₋₅alkynyl, and —O—C₁₋₆alkyl.

In one embodiment, Ar^(E) is the same as Ar^(W) and each is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from methyl, chloro, bromo, CN, —OCF₃, CF₃, CH₂CF₃, and ethyl.

In one embodiment, Ar^(E) is different from Ar^(W) and each is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from methyl, chloro, bromo, CN, —OCF₃, CF₃, CH₂CF₃, and ethyl.

In one embodiment, Ar^(W) is indolinyl and Ar^(E) is indolinyl each optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from methyl, ethyl, methoxy, chloro, and CF₃.

In one embodiment, Ar^(W) is phenyl and Ar^(E) is phenyl each optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from methyl, ethyl, methoxy, chloro, and CF₃.

In another embodiment of the disclosure, the optional substituents on Ar^(W) and Ar^(E) are independently selected from CN, Cl, F, —OCF₃, —O—CH₃, CH₃, and C₂H₅.

In another embodiment of the disclosure, the optional substituents on Ar^(W) and Ar^(E) are independently selected from CN, Cl, F, —OCF₃, —OCH₃, —CH₃, and —C₂H₅.

In another embodiment of the disclosure, the optional substituents on Ar^(W) and Ar^(E) is CH₃.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) wherein the group —Ar^(W)—Ar^(E)— is selected from:

wherein each ring is optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups independently selected from halo, cyano, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, and —OC₁₋₃haloalkyl.

In one embodiment, L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —O—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —C(O)—, C₂₋₆ alkenylene, C₂₋₆ alkynylene,

-   -   wherein each m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.

In one embodiment, L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,

-   -   wherein     -   each m is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3;     -   R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OH, —OCH₃, or —OCH₂CH₃; and     -   R⁴ is independently H, halo, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OH, —OCH₃, or         —OCH₂CH₃.

In one embodiment,

L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —C(O)—,

-   -   wherein     -   each m is independently 0, 1 or 2;     -   R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OH, —OCH₃, or —OCH₂CH₃; and     -   R⁴ is independently H, halo, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OH, —OCH₃, or         —OCH₂CH₃.

In one embodiment, L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —C(O)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, or —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,

-   -   wherein     -   each m is independently 0, 1, or 2; and     -   R³ and R⁴ are each independently H, or —C₁₋₆alkyl.

In one embodiment, L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —O(CR³R⁴)_(m), —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O, or —C(O)—,

-   -   wherein     -   m is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3; and     -   R³ and R⁴ are each independently H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OH, —OCH₃, or         —OCH₂CH₃.

In one embodiment, L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —O(CR³R⁴)_(m), —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O, or —C(O)—:

-   -   wherein     -   m is independently 0, 1 or 2; and     -   R³ and R⁴ are each independently H, or —C₁₋₆alkyl.

In one embodiment, L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —CH₂—, —OCH₂, —CH₂O— or —C(O)—.

In one embodiment, L^(W) is —O(CR³R⁴)_(m)— or —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O—.

In another embodiment, L^(W) is —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—. In another embodiment, L^(W) is —NR³(CHR⁴)_(n) or —(CHR⁴)_(n)NR³—. In another embodiment, L^(W) is —NR³(CHR⁴)_(m). In another embodiment, the group L^(W) is —C(O)—. In yet another embodiment, L^(W) is a bond.

In one embodiment, L^(E) is —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O— or —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O—.

In another embodiment, L^(E) is —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—. In another embodiment, L^(E) is —NR³(CHR⁴)_(n) or —(CHR⁴)_(n)NR³—. In another embodiment, L^(E) is —NR³(CHR⁴)_(m). In another embodiment, the group L^(E) is —C(O)—. In yet another embodiment, L^(E) is a bond.

In one embodiment, one of L^(W) and L^(E) is a bond and the other is —OCH₂— or —CH₂O—.

In one embodiment, Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each independently an aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;

-   -   wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally         substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from halo,         oxo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆         alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);         -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,             heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted             with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂,             —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a),             —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),             —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),             —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),             —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may be oxidized             on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide, or may be C₁₋₆             alkylated to form a N—C₁₋₆ alkylated ion, or oxidized on a             sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;     -   wherein     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   wherein L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a) or S;     -   wherein L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a) or S;     -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl, and         C₂₋₆alkenyl; and     -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl;         -   wherein the cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is             optionally independently substituted with 1 to 3 groups             independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo,             cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆             alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),             —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b),             —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),             —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and C₃₋₈             cycloalkyl.

In one embodiment, Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each independently an aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl optionally substituted with R^(N);

-   -   wherein R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆         alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein         -   L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a) or S;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a) or S;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl, and             C₂₋₆alkenyl;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein the cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally independently substituted                 with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,                 —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl.

In one embodiment, Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each independently an aryl, or heteroaryl group optionally substituted with R^(N); wherein

-   -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein         -   L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a) or S;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a) or S;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl, and             C₂₋₆alkenyl; and         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein the cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally independently substituted                 with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,                 —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl.

In one embodiment, Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each independently phenyl, pyridine, indanyl, naphthyl, indolyl, indolinyl, benzthiazolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, or thienyl; wherein each phenyl, pyridine, indanyl, naphthyl, indolyl, indolinyl, benzthiazolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, or thienyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl.

In one embodiment, Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each independently phenyl, pyridine, indanyl, naphthyl, indolyl, indolinyl, benzthiazolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, or thienyl;

-   -   wherein each phenyl, pyridine, indanyl, naphthyl, indolyl,         indolinyl, benzthiazolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, imidazolyl,         thiazolyl, or thienyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 3         groups independently selected from halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂,         —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, and R^(N);         -   wherein         -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,             —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆             alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,             —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein the cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, —CN, NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a),                 —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b),                 —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl.

In one embodiment, Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each independently phenyl, pyridine, indanyl, naphthyl, indolyl, indolinyl, benzthiazolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, or benzthiazolyl;

-   -   wherein each group is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups         independently selected from halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN,         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, and R^(N);         -   wherein         -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,             —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆             alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,             —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein         -   L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with —OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein the cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a),                 —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b),                 —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl.

In one embodiment, Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each independently phenyl, indanyl, naphthyl, indolyl, indolinyl, benzthiazolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, or benzthiazolyl;

-   -   wherein each phenyl, indanyl, naphthyl, indolyl, indolinyl,         benzthiazolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, or benzthiazolyl is         optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected         from halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and R^(N);         -   wherein         -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,             —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆             alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,             —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   -   wherein             -   L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;             -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;             -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,                 C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;                 -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is                     optionally independently substituted with OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and             -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl;                 -   wherein the cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                     heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2                     groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                     —OR^(a), halo, —CN, NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a),                     —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b),                     —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                     —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                     —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),                     —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                     and C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl.

In one embodiment, Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each independently phenyl, pyridine, indazolyl, thiazolyl, or indolinyl;

-   -   wherein each phenyl, pyridine, indazolyl, thiazolyl, or         indolinyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups         independently selected from halo, —OR^(a), —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b),         —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and R^(N);         -   wherein         -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,             —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆             alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   -   wherein             -   L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;             -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;             -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,                 C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl;                 -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is                     optionally independently substituted with OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;             -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl;                 -   wherein the cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                     heterocyclyl is optionally independently substituted                     with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from oxo,                     —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, —CN, NR^(a)R^(b),                     —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                     —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),                     —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                     —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                     —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                     —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl.

In another embodiment, Q^(W) is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, indazolyl, and thienyl, wherein each phenyl, pyridinyl, indazolyl, and thienyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl.

In another embodiment, Q^(W) is selected from phenyl, pyridine and indanyl, wherein each phenyl, pyridine and indanyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl.

In one embodiment, Q^(E) is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, indazolyl, and thienyl, wherein each phenyl, pyridinyl, indazolyl, and thienyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl.

In another embodiment, Q^(E) is selected from phenyl, pyridine and indanyl, wherein each phenyl, pyridine and indanyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl.

In one embodiment, Q^(W) and Q^(E) are each independently

-   -   wherein each Z³ is independently halo, —OR, —N₃, —NO₂, —CN,         —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and         R^(N); and         -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,             heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted             with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂,             —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a),             —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b),             NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),             —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),             —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and further             wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may be oxidized             on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on a             sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein         -   L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b), or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),             -   —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and                 -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is                     optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl.

In one embodiment, t is 0, 1, 2 or 3. In one embodiment, t is 1, 2 or 3. In one embodiment, t is 0, 1 or 2. In one embodiment, t is 0. In one embodiment, t is 1. In one embodiment, t is 2. In one embodiment, t is 3.

In one embodiment, substituents on Q^(W) or Q^(E) are independently selected from

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each optionally substituted with halo. In one embodiment, Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each optionally substituted with —C₁₋₆alkyl. In one embodiment, Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each optionally substituted with —OC₁₋₆alkyl. In one embodiment, Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each optionally substituted with methoxy.

In one embodiment, Q^(E) and Q^(W) are different and each is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from OH, halo, CN, —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl, and —OC₁₋₆alkyl.

In one embodiment, Q^(E) and Q^(W) are the same and each is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from OH, halo, CN, —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl, and —OC₁₋₆alkyl.

In one embodiment, R^(E) an R^(W) are independently selected from —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P+R^(b)R^(c)R^(d), —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)], —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂, —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)); —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), and —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)); wherein

-   -   R¹ is selected from H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₆cycloalkyl,         heterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆alkyl-OR^(a), or —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a);         -   wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is             optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently             selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a),             —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl             C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),             —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b);     -   R² is selected from —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), and —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a);         -   wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is             optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently             selected from —OR^(a), —CN, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a),             —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈cycloalkyl,             —C₁₋₃alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)R^(a),             —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and             C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b);     -   or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur         or nitrogen, and optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups         independently selected from oxo, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), and         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b);     -   R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl;     -   R^(a) is independently H or —C₁₋₆ alkyl;     -   R^(b) is independently H or —C₁₋₆ alkyl;     -   R^(c) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;     -   R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl; and     -   u is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In one embodiment, R^(E) an R^(W) are independently selected from —C(O)NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², and —(CH₂)_(u)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b); wherein

-   -   R¹ is selected from H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₆cycloalkyl,         heterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆alkyl-OR^(a), or —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a);         -   wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is             optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently             selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a),             —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl             C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),             —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b);     -   R² is selected from —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), and —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a);         -   wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is             optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently             selected from —OR^(a), —CN, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a),             —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈cycloalkyl,             —C₁₋₃alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)R^(a),             —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and             C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b);     -   or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl optionally         containing an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur         or nitrogen, and optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups         independently selected from oxo, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), and         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b);     -   R^(a) is independently H or —C₁₋₆ alkyl;     -   R^(b) is independently H or —C₁₋₆ alkyl; and     -   u is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In one embodiment, R^(E) an R^(W) are independently selected from —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P+R^(b)R^(c)R^(d), —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)], —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂, —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), and —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)); wherein

-   -   R¹ is selected from H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₆cycloalkyl,         heterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆alkyl-OR^(a), and —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a);         -   wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is             optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently             selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a),             —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl             C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),             —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b);     -   R² is selected from —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), and —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a);         -   wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is             optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently             selected from —OR^(a), —CN, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a),             —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈cycloalkyl,             —C₁₋₃alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)R^(a),             —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and             C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b);     -   or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl optionally         containing an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur         or nitrogen, and optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups         independently selected from oxo, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), and         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b);     -   R^(a) is independently H or —C₁₋₆ alkyl;     -   R^(b) is independently H or —C₁₋₆ alkyl;     -   R^(c) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;     -   R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl; and     -   u is 0, 1, 2 or 3.

In one embodiment, R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², or

-   -   wherein     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO or SO₂;     -   R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, and         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;     -   R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, and         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl;     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;     -   ring B is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl;     -   T is independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R²,         (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e) or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl,         —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and         —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);     -   p is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and     -   z is 0, 1, or 2;     -   and wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl of R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1         to 3 substituents independently selected from the group         consisting of NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom;         R¹ is selected from H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₆cycloalkyl,         heterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆alkyl-OR^(a), or —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally         substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from         —OR^(a), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl,         —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b);         R² is selected from —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), and —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally         substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from         —OR^(a), —CN, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a),         —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur         or nitrogen, and optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups         independently selected from oxo, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), and         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b);     -   R^(a) is independently H or —C₁₋₆ alkyl; and     -   R^(b) is independently H or —C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In one embodiment,

R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², or

-   -   wherein     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO or SO₂;     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;     -   ring B is cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;     -   T is independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R²,         (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e) or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3;     -   q is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3;     -   z is 0, 1, 2, or 3;     -   and wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl of R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1         to 3 substituents independently selected from the group         consisting of NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom;         R¹ is selected from H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₆cycloalkyl,         heterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆alkyl-OR^(a), or —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl group is         optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected         from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl,         —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b);         R² is selected from —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), and —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally         substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from         —OR^(a), —CN, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a),         —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl optionally         containing an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur         or nitrogen, and optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups         independently selected from oxo, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), and         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b);         R^(a) is independently H or —C₁₋₆ alkyl;         R^(b) is independently H or —C₁₋₆ alkyl;         R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, and         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, and         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl;         R^(e) is selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl, —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl;         R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl.

In one embodiment, R^(E) and R^(W) are each

wherein V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO or SO₂; R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, and —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl; L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂; ring B is cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; T is independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R², (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e) or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e); R^(e) is selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl, —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g); R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; p is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3; q is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3; z is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl of R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl; provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a nitrogen atom.

In one embodiment, R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², or —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²;

R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆alkyl-OR^(a), or —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a);

-   -   wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally         substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from         —OR^(a), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl,         —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b);         R² is independently selected from —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl,         heterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), and —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally         substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from         —OR^(a), —CN, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a),         —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl optionally         containing 1 or 2 additional heteroatoms independently selected         from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, and optionally substituted with         1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo, —C₁₋₆alkyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), and         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b);         R^(a) is independently H or —C₁₋₆ alkyl;         R^(b) is independently H or —C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In one embodiment, R^(E) and R^(W) are each —C₁₋₆alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²;

R¹ is selected from H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆alkyl-OR^(a), and —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a);

-   -   wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally         substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from         —OR^(a), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl,         —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and         —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b);         R² is selected from —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆alkyl-OR^(a), and —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally         substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from         —OR^(a), —CN, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a),         —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b); or         R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl optionally containing 1         or 2 additional heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen,         sulfur or nitrogen, and optionally substituted with 1 to 3         groups independently selected from oxo, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), and         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b);         R^(a) is independently H or —C₁₋₆alkyl; and         R^(b) is independently H or —C₁₋₆alkyl.

In one embodiment, provided is a compound of formula (I), wherein

R^(E) and R^(W) are each —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²; R¹ is selected from H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆alkyl-OR^(a), and —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a);

-   -   wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally         substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from         —OR^(a), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl,         —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and         —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b);         R² is selected from —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆alkyl-OR^(a), and —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally         substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from         —OR^(a), —CN, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a),         —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b); or         R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1 or 2 additional heteroatoms independently selected         from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, and optionally substituted with         1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo, —C₁₋₆alkyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), and         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b);         R^(a) is independently H or —C₁₋₆alkyl; and         R^(b) is independently H or —C₁₋₆alkyl.

In one embodiment,

R^(E) and R^(W) are each —NR¹R²; R¹ is selected from H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆alkyl-OR^(a), and —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a);

-   -   wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally         substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from         —OR^(a), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl,         —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and         —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b);         R² is selected from —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆alkyl-OR^(a), and —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl group is         optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected         from —OR^(a), —CN, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl,         —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl,         —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and         C₁₋₆alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur         or nitrogen, and optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups         independently selected from oxo, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), and         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b);         R^(a) is independently H or —C₁₋₆alkyl; and         R^(b) is independently H or —C₁₋₆alkyl.

In one embodiment, R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², or —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²; wherein

R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl selected from

wherein each is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), and —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b); R^(a) is independently H or —C₁₋₆ alkyl; and R^(b) is independently H or —C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In one embodiment, R^(W) and R^(E) are each independently selected from:

In one embodiment, each R^(W) and R^(E) is independently selected from:

In one embodiment, each R^(W) and R^(E) is independently selected from:

In one embodiment, each R^(W) and R^(E) is independently selected from:

In another embodiment of the disclosure, provided is a compound of formula (I):

R^(W)-Q^(W)-L^(W)-Ar^(W)—Ar^(E)-L^(E)-Q^(E)-R^(E)   (I)

-   -   wherein:         Ar^(E) and Ar^(W) are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl,     -   wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally         substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from halo,         —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl;         L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —O—,         —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —O(CR³R⁴)_(m), —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³—,         —NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, or —C(O)—,     -   m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;         Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl, wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is         optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected         from halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         and R^(N);     -   wherein     -   R^(N) is

-   -   wherein     -   L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;     -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl,         and C₂₋₆alkynyl;         -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally             independently substituted with —OR^(a), halo, cyano,             —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;     -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;     -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl;         -   wherein the cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is             optionally independently substituted with 1 to 2 groups             independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo,             cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆             alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),             —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b),             —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),             —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),             C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;             R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆             alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R²,             —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R²,             —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R² or

-   -   wherein     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO or SO₂     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;     -   ring B is cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;     -   T is (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R² or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is 0, 1, 2, or 3;     -   q is 0, 1, 2, or 3;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, or 3;         and wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with 1 to 3         substituents independently selected from the group consisting of         NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom;         R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), and C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), oxo, —CN, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         R² is selected from —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆         alkenylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocycle is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b)         and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         R³ is independently H, halo, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OH, —OCH₃, or         —OCH₂CH₃;         R⁴ is independently H, halo, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OH, —OCH₃, or         —OCH₂CH₃;         R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;         R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;         R^(c) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;         or wherein any two R^(c), any two R^(d) or any R^(c) and R^(d)         optionally combine to form a 3-6 membered cycloalkyl ring;         R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl,         —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl,         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment of the disclosure, provided is a compound of formula (I)

R^(W)-Q^(W)-L^(W)-Ar^(W)—Ar^(E)-L^(E)-Q^(E)-R^(E)   (I)

wherein: Ar^(E) and Ar^(W) are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;

-   -   wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally         substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from halo,         —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl;         L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —O—,         —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —O(CR³R⁴)_(m), —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³—,         —NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, or —C(O)—;     -   m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;         Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each independently an aryl or heteroaryl,         wherein each aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with 1         to 4 groups independently selected from halo, —OR^(a), —N₃,         —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and R^(N);     -   wherein     -   R^(N) is

and

-   -   L is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;     -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl,         and C₂₋₆alkynyl;         -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is optionally             independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,             —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;     -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;     -   wherein ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl;         -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl             is optionally independently substituted with 1 to 2 groups             independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo,             cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆             alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),             —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b),             —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),             —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),             C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;             R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆             alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R²,             —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R²,             —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², or

-   -   wherein     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;     -   ring B is cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;     -   T is (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R², or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is 0, 1, 2, or 3;     -   q is 0, 1, 2, or 3;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, or 3;     -   and wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with 1 to 3         substituents independently selected from the group consisting of         —NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom;         R¹ is selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), and C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), oxo, —CN, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         R² is selected from —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆         alkenylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocycle is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         R³ is independently H, halo, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OH, —OCH₃, or         —OCH₂CH₃;         R⁴ is independently H, halo, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OH, —OCH₃, or         —OCH₂CH₃;         R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;         R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;         R^(c) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;         and wherein any two R^(c), any two R^(d) or any R^(c) and R^(d)         optionally combine to form a 3-6 membered cycloalkyl ring;         R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl,         —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl,         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment of the disclosure is provided a compound of formula (I)

R^(W)-Q^(W)-L^(W)-Ar^(W)—Ar^(E)-L^(E)-Q^(E)-R^(E)   (I)

wherein: Ar^(E) and Ar^(W) are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;

-   -   wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally         substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from halo,         —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl;         L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —O—,         —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —O(CR³R⁴)_(m), —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³—,         —NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, or —C(O)—     -   m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and         Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each an aryl group optionally substituted         with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from halo, —OR^(a),         —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and R^(N);     -   wherein     -   R^(N) is

-   -   wherein     -   L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;     -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl,         and C₂₋₆alkynyl;         -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally             independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,             —NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;     -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;     -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl;         -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl             is optionally independently substituted with 1 to 2 groups             independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo,             cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆             alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),             —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b),             —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),             —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),             C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;             R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆             alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R²,             —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R²,             —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R² or

-   -   wherein     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;     -   ring B is cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;     -   T is (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R² or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is 0, 1, 2, or 3;     -   q is 0, 1, 2, or 3;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, or 3;     -   and wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with 1 to 3         substituents independently selected from the group consisting of         NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom;         R¹ is selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), and C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), oxo, —CN, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         R² is selected from —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆         alkenylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b),         —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         R³ is independently H, halo, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OH, —OCH₃, or         —OCH₂CH₃;         R⁴ is independently H, halo, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OH, —OCH₃, or         —OCH₂CH₃;         R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;         R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;         R^(c) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;         and wherein any two R^(c), any two R^(d) or any R^(c) and R^(d)         optionally combine to form a 3-6 membered cycloalkyl ring;         R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl,         —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl,         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, at least one of Ar^(E) and Ar^(W) is other than optionally substituted aryl. In one embodiment, at least one of Ar^(E) and Ar^(W) is other than optionally substituted phenyl.

In one embodiment, when both of Ar^(E) and Ar^(W) are optionally substituted aryl, then the moiety -L^(E)-Ar^(E)—Ar^(W)-L^(W)- is —O—(CR³R⁴)_(m)—Ar^(E)—Ar^(W)-L^(W)-(CR³R⁴)_(m)—O—. In one embodiment, the moiety -L^(E)-Ar^(E)—Ar^(W)-L^(W)- is —O—(CR³R⁴)_(m)—Ar^(E)—Ar^(W)-L^(W)-(CR³R⁴)_(m)—O—.

In one embodiment, both of Q^(E) and Q^(W) are independently optionally substituted aryl. In one embodiment, both of Q^(E) and Q^(W) are independently optionally substituted phenyl. In one embodiment, both of Q^(E) and Q^(W) are independently optionally substituted pyridyl.

In one embodiment of any compound described herein, both Ar^(E) and Ar^(W) are optionally substituted bicyclic rings, wherein neither is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring. In one embodiment of any compound described herein, both L^(E) and L^(W) are —O—. In one embodiment of any compound described herein, both L^(E) and L^(W) are -Q-O—CH₂—Ar—. In one embodiment of any compound described herein, each of Ar^(E), Ar^(W), Q^(E), and Q^(W) are monocyclic, provided at least two are heteroaryl, and neither of R^(E), and R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring. In one embodiment of any compound described herein, at least one L is a bond, and none of Ar^(E), Ar^(W), Q^(E), Q^(W), R^(E), and R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring. In one embodiment of any compound described herein, at least one of the following occurs: a) both Ar^(E) and Ar^(W) are optionally substituted bicyclic rings, wherein neither is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring; b) both L^(E) and L^(W) are —O—; c) both L^(E) and L^(W) are -Q-O—CH₂—Ar—; d) each of Ar^(E), Ar^(W), Q^(E), and Q^(W) are monocyclic, provided at least two are heteroaryl, and neither of R^(E), and R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring; or e) at least one L is a bond, and none of Ar^(E), Ar^(W), Q^(E), Q^(W), R^(E), and R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.

In one embodiment provided is a compound selected from Example 92, 209, 124, 121, 402, 123, 43, 122, 16, 240, 167, 90, 210, 178, 42, 148, 93, 32, 111, 74, 172, 166, 160, 183, 225, 125, 162, 214, 40, 220, 213, 114, 41, 127, 113, 185, 34, 144, 94, 143, 286, 128, 142, 140, 279, 29, 49, 221, 241, 112, 133, 242, 35, 253, 168, 66, 161, 126, 153, 232, 252, 163, 57, 165, 110, 145, 79, 75, 244, 132, 138, 243, 78, 48, 215, 258, 182, 234, 282, 260, 157, 281, 164, 47, 259, 216, 91, 136, 159, 248, 68, 219, 217, 280, 152, 227, 95, 12, 179, 257, 134, 109, 28, 149, 218, 31, 254, 203, 116, 53, 256, 226, 247, 117, 175, 135, 230, 58, 118, 404, 222, 200, 37, 70, 96, 204, 231, 131, 268, 54, 71, 76, 36, 201, 246, 147, 405, 59, 264, 120, 67, 21, 266, 184, 137, 284, 55, 207, 17, 83, 82, 69, 202, 276, 22, 199, 146, 73, 38, 261, 245, 88, 236, 19, 15, 155, 61, 265, 85, 64, 84, 233, 14, 62, 1394, 158, 272, 30, 77, 150, 80, 151, 81, 154, 255, 235, 56, 141, 23, 86, 104, 39, 60, 269, 87, 115, 173, 174, 270, 271, 223, 273, 406, 237, 277, 249, 170, 18, 63, 105, ((5-bromo-6-((3′-(((3-bromo-5-(((carboxymethyl)amino)methyl)-6-(((R)-5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-(((S)-5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl)methoxy)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)glycine, (S)-4-(((5-(3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, and (S)-4-((5-bromo-4-((3′-((2-bromo-4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((5-isocyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment provided is a compound selected from Example 191, 198, 197, 193, 189, 196, 192, 195, 190, 20, 194, 186, 188, 72, 187, 25, and 285, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment provided is a compound selected from Example 4, 5, 3, 7, 6, 8, 9, 2, 10, 1, 407, and 13, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment provided is a compound selected from Example 267, 180, 181, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, and 420, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment provided is a compound selected from Example 191, 198, 197, 193, 189, 196, 192, 195, 190, 20, 194, 186, 188, 72, 187, 25, and 285, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment provided is a compound selected from Example 287, 102, 103, 27, 251, and 107, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment provided is a compound selected from Example 239 and 238, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment provided is a compound selected from Example 97, 44, 98, 50, 51, 45, 99, 169, 100, 89, 274, 422, 24, 176, 65, 171, 26, 52, 156, and 263, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment provided is a compound selected from Example 423, 29, 113, 34, 240, 6, 7, 66, 16, and 19, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by formula (Ia):

where, each Z³ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);

-   -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may         be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on         a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone; and         t is 0, 1 or 2; and         each of Ar^(E), Ar^(W), R^(E), R^(W), L^(E), L^(W), R^(N),         R^(a), and R^(b) are as defined herein.

In one embodiment of formula (Ia), L^(E) is other than —CH₂O—, —(CH₂)₂—, —CH═CH—, and —C(O)NH—. In one embodiment of formula (Ia), none of Ar^(E), Ar^(W), Q^(E), Q^(W), R^(E), and R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by any one of formula (Ib):

where each Z³ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);

-   -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may         be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on         a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone; and         t is 0, 1 or 2; and         each of Ar^(E), Ar^(W), R^(E), R^(W), L^(E), L^(W), R^(N),         R^(a), and R^(b) are as defined herein.

In one embodiment of formula (Ib), L^(W) and L^(E) are other than —CH₂O—, —(CH₂)₂—, —CH═CH—, and —C(O)NH—. In one embodiment of formula (Ib), L^(E) is other than —CH₂O—, —(CH₂)₂—, —CH═CH—, and —C(O)NH—. In one embodiment of formula (Ib), L^(W) is other than —CH₂O—, —(CH₂)₂—, —CH═CH—, and —C(O)NH—. In one embodiment of formula (Ib), none of Ar^(E), Ar^(W), Q^(E), Q^(W), R^(E), and R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by formula (Ic):

where each Z³ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);

-   -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may         be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on         a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone; and         t is 0, 1 or 2; and         each of Ar^(E), Ar^(W), R^(E), R^(W), L^(E), L^(W), R^(N),         R^(a), and R^(b) are as defined herein.

In one embodiment of formula (Ic), none of Ar^(E), Ar^(W), Q^(E), Q^(W), R^(E), and R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by formula (Id):

where each Z³ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);

-   -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may         be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on         a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;         t is 0, 1 or 2; and         each Ar^(E), Ar^(W), R², R^(N), R^(a), and R^(b) are as defined         herein.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by formulas (Ie):

where each Z³ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);

-   -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may         be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on         a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;         t is 0, 1 or 2; and         each Ar^(E), Ar^(W), R², R^(N), R^(a), and R^(b) are as defined         herein.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by formula (If):

where each Z³ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);

-   -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may         be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on         a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;         t is 0, 1 or 2; and         each Ar^(E), Ar^(W), R², R^(N), R^(a), and R^(b) are as defined         herein.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by formula (Ig):

where each Z³ is independently halo, OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);

-   -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may         be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on         a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;         each t is independently 0, 1 or 2; and         each L^(W), Ar^(E), Ar^(W), R^(E), R^(W), R^(N), R^(a), and         R^(b) are as defined herein.

In one embodiment of formula (Ig), none of Ar^(E), Ar^(W), R^(E), and R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by formula (Ih):

where each Z³ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);

-   -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may         be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on         a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;         each t is independently 0, 1 or 2; and         each L^(W), Ar^(E), Ar^(W), R^(E), R^(W), R^(N), R^(a), and         R^(b) are as defined herein.

In one embodiment of formula (Ig), none of Ar^(E), Ar^(W), R^(E), and R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by formula (Ii):

where each Z³ is independently halo, OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);

-   -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may         be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on         a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;         each t is independently 0, 1 or 2; and         each L^(W), Ar^(E), Ar^(W), R^(E), R^(W), R^(N), R^(a), and         R^(b) are as defined herein.

In one embodiment of formula (Ii), L^(W) is a bond, —O—, or —CH₂O—, where the O is bonded to the pyridine ring and the —CH₂— is bonded to Ar^(W). In one embodiment of formula (Ii), none of Ar^(E), Ar^(W), R^(E) and R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by formula (Ij):

where each Z³ is independently halo, OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);

-   -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may         be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on         a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;         each t is independently 0, 1 or 2; and         each L^(W), Ar^(E), Ar^(W), R^(E), R^(W), R^(N), R^(a), and         R^(b) are as defined herein.

In one embodiment of formula (Ij), L^(W) is a bond, —O—, or —CH₂O—, where the O is bonded to the pyridine ring and the —CH₂— is bonded to Ar^(W). In one embodiment of formula (Ij), none of Ar^(E), Ar^(W), R^(E) and R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.

In one embodiment, Ar^(W) and Ar^(E) are each independently

wherein ring C is independently a 5- or 6-membered ring, optionally comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms; Z¹ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and w is 0, 1, or 2.

In one embodiment, Ar^(W) and Ar^(E) are each independently

wherein ring C is independently a non-aromatic 5- or 6-membered ring, optionally comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms; Z¹ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and w is 0, 1, or 2.

In one embodiment, Ar^(W) and Ar^(E) are each independently

wherein each X¹ is independently N or CH; Z¹ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and w is 0, 1, or 2.

In one embodiment, Ar^(W) and Ar^(E) are each independently

wherein each Z¹ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and u is 0, 1, or 2. In one embodiment, Ar^(W) and Ar^(E) are each

wherein each Z¹ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and w is 0, 1, or 2. In one embodiment, Ar^(W) and Ar^(E) are each

wherein each Z¹ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and w is 0, 1, or 2. In one embodiment, Ar^(W) and Ar^(E) are each

wherein each Z¹ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and w is 0, 1, or 2. In one embodiment, Ar^(W) and Ar^(E) are each

wherein each Z¹ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and w is 0, 1, or 2. In one embodiment, Ar^(W) and Ar^(E) are each

wherein each Z¹ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and w is 0, 1, or 2.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by formula (IIa):

wherein each X¹ is independently N or CH; each Z¹ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; each Z³ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);

-   -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may         be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on         a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein: L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or             SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and                 -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is                     optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl                     L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —O—,                     —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)S(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —C(O)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, C₂₋₆ alkenylene,                     C₂₋₆ alkynylene,

each m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —(CH₂)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d), —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)], —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂, —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)), or

-   -   wherein:     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   ring B is cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; T is         independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R²,         (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e) or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   z is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and     -   wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl         of R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1 to 3         substituents independently selected from the group consisting of         NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom;         R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆         alkenylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to         4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo,         C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring         consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the         ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently         selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆         cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f),         —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g);         R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl,         —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and         —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl; and         R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of         stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.

In one embodiment of formula (IIa), when one of L^(E) or L^(W) is —CH₂O—, —(CH₂)₂—, —CH═CH—, or —C(O)NH—; then the other of L^(E) and L^(W) is a bond, —O—, or —O—CH₂—, where the oxygen is bonded to the Q ring and the —CH₂— is bonded to the Ar ring. In one embodiment of formula (IIa), both L^(E) and L^(W) are —O—CH₂—, where the oxygen is bonded to the Q ring and the CH₂ is bonded to the Ar ring. In one embodiment of formula (IIa), one or both of L^(E) or L^(W) is a bond or —O—. In one embodiment of formula (IIa), one or both of X¹ is N. In one embodiment of formula (IIa), neither of R^(E) or R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by formula (IIb):

wherein each X¹ is independently N or CH; each Z¹ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; each Z³ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);

-   -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may         be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on         a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein: L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or             SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and                 -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is                     optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl                     L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —O—,                     —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)S(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —C(O)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)NR³                     (CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, C₂₋₆                     alkenylene, C₂₋₆ alkynylene,

each m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d), —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P+O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)], —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂, —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)), or

-   -   wherein:     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   ring B is cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;     -   T is independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R²,         (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e) or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   z is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and     -   wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl         of R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1 to 3         substituents independently selected from the group consisting of         NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom;         R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆         alkenylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to         4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo,         C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring         consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the         ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently         selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆         cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f),         —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g);         R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl,         —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and         —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl; and         R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of         stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.

In one embodiment of formula (IIb), L^(W) is other than —CH₂O—, —(CH₂)₂—, —CH═CH—, and —C(O)NH—. In one embodiment of formula (IIb), L^(E) is —O—CH₂—, where the oxygen is bonded to the Q group and the CH₂ is bonded to the Ar group. In one embodiment of formula (IIb), L^(E) is a bond. In one embodiment of formula (IIb), one or both of L^(E) or L^(W) is a bond or —O—. In one embodiment of formula (IIb), one or both of X¹ is N. In one embodiment of formula (IIb), neither of R^(E) or R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by formula (IIc):

wherein each X¹ is independently N or CH; each Z¹ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; each Z³ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);

-   -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may         be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on         a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein: L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or             SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and                 -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is                     optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl                     L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —O—,                     —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)S(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —C(O)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, C₂₋₆ alkenylene,                     C₂₋₆ alkynylene,

each m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d), —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)], —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂, —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)), or

-   -   wherein:     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   ring B is cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; T is         independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R²,         (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e) or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   z is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and     -   wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl         of R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1 to 3         substituents independently selected from the group consisting of         NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom;         R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl C(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆         alkenylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to         4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo,         C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring         consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the         ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently         selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆         cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f),         —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g);         R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl,         —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and         —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC_(3-s)         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl; and         R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of         stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.

In one embodiment of formula (IIc), L^(E) is other than —CH₂O—, —(CH₂)₂—, —CH═CH—, and —C(O)NH—. In one embodiment of formula (IIc), L^(W) is —O—CH₂—, where the oxygen is bonded to the Q ring and the CH₂ is bonded to the Ar ring. In certain embodiments of formula (IIc), one or both of L^(E) or L^(W) is a bond or —O—. In certain embodiments of formula (IIc), one or both of X¹ is N. In certain embodiments of formula (IIc), neither of R^(E) or R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by formula (IId):

wherein each X¹ is independently N or CH; each Z¹ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; each Z³ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);

-   -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may         be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on         a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein: L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or             SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and                 -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is                     optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl                     L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —O—,                     —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)S(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —C(O)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, C₂₋₆ alkenylene,                     C₂₋₆ alkynylene,

each m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d), —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)], —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂, —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)), or

-   -   wherein:     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   ring B is cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; T is         independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R²,         (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e) or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   z is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and     -   wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl         of R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1 to 3         substituents independently selected from the group consisting of         NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom;         R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆         alkenylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to         4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo,         C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring         consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the         ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently         selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆         cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f),         —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g);         R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl,         —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and         —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl; and         R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of         stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.

In one embodiment of formula (IId), neither of R^(E) or R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by any one of formula (IIe):

wherein each X¹ is independently N or CH; each Z¹ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; each Z³ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);

-   -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may         be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on         a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein: L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or             SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and                 -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is                     optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl                     L^(E) is a bond, —O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)S(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —C(O)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, C₂₋₆ alkenylene,                     C₂₋₆ alkynylene,

each m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d), —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)], —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂, —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)), or

-   -   wherein:     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   ring B is cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; T is         independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R²,         (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e) or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   z is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and     -   wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl         of R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1 to 3         substituents independently selected from the group consisting of         NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom;         R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆         alkenylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to         4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo,         C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring         consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the         ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently         selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆         cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f),         —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g);         R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl,         —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and         —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl; and         R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of         stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.

In one embodiment of formula (IIe), L^(E) is a bond, —O—, or —O—CH₂—, where the oxygen is bonded to the Q ring and the CH₂ is bonded to the Ar ring. In one embodiment of formula (IIe), one or both X¹ is N. In one embodiment of formula (IIe), neither of R^(E) or R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by formula (IIf):

wherein each X¹ is independently N or CH; each Z¹ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; each Z³ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);

-   -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may         be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on         a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein: L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or             SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and                 -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is                     optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;                     L^(E) is a bond, —O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)S(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —C(O)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, C₂₋₆ alkenylene,                     C₂₋₆ alkynylene,

each m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d), —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)], —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂, —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)), or

-   -   wherein:     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   ring B is cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; T is         independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R²,         (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e) or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   z is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and     -   wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl         of R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1 to 3         substituents independently selected from the group consisting of         NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom;         R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆         alkenylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to         4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo,         C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring         consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the         ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently         selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆         cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f),         —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g);         R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl,         —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and         —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl; and         R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of         stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.

In one embodiment of formula (IIf), L^(E) is a bond, —O—, or —O—CH₂—, where the oxygen is bonded to the Q ring and the CH₂ is bonded to the Ar ring. In one embodiment of formula (IIf), one or both of X¹ is N. In one embodiment of formula (IIf), neither of R^(E) or R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by formula (IIg):

wherein each X¹ is independently N or CH; each Z¹ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; each Z³ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);

-   -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may         be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on         a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein: L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or             SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and                 -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is                     optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl                     L^(E) is a bond, —O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)S(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —C(O)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, C₂₋₆ alkenylene,                     C₂₋₆ alkynylene,

each m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —(CH₂)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d), —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)], —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂, —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)), or

-   -   wherein:     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   ring B is cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; T is         independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R²,         (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e) or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   z is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and     -   wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl         of R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1 to 3         substituents independently selected from the group consisting of         NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom;         R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆         alkenylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to         4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo,         C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring         consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the         ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently         selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆         cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f),         —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g);         R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl,         —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and         —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl; and         R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of         stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.

In one embodiment of formula (IIg), neither of R^(E) or R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by formula (IIh):

wherein each X¹ is independently N or CH; each Z¹ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; each Z³ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);

-   -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may         be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on         a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein: L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or             SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and                 -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is                     optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl                     L^(E) is a bond, —O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)S(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —C(O)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, C₂₋₆ alkenylene,                     C₂₋₆ alkynylene,

each m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d), —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)], —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂, —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)), or

-   -   wherein:     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   ring B is cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;     -   T is independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R²,         (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e) or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   z is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and     -   wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl         of R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1 to 3         substituents independently selected from the group consisting of         NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom;         R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl C(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆         alkenylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to         4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo,         C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring         consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the         ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently         selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆         cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f),         —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g);         R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl,         —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and         —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl; and         R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of         stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.

In one embodiment of formula (IIg), neither of R^(E) or R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.

In one embodiment of formulas (IIe), (IIf), (IIg), or (IIh), L^(E) is —O—CH₂—, where the oxygen is bonded to the Q ring and the —CH₂— is bonded to the Ar ring. In one embodiment of formulas (IIe), (IIf), (IIg), or (IIh), L^(E) is a bond. In one embodiment of formulas (IIe), (IIf), (IIg), or (IIh), L^(E) is —O—CH₂—, neither of R^(E) or R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by formula (IIIa):

wherein each X¹ is independently N or CH; Z³ is halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);

-   -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may         be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on         a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein: L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or             SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and                 -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is                     optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;                     L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —O—,                     —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)S(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —C(O)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, C₂₋₆ alkenylene,                     C₂₋₆ alkynylene,

-   -   wherein each m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;         Q^(E) is aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;     -   wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally         substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from halo,         oxo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆         alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N); and         -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,             heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted             with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂,             —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a),             —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b),             NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),             —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),             —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and further             wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may be oxidized             on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on a             sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein: L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or             SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and                 -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is                     optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;                     R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R²,                     —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R²,                     —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆                     alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆alkylNR¹R²,                     —(CH₂)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻,                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d),                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻,                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)],                     —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂,                     —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)),                     —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)),                     —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)), or

-   -   wherein:     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   ring B is cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; T is         independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R²,         (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e) or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   z is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and     -   wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl         of R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1 to 3         substituents independently selected from the group consisting of         NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom;         R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆         alkenylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to         4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo,         C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring         consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the         ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently         selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆         cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f),         —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g);         R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl,         —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and         —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl; and         R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of         stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.

In one embodiment of formula (IIIa), neither of R^(E) or R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by formula (IIIb):

wherein each X¹ is independently N or CH; Z¹ is halo, —OR^(a), —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —N₃, —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;

-   -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and cycloalkyl is         optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected         from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, and cyano;         Z³ is halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆         alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);     -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may         be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on         a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein: L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or             SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and                 -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is                     optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;                     L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —O—,                     —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)S(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —C(O)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, C₂₋₆ alkenylene,                     C₂₋₆ alkynylene,

-   -   wherein each m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;         Q^(E) is aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;     -   wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally         substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from halo,         oxo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆         alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N); and         -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,             heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted             with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂,             —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a),             —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b),             NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),             —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),             —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and further             wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may be oxidized             on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on a             sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein: L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or             SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and                 -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is                     optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;                     R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R²,                     —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R²,                     —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆                     alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,                     —(CH₂)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻,                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d),                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻,                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)],                     —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂,                     —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)),                     —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)),                     —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)), or

-   -   wherein:     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   ring B is cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; T is         independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R²,         (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e) or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   z is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and     -   wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl         of R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1 to 3         substituents independently selected from the group consisting of         NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom;         R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆         alkenylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to         4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo,         C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring         consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the         ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently         selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆         cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f),         —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g);         R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl,         —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and         —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl; and         R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of         stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.

In one embodiment of formula (IIIb), none of Q^(E), R^(E) or R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by formula (IVa):

wherein each X¹ is independently N or CH; each Z¹ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; each Z³ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);

-   -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may         be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on         a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein: L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or             SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b), or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and                 -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is                     optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;                     L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —O—,                     —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)S(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —C(O)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, C₂₋₆ alkenylene,                     C₂₋₆ alkynylene,

each m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d), —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)], —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂, —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)), or

-   -   wherein:     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   ring B is cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; T is         independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R²,         (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e), or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   z is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and     -   wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl         of R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1 to 3         substituents independently selected from the group consisting of         NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom;         R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl C(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆         alkenylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to         4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo,         C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b)         and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring         consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the         ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently         selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆         cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f),         —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g);         R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl,         —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and         —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl; and         R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of         stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.

In one embodiment of formula (IVa), neither of R^(E) or R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by formulas (IVb):

wherein each X¹ is independently N or CH; each Z¹ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; each Z³ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);

-   -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may         be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on         a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein: L is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or             SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b), or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and                 -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is                     optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl                     L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —O—,                     —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)S(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —C(O)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, C₂₋₆ alkenylene,                     C₂₋₆ alkynylene,

each m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d), —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)], —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂, —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)), or

-   -   wherein:     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   ring B is cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; T is         independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R²,         (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e), or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   z is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and     -   wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl         of R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1 to 3         substituents independently selected from the group consisting of         NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom;         R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆         alkenylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to         4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo,         C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b)         and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring         consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the         ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently         selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆         cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f),         —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g);         R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl,         —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and         —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl; and         R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of         stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.

In one embodiment of formula (IVb), neither of R^(E) or R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by formula (IVc):

wherein each X¹ is independently N or CH; each Z¹ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; each Z³ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);

-   -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may         be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on         a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein: L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or             SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b), or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and                 -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is                     optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;                     L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —O—,                     —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)S(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —C(O)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)NR³                     (CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, C₂₋₆                     alkenylene, C₂₋₆ alkynylene,

each m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —(CH₂)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d), —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)], —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂, —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)), or

-   -   wherein:     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   ring B is cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; T is         independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R²,         (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e), or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   z is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and     -   wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl         of R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1 to 3         substituents independently selected from the group consisting of         NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom;         R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆         alkenylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to         4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo,         C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b)         and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring         consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the         ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently         selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆         cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f),         —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g);         R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl,         —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and         —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl; and         R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of         stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.

In one embodiment of formula (IVc), neither of R^(E) or R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by formula or (IVd):

wherein each X¹ is independently N or CH; each Z¹ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; each Z³ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);

-   -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may         be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on         a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein: L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or             SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b), or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and                 -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is                     optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl                     L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —O—,                     —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)S(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —C(O)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—,                     —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, C₂₋₆ alkenylene,                     C₂₋₆ alkynylene,

each m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d), —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)], —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂, —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)), or

-   -   wherein:     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   ring B is cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; T is         independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R²,         (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e), or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   z is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and     -   wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl         of R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1 to 3         substituents independently selected from the group consisting of         NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom;         R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆         alkenylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to         4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo,         C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b)         and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring         consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the         ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently         selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆         cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f),         —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g);         R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl,         —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and         —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl; and         R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of         stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.

In one embodiment of formula (IVd), neither of R^(E) or R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by formula or (Va):

wherein the dotted lines are optionally a single bond or absent, such that when the dotted lines are absent, each Y¹ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —N₃, —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;

-   -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and cycloalkyl is         optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected         from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, and cyano;         or the dotted lines are single bonds and Y¹ is CH₂, such that         they form a fused 5-membered ring;         k is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;         each X¹ is independently N or CH;

X² is N or CH;

each Z¹ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —N₃, —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;

-   -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and cycloalkyl is         optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected         from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, and cyano;         each Z³ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R²,         —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆         alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);     -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may         be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on         a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein: L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or             SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b), or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and                 -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is                     optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl                     R⁶ is —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,                     —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆                     haloalkyl, NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),                     —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),                     —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                     —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                     —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                     —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                     C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;

    -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is optionally         independently substituted with —OR^(a), halo, cyano,         —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         Q^(E) is aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;

    -   wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally         substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from halo,         oxo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆         alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N); and         -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,             heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted             with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂,             —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a),             —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b),             NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),             —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),             —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and further             wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may be oxidized             on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on a             sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;

    -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein: L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or             SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and                 -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is                     optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;                     R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R²,                     —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R²,                     —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆                     alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,                     —(CH₂)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻,                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d),                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻,                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)],                     —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂,                     —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)),                     —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)),                     —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)), or

-   -   wherein:     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   ring B is cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; T is         independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R²,         (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e), or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   z is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and     -   wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl         of R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1 to 3         substituents independently selected from the group consisting of         NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom;         R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆         alkenylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to         4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo,         C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b)         and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring         consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the         ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently         selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆         cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f),         —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g);         R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl,         —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and         —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl; and         R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of         stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.

In one embodiment of formula (Va), neither of R^(E) or R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.

In one embodiment, the compound is represented by formula or (Vb):

wherein the dotted lines are optionally a single bond or absent, such that when the dotted lines are absent, Y¹ is halo, —OR^(a), —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —N₃, —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;

-   -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and cycloalkyl is         optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected         from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, and cyano;         or the dotted lines are single bonds and Y¹ is CH₂, such that         they form a fused 5-membered ring;         k is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;         each X¹ is independently N or CH;

X² is N or CH;

each Z¹ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —N₃, —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;

-   -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and cycloalkyl is         optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected         from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, and cyano;         each Z³ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R²,         —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆         alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N);     -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may         be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on         a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein: L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or             SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b), or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and                 -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is                     optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl                     R⁶ is —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,                     —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆                     haloalkyl, NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),                     —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),                     —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                     —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                     —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                     —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                     C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;

    -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is optionally         independently substituted with —OR^(a), halo, cyano,         —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         Q^(E) is aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;

    -   wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally         substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from halo,         oxo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆         alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N); and         -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,             heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted             with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂,             —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a),             —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b),             NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),             —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),             —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and further             wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may be oxidized             on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on a             sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;

    -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein: L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or             SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and                 -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is                     optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;                     R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R²,                     —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R²,                     —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆                     alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,                     —(CH₂)_(u)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                     —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d),                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻,                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)],                     —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂,                     —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)),                     —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)),                     —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)), or

-   -   wherein:     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   ring B is cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; T is         independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R²,         (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e), or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   z is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and     -   wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl         of R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1 to 3         substituents independently selected from the group consisting of         NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom;         R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl,         —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆         alkenylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to         4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo,         C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b)         and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring         consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the         ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently         selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆         cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f),         —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g);         R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl,         —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and         —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl; and         R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of         stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.

In one embodiment of formula (Vb), neither of R^(E) or R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.

In one embodiment, provided is a compound of formula (VIa):

wherein R^(E), R^(W), Z¹ and Z³ are as defined herein, each w is independently 0, 1 or 2, each t is independently 0, 1 or 2, and each X is independently CZ³, CH or N. In one embodiment, provided is a compound of formula (VIb):

wherein R^(E), R^(W), Z¹ and Z³ are as defined herein, each w is independently 0, 1 or 2, each t is independently 0, 1 or 2, and each X is independently CZ³, CH or N. In one embodiment, provided is a compound of formula (VIc):

wherein R^(E), R^(W), Z¹ and Z³ are as defined herein, each w is independently 0, 1 or 2, each t is independently 0, 1 or 2, and each X is independently CZ³, CH or N. In one embodiment, provided is a compound of formula (VId):

wherein R^(E), R^(W), Z¹ and Z³ are as defined herein, each w is independently 0, 1 or 2, each t is independently 0, 1 or 2, and Q^(E) is heteroaryl. In one embodiment, provided is a compound of formula (VIe):

wherein R^(E), R^(W), Z¹, Z³ and Q^(W) are as defined herein, each w is independently 0, 1 or 2, each t is independently 0, 1 or 2. In one embodiment, provided is a compound of formula (VIf):

wherein R^(E), R^(W), Z¹ and Z³ are as defined herein, each w is independently 0, 1 or 2, each t is independently 0, 1 or 2. In one embodiment, provided is a compound of formula (VIIa):

wherein R^(W), Q^(W), Z¹ and R^(E) are as defined herein. In one embodiment, provided is a compound of formula (VIIb):

wherein R^(W), R^(N), Z³, Z¹ and R^(E) are as defined herein.

In certain embodiments of any one of formulas (VIa)-(VIf) or formulas (VIIa)-(VIIb), each Z¹ is independently halo. In certain embodiments of any one of formulas (VIa)-(VIf) or formulas (VIIa)-(VIIb), each Z³ is independently C₁₋₆ alkoxy.

In certain embodiments of any one of formulas (VIa)-(VIf) or formulas (VIIa)-(VIIb), each Z¹ is chloro. In certain embodiments of any one of formulas (VIa)-(VIf) or formulas (VIIa)-(VIIb), each Z³ is methoxy.

In certain embodiments of formula (VIa)-(VIf) or formulas (VIIa)-(VIIb), neither of R^(E) or R^(W) is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring directly bound to the Q ring via a covalent bond.

In one embodiment, provided is a compound of formula (VIII):

wherein: each of X⁴ and X⁵ are independently N, CH or CZ³; each Z¹ is independently is halo, —OR^(a), —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —N₃, —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, or —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃-s cycloalkyl; and

-   -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and cycloalkyl is         optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected         from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, and cyano;         each w is independently 0, 1 or 2;         each Z³ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R²,         —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆         alkynyl, —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N); and     -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —O—C₁₋₆-cyanoalkyl, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl; and further wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic         group may be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or         oxidized on a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein: L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or             SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —O—C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and                 -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is                     optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;                     each t is independently 0, 1 or 2;                     R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylNR¹R², —O—C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆                     alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —S—C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R²,                     —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R²,                     —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆                     alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,                     —(CH₂)_(u)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                     —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d),                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻,                     —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)],                     —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂,                     —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)),                     —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)),                     —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)), or

-   -   wherein:     -   V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹, or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a),         NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹, or NR^(a)SO₂;     -   ring B is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl;     -   T is independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R²,         (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e), or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e);     -   p is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   z is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and     -   wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl         of R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1 to 3         substituents independently selected from the group consisting of         NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a         nitrogen atom;         each R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₂₋₆         alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆         alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         each R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆         alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         and —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);     -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to         4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo,         C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b)         and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         each R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         each R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring         consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the         ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently         selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆         cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f),         —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g);         each R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl,         and —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         each R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         each R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —O—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,         —O—C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —O-heterocyclyl,         —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl, —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g),         —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂R^(f), and —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g);         each R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl; and         each R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of         stereoisomers, solvate, or tautomer thereof.

In one embodiment, provided is a compound of formula (VIIIa):

wherein X⁴, X⁵, Z¹, Z³, t, R^(W) and R^(E) are as defined herein. In one embodiment, provided is a compound of formula (VIIIb):

wherein Z¹, Z³, t, R^(W) and R^(E) are as defined herein. In one embodiment, provided is a compound of formula (VIIIc):

wherein Z¹, Z³, t, R^(W) and R^(E) are as defined herein. In one embodiment, provided is a compound of formula (VIIId):

wherein Z¹, Z³, t, R^(W) and R^(E) are as defined herein.

In one embodiment, provided is a compound of formula (VIIIe):

wherein: each of X⁴ and X⁵ are independently N, CH or CZ³; each Z¹ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —CN, or —C₁₋₆ alkyl; each w is independently 0, 1 or 2; each Z³ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N); and

-   -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with         1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,         —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a),         —O—C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋ ₈         cycloalkyl; and further wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic         group may be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or         oxidized on a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone;     -   R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²,         —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR¹R², —O—C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —O—C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹,         —S—C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

-   -   -   wherein: L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or             SO₂;         -   V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl,             C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl;             -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally                 independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano,                 —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;         -   L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂;         -   ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or             heterocyclyl;             -   wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or                 heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4                 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃,                 —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —O—C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,                 NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN,                 —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a),                 —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a),                 —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                 —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and                 C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and                 -   wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is                     optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a),                     halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;                     each t is independently 0, 1 or 2;                     each R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈                     alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆                     cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆                     alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆                     alkylheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆                     alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b),                     —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl;

    -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or         heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups         independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆         alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl,         —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a),         —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b),         —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b),         —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         each R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆         alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         and —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);

    -   wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to         4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo,         C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b)         and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b);         or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally         containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently         selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo,         —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆         haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆         alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a),         —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b);         each R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl,         —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆         alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a);         each R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl;         each R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring         consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the         ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently         selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆         cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f),         —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g),         —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆         alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g);         each R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl,         and —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl,         —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃         alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and         —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl;         each R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl; and         each R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈         cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆         alkylheterocyclyl;         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of         stereoisomers, solvate, or tautomer thereof.

In one embodiment, provided is a compound of formula (VIIIf):

wherein X⁴, X⁵, Z¹, Z³, t, R¹ and R² are as defined herein. In one embodiment, provided is a compound of formula (VIIIg):

wherein Z¹, Z³, t, R¹ and R² are as defined herein. In one embodiment, provided is a compound of formula (VIIIh):

wherein Z¹, Z³, t, R¹ and R² are as defined herein. In one embodiment, provided is a compound of formula (VIIIi):

wherein Z¹, Z³, t, R¹ and R² are as defined herein.

In certain embodiments of any one of formulas (VIII)-(VIIIi), each Z¹ is independently halo. In certain embodiments of any one of formulas (VIII)-(VIIIi), each Z³ is independently halo or C₁₋₆ alkoxy.

In certain embodiments of any one of formulas (VIII)-(VIIIi), each Z¹ is independently chloro. In certain embodiments of any one of formulas (VIII)-(VIIIi), each Z³ is independently chloro or methoxy.

In one embodiment provided is a compound selected from Examples 637-803.

In certain embodiments, the compound as provided herein has a molecular weight of less than about 1200 g/mol, or less than about 1100 g/mol, or less than about 1000 g/mol, or less than about 900 g/mol, or less than about 800 g/mol, or between about 1200 to about 600 g/mol, or between about 1000 to about 700 g/mol, or between about 1000 to about 800 g/mol.

One of skill in the art is aware that each and every embodiment of a group (e.g., Ar^(E)) disclosed herein may be combined with any other embodiment of each of the remaining groups (e.g., Q^(E), Ar^(W), Q^(W), etc.) to generate a complete compound of formula (I) as disclosed herein; each of which is deemed within the ambit of the present disclosure.

Formulations and Methods

Methods

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) useful as an inhibitor of PD-1, PD-L1 and/or the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. In some embodiments, compounds disclosed herein inhibit the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction by dimerizing PD-L1, or by inducing or stabilizing PD-L1 dimer formation.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method of treating cancer comprising administering a compound of formula (I) in combination with one or more check-point inhibitors selected from nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and artezolizumab.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof, and at least one additional anticancer agent and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

The present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) for use in therapy.

In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) for use in the manufacture of a medicament for treating cancer.

In one embodiment, provided is a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof, useful for the treatment of cancer or a condition in a patient that is amenable to treatment by inhibiting PD-1, PD-L1 or the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. Cancers that may be treated with the compounds of formula (I) disclosed herein include pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, renal cancer, hepatocellular cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, melanoma, neuroendocrine cancer, CNS cancer, brain cancer, bone cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, non-small cell lung cancer, small-cell lung cancer and colon cancer.

In one embodiment, provided is a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof, useful for the treatment of cancer or a condition in a patient that is amenable to treatment by inhibiting PD-1, PD-L1 or the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction including, but not limited to, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and leukemia. Additional diseases or conditions that may be treated include, but are not limited to acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), myeloproliferative disease (MPD), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), multiple myeloma (MM), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), follicular lymphoma, Waldestrom's macroglobulinemia (WM), T-cell lymphoma, B-cell lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).

In one embodiment, provided is a method of treating HBV, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof.

“Administering” or “administration” refers to the delivery of one or more therapeutic agents to a patient. In one embodiment, the administration is a monotherapy wherein a compound of formula (I) is the only active ingredient administered to the patient in need of therapy. In another embodiment, the administration is co-administration such that two or more therapeutic agents are delivered together during the course of the treatment. In one embodiment, two or more therapeutic agents may be co-formulated into a single dosage form or “combined dosage unit”, or formulated separately and subsequently combined into a combined dosage unit, as is typically for intravenous administration or oral administration as a mono or bilayer tablet or capsule.

In one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered to a human patient in need thereof in an effective amount, such as, from about 0.1 mg to about 1000 mg per day of said compound. In one embodiment, the effective amount is from about 0.1 mg to about 200 mg per day. In one embodiment, the effective amount is from about 1 mg to about 100 mg per day. In other embodiments, the effective amount is about 1 mg, about 3 mg, about 5 mg, about 10 mg, about 15 mg, about 18 mg, about 20 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 60 mg, about 80 mg, or about 100 mg per day.

In one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and at least one additional anticancer agent is administered to a human patient in need thereof in an effective amount of each agent, independently from about 0.1 mg to about 1000 mg per compound or formulation per day per compounds. In one embodiment, the effective amount of the combination treatment of a compound of formula (I) and an additional compound is independently from about 0.1 mg to about 200 mg per compound per day. In one embodiment, the effective amount of the combination treatment of a compound of formula (I) and an additional compound is independently from about 1 mg to about 100 mg per compound per day. In other embodiments, the effective amount of the combination treatment of a compound of formula (I) and an additional compound is for each component, about 1 mg, about 3 mg, about 5 mg, about 10 mg, about 15 mg, about 18 mg, about 20 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 60 mg, about 80 mg, about 100 mg, about 200 mg, or about 500 mg each per day.

In one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) and/or a combination of the compound of formula (I) and an additional anticancer agent or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered once a day. In yet another embodiment, the compound of formula (I) and/or an additional anticancer agent or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered as a loading dose of from about 10 mg to about 500 mg per compound on the first day and each day or on alternate days or weekly for up to a month followed by a regular regimen of a compound of formula (I) and/or one or more additional anticancer agents or therapies. The maintenance dose may be 1-500 mg daily or weekly for each component of a multi component drug regimen. A qualified care giver or treating physician is aware of what dose regimen is best for a particular patient or particular presenting conditions and will make appropriate treating regimen decisions for that patient. Thus, in another embodiment, the qualified caregiver is able to tailor a dose regimen of the compound of formula (I) and/or an additional agent(s) as disclosed herein to fit with the particular needs of the patient. Thus, it will be understood that the amount of the compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and the amount of an additional agent actually administered will usually be determined by a physician, in light of the relevant circumstances, including the condition(s) to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound (e.g., salt or free base) administered and its relative activity, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the like.

Co-administration may also include administering component drugs e.g., one on more compounds of formula (I) and one or more additional (e.g., a second, third, fourth or fifth) anticancer or other therapeutic agent(s). Such combination of one on more compounds of formula (I) and one or more additional anticancer or other therapeutic agent(s) may be administered simultaneously or in sequence (one after the other) within a reasonable period of time of each administration (e.g., about 1 minute to 24 hours) depending on the pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamics properties of each agent or the combination. Co-administration may also involve treatment with a fixed combination wherein agents of the treatment regimen are combinable in a fixed dosage or combined dosage medium e.g., solid, liquid or aerosol. In one embodiment, a kit may be used to administer the drug or drug components.

Thus, one embodiment of the present disclosure is a method of treating a disease amenable to treatment with a PD-1, PD-L1 inhibitor or a PD-1/PD-L1 interaction inhibitor e.g., cancer comprising administering therapeutically effective amounts of formulations of one on more compounds of formula (I) and one or more additional anticancer agents, including for example, via a kit to a patient in need thereof. It will be understood that a qualified care giver will administer or direct the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compound(s) or combinations of compounds of the present disclosure.

“Intravenous administration” is the administration of substances directly into a vein, or “intravenously.” Compared with other routes of administration, the intravenous (IV) route is a faster way to deliver fluids and medications throughout the body. An infusion pump can allow precise control over the flow rate and total amount of medication delivered. However, in cases where a change in the flow rate would not have serious consequences, or if pumps are not available, the drip is often left to flow simply by placing the bag above the level of the patient and using the clamp to regulate the rate. Alternatively, a rapid infuser can be used if the patient requires a high flow rate and the IV access device is of a large enough diameter to accommodate it. This is either an inflatable cuff placed around the fluid bag to force the fluid into the patient or a similar electrical device that may also heat the fluid being infused. When a patient requires medications only at certain times, intermittent infusion is used which does not require additional fluid. It can use the same techniques as an intravenous drip (pump or gravity drip), but after the complete dose of medication has been given, the tubing is disconnected from the IV access device. Some medications are also given by IV push or bolus, meaning that a syringe is connected to the IV access device and the medication is injected directly (slowly, if it might irritate the vein or cause a too-rapid effect). Once a medicine has been injected into the fluid stream of the IV tubing there must be some means of ensuring that it gets from the tubing to the patient. Usually this is accomplished by allowing the fluid stream to flow normally and thereby carry the medicine into the bloodstream; however, a second fluid injection is sometimes used, as a “flush”, following the injection to push the medicine into the bloodstream more quickly. Thus in one embodiment, compound(s) or combination of compounds described herein may be administered by IV administration alone or in combination with administration of certain components of the treatment regimen by oral or parenteral routes.

“Oral administration” is a route of administration where a substance is taken through the mouth, and includes buccal, sub labial, and sublingual administration, as well as enteral administration and that through the respiratory tract, unless made through e.g., tubing so the medication is not in direct contact with any of the oral mucosa. Typical form for the oral administration of therapeutic agents includes the use of tablets or capsules. Thus in one embodiment, compound(s) or combination of compounds described herein may be administered by oral route alone or in combination with administration of certain components of the treatment regimen by IV or parenteral routes.

Pharmaceutical Formulations

The compound(s) of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered in a pharmaceutical formulation. Pharmaceutical formulations/compositions contemplated by the present disclosure comprise, in addition to a carrier, the compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a combination of compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally in combination with an additional agent such as for example, ipilimumab, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Pharmaceutical formulations/compositions contemplated by the present disclosure may also be intended for administration by injection and include aqueous solutions, oil suspensions, emulsions (with sesame oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, or peanut oil) as well as elixirs, mannitol, dextrose, or a sterile aqueous solution, and similar pharmaceutical vehicles. Aqueous solutions in saline are also conventionally used for injection. Ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like (and suitable mixtures thereof), cyclodextrin derivatives, and vegetable oils may also be employed. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and/or by the use of surfactants. The prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.

Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the component compound(s) in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various other ingredients as enumerated above or as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the various sterilized active ingredients into a sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum-drying and freeze-drying techniques which yield a powder of the active ingredient(s) plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.

In making pharmaceutical compositions that comprise compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally in combination with an additional agent/therapy useful for the purpose or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the active ingredient is usually diluted by an excipient or carrier and/or enclosed or mixed with such a carrier that may be in the form of a capsule, sachet, paper or other container. When the excipient serves as a diluent, it can be a solid, semi-solid, or liquid material (as above), which acts as a vehicle, carrier or medium for the active ingredient. Thus, the compositions can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols (as a solid or in a liquid medium), ointments containing, for example, up to 20% by weight of the active compounds, soft and hard gelatin capsules, sterile injectable solutions, and sterile packaged powders.

Some examples of suitable excipients include lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, sterile water, syrup, and methyl cellulose. The formulations can additionally include: lubricating agents such as talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil; wetting agents; emulsifying and suspending agents; preserving agents such as methyl- and propylhydroxy-benzoates; sweetening agents; and flavoring agents.

The compositions of the disclosure may be formulated so as to provide quick, sustained or delayed release of the active ingredient after administration to the patient by employing procedures known in the art. In one embodiment, sustained release formulations are used. Controlled release drug delivery systems for oral administration include osmotic pump systems and dissolutional systems containing polymer-coated reservoirs or drug-polymer matrix formulations.

Certain compositions are preferably formulated in a unit dosage form. The term “unit dosage forms” or “combined dosage unit” refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of one or more of the active materials (e.g., compound (I), optionally in combination with an additional agent calculated to produce the desired effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient in for example, a tablet, capsule, ampoule or vial for injection. It will be understood, however, that the amount of each active agent actually administered will be determined by a physician, in the light of the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compounds administered and their relative activity, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the like.

For preparing solid compositions such as tablets, the principal active ingredient(s) is/are mixed with a pharmaceutical excipient to form a solid pre-formulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of a compound of the present disclosure. When referring to these pre-formulation compositions as homogeneous, it is meant that the active ingredient(s) are dispersed evenly throughout the composition so that the composition may be readily subdivided into equally effective unit dosage forms such as tablets, pills and capsules.

The tablets or pills comprising compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of the present disclosure optionally in combination with the second agent may be coated or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of prolonged action, or to protect from the acidic conditions of the stomach. For example, the tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage element, the latter being in the form of an envelope over the former. In one embodiment, the inner dosage element may comprise the compound (I) and the outer dosage element may comprise the second or additional agent or vice versa. Alternatively, the combined dosage unit may be side by side configuration as in a capsule or tablet where one portion or half of the tablet or capsule is filled with a formulation of the compound of formula (I) while the other portion or half of the table or capsule comprises the additional agent

A variety of materials may be used for such enteric layers or coatings, such materials including a number of polymeric acids and mixtures of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetyl alcohol, and cellulose acetate. One of ordinary skill in the art is aware of techniques and materials used in the manufacture of dosages of formulations disclosed herein.

A “sustained release formulation” or “extended release formulation” is a formulation which is designed to slowly release a therapeutic agent into the body over an extended period of time, whereas an “immediate release formulation” is a formulation which is designed to quickly release a therapeutic agent into the body over a shortened period of time. In some cases the immediate release formulation may be coated such that the therapeutic agent is only released once it reaches the desired target in the body (e.g., the stomach). One of ordinary skill in the art is able to develop sustained release formulations of the presently disclosed compounds without undue experimentation. Thus in one embodiment, compound(s) or combination of compounds described herein may be delivered via sustained released formulations alone or in combination with administration of certain components of the treatment regimen by oral, IV or parenteral routes.

A lyophilized formulation may also be used to administer a compound of formula (I) singly or in combination with an additional anticancer agent. One of skill in the art is aware of how to make and use lyophilized formulations of drug substances amenable to lyophilization.

Spray-dried formulation may also be used to administer a compound of formula (I) singly or in combination with an additional anti-cancer agent. One of skill in the art is aware of how to make and use spray-dried formulations of drug substances amenable to spray-drying. Other known formulation techniques may also be employed to formulate a compound or combination of compounds disclosed herein.

Combination Therapy

Also provided are methods of treatment in which a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is given to a patient in combination with one or more additional active agents or therapy.

Thus in one embodiment, a method of treating cancer and/or diseases or symptoms that co-present or are exacerbated or triggered by the cancer e.g., an allergic disorder and/or an autoimmune and/or inflammatory disease, and/or an acute inflammatory reaction, comprises administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally in combination with an additional agent (e.g., a second, third, fourth or fifth active agent) which can be useful for treating a cancer, an allergic disorder and/or an autoimmune and/or inflammatory disease, and/or an acute inflammatory reaction incident to or co-presenting with a cancer. Treatment with the second, third, fourth or fifth active agent may be prior to, concomitant with, or following treatment with a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In one embodiment, a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is combined with another active agent in a single dosage form. Suitable antitumor or anticancer therapeutics that may be used in combination with a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof include, but are not limited to, chemotherapeutic agents, for example mitomycin C, carboplatin, taxol, cisplatin, paclitaxel, etoposide, doxorubicin, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing chemotherapeutic agents. Radiotherapeutic antitumor agents may also be used, alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents.

A compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be useful as chemo-sensitizing agents, and thus, can be useful in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs, in particular, drugs that induce apoptosis. Thus, in one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method for increasing sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy, comprising administering to a patient in need of or undergoing chemotherapy, a chemotherapeutic agent together with a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount sufficient to increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to the chemotherapeutic agent.

Examples of other chemotherapeutic drugs that can be used in combination with compounds of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof include topoisomerase I inhibitors (camptothesin or topotecan), topoisomerase II inhibitors (e.g., daunomycin and etoposide), alkylating agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide, melphalan and BCNU), tubulin directed agents (e.g., taxol and vinblastine), and biological agents (e.g., antibodies such as anti CD20 antibody, IDEC 8, immunotoxins, and cytokines).

In some embodiments, the compound(s) of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is used in combination with Rituxan® (Rituximab) and/or other agents that work by selectively depleting CD20+ B-cells.

Included herein are methods of treatment in which a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in combination with an anti-inflammatory agent. Anti-inflammatory agents include but are not limited to NSAIDs, non-specific and COX-2 specific cyclooxgenase enzyme inhibitors, gold compounds, corticosteroids, methotrexate, tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF) receptors antagonists, immunosuppressants and methotrexate.

Examples of NSAIDs include, but are not limited to ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, naproxen and naproxen sodium, diclofenac, combinations of diclofenac sodium and misoprostol, sulindac, oxaprozin, diflunisal, piroxicam, indomethacin, etodolac, fenoprofen calcium, ketoprofen, sodium nabumetone, sulfasalazine, tolmetin sodium, and hydroxychloroquine. Examples of NSAIDs also include COX-2 specific inhibitors (i.e., a compound that inhibits COX-2 with an IC₅₀ that is at least 50-fold lower than the IC₅₀ for COX-1) such as celecoxib, valdecoxib, lumiracoxib, etoricoxib and/or rofecoxib.

In a further embodiment, the anti-inflammatory agent is a salicylate. Salicylates include but are not limited to acetylsalicylic acid or aspirin, sodium salicylate, and choline and magnesium salicylates.

The anti-inflammatory agent may also be a corticosteroid. For example, the corticosteroid may be chosen from cortisone, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, prednisolone sodium phosphate, and prednisone.

In some embodiments, the anti-inflammatory therapeutic agent is a gold compound such as gold sodium thiomalate or auranofin.

In some embodiments, the anti-inflammatory agent is a metabolic inhibitor such as a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, such as methotrexate or a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor, such as leflunomide.

In one embodiment, the compound(s) of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is used in combination with at least one anti-inflammatory compound that is an anti-C5 monoclonal antibody (such as eculizumab or pexelizumab), a TNF antagonist, such as entanercept, or infliximab, which is an anti-TNF alpha monoclonal antibody.

In one embodiment, the compound(s) of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is used in combination with at least one active agent that is an immunosuppressant compound such as methotrexate, leflunomide, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, azathioprine, or mycophenolate mofetil.

In other embodiments, the compound(s) of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is used in combination with one or more phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors, including for example, Compounds A, B and C (whose structures are provided below), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Compounds A, B and C are disclosed in WO2015/017460 and WO2015/100217. Additional examples of PI3K inhibitors include, but are not limited to, ACP-319, AEZA-129, AMG-319, AS252424, AZD8186, BAY 10824391, BEZ235, buparlisib (BKM120), BYL719 (alpelisib), CH5132799, copanlisib (BAY 80-6946), duvelisib, GDC-0941, GDC-0980, GSK2636771, GSK2269557, idelalisib (Zydelig®), IPI-145, IPI-443, IPI-549, KAR4141, LY294002, LY3023414, MLN1117, OXY111A, PA799, PX-866, RG7604, rigosertib, RP5090, taselisib, TG100115, TGR-1202, TGX221, WX-037, X-339, X-414, XL147 (SAR245408), XL499, XL756, wortmannin, ZSTK474, and the compounds described in WO 2005/113556 (ICOS), WO 2013/052699 (Gilead Calistoga), WO 2013/116562 (Gilead Calistoga), WO 2014/100765 (Gilead Calistoga), WO 2014/100767 (Gilead Calistoga), and WO 2014/201409 (Gilead Sciences).

In yet another embodiment, the compound(s) of formula (I) may be used in combination with Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (SYK) Inhibitors. Examples of SYK inhibitors include, but are not limited to, 6-(1H-indazol-6-yl)-N-(4-morpholinophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-8-amine, BAY-61-3606, cerdulatinib (PRT-062607), entospletinib, fostamatinib (R788), HMPL-523, NVP-QAB 205 AA, R112, R343, tamatinib (R406), and those described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,450,321 (Gilead Connecticut) and those described in U.S. 2015/0175616.

In yet another embodiment, the compounds of formula (I) may be used in combination with Tyrosine-kinase Inhibitors (TKIs). TKIs may target epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) and receptors for fibroblast growth factor (FGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Examples of TKIs include, but are not limited to, afatinib, ARQ-087, asp5878, AZD3759, AZD4547, bosutinib, brigatinib, cabozantinib, cediranib, crenolanib, dacomitinib, dasatinib, dovitinib, E-6201, erdafitinib, erlotinib, gefitinib, gilteritinib (ASP-2215), FP-1039, HM61713, icotinib, imatinib, KX2-391 (Src), lapatinib, lestaurtinib, midostaurin, nintedanib, ODM-203, osimertinib (AZD-9291), ponatinib, poziotinib, quizartinib, radotinib, rociletinib, sulfatinib (HMPL-012), sunitinib, and TH-4000.

In yet other embodiments, the compound(s) of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is used in combination with one or more inhibitors of lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL) or a substance that binds to LOXL, including for example, a humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) with an immunoglobulin IgG4 isotype directed against human LOXL2. Examples of LOXL inhibitors include, but are not limited to, the antibodies described in WO 2009/017833 (Arresto Biosciences). Examples of LOXL2 inhibitors include, but are not limited to, the antibodies described in WO 2009/017833 (Arresto Biosciences), WO 2009/035791 (Arresto Biosciences), and WO 2011/097513 (Gilead Biologics).

In yet another embodiment, the compounds of formula (I) may be used in combination with Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) inhibitors. Examples of TLR8 inhibitors include, but are not limited to, E-6887, IMO-4200, IMO-8400, IMO-9200, MCT-465, MEDI-9197, motolimod, resiquimod, VTX-1463, and VTX-763.

In yet another embodiment, the compounds of formula (I) may be used in combination with Toll-like receptor (TLR9) inhibitors. Examples of TLR9 inhibitors include, but are not limited to, IMO-2055, IMO-2125, lefitolimod, litenimod, MGN-1601, and PUL-042.

In one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) is useful for the treatment of cancer in combination with a BTK (Bruting's Tyrosine kinase) inhibitor. An example of such BTK inhibitor is a compound disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,405,295. Additional examples of BTK inhibitors include, but are not limited to, (S)-6-amino-9-(1-(but-2-ynoyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-7H-purin-8(9H)-one, acalabrutinib (ACP-196), BGB-3111, HM71224, ibrutinib, M-2951, tirabrutinib (ONO-4059), PRN-1008, spebrutinib (CC-292), and TAK-020.

In one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) is useful for the treatment of cancer in combination with a BET inhibitor. An example of such BET inhibitor is a compound disclosed in WO2014/182929, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) is useful for the treatment of cancer in combination with a TBK (Tank Binding kinase) inhibitor. An example of such TBK inhibitor is a compound disclosed in WO2016/049211.

In one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) is useful for the treatment of cancer in combination with a OX40 inhibitor. An example of such OX40 inhibitor is a compound disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,450,460, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) is useful for the treatment of cancer in combination with a JAK-1 inhibitor. An example of such JAK-1 inhibitor is a compound disclosed in WO2008/109943. Examples of other JAK inhibitors include, but are not limited to, AT9283, AZD1480, baricitinib, BMS-911543, fedratinib, filgotinib (GLPG0634), gandotinib (LY2784544), INCB039110, lestaurtinib, momelotinib (CYT0387), NS-018, pacritinib (SB1518), peficitinib (ASP015K), ruxolitinib, tofacitinib (formerly tasocitinib), and XL019.

In one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) is useful for the treatment of cancer in combination with an Indoleamine-pyrrole-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitors. An example of such IDO inhibitor is a compound disclosed in WO2016/186967. In one embodiment, the compounds of formula (I) are useful for the treatment of cancer in combination with IDO 1 inhibitors including but not limited to BLV-0801, epacadostat, F-001287, GBV-1012, GBV-1028, GDC-0919, indoximod, NKTR-218, NLG-919-based vaccine, PF-06840003, pyranonaphthoquinone derivatives (SN-35837), resminostat, SBLK-200802, and shIDO-ST.

In one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) is useful for the treatment of cancer in combination with a Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (MEK) Inhibitors. MEK inhibitors useful for combination treatment with a compound(s) of formula (I) includes antroquinonol, binimetinib, cobimetinib (GDC-0973, XL-518), MT-144, selumetinib (AZD6244), sorafenib, trametinib (GSK1120212), uprosertib and trametinib.

In one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) is useful for the treatment of cancer in combination with an Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase (ASK) Inhibitors: ASK inhibitors include but are not limited to those described in WO 2011/008709 (Gilead Sciences) and WO 2013/112741 (Gilead Sciences) including for example selonsertib.

In one embodiment, the compounds of formula (I) may be combined with Cluster of Differentiation 47 (CD47) inhibitors. Examples of CD47 inhibitors include, but are not limited to anti-CD47 mAbs (Vx-1004), anti-human CD47 mAbs (CNTO-7108), CC-90002, CC-90002-ST-001, humanized anti-CD47 antibody (Hu5F9-G4), NI-1701, NI-1801, RCT-1938, and TTI-621.

In one embodiment, the compounds of formula (I) may be combined with Cyclin-dependent Kinase (CDK) Inhibitors. CDK inhibitors include inhibitors of CDK 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 9, such as abemaciclib, alvocidib (HMR-1275, flavopiridol), AT-7519, FLX-925, LEE001, palbociclib, ribociclib, rigosertib, selinexor, UCN-01, and TG-02.

In one embodiment, the compounds of formula (I) may be combined with Discoidin Domain Receptor (DDR) Inhibitors for the treatment of cancer. DDR inhibitors include inhibitors of DDR1 and/or DDR2. Examples of DDR inhibitors include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in WO 2014/047624 (Gilead Sciences), US 2009-0142345 (Takeda Pharmaceutical), US 2011-0287011 (Oncomed Pharmaceuticals), WO 2013/027802 (Chugai Pharmaceutical), and WO 2013/034933 (Imperial Innovations).

In one embodiment, the compounds of formula (I) may be combined with Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Inhibitors such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,575,353 and equivalents thereof. Additional examples of HDAC inhibitors include, but are not limited to, abexinostat, ACY-241, AR-42, BEBT-908, belinostat, CKD-581, CS-055 (HBI-8000), CUDC-907, entinostat, givinostat, mocetinostat, panobinostat, pracinostat, quisinostat (JNJ-26481585), resminostat, ricolinostat, SHP-141, valproic acid (VAL-001), vonnostat.

In one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) is useful for the treatment of cancer in combination with a standard of care in the treatment of the respective cancer. One of skill in the art is aware of the standard of care as of a given date in the particular field of cancer therapy or with respect to a given cancer.

Certain embodiments of the present application include or use one or more additional therapeutic agent. The one or more additional therapeutic agent may be an agent useful for the treatment of cancer, inflammation, autoimmune disease and/or related conditions. The one or more additional therapeutic agent may be a chemotherapeutic agent, an anti-angiogenic agent, an antifibrotic agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an immune modulating agent, an immunotherapeutic agent, a therapeutic antibody, a radiotherapeutic agent, an anti-neoplastic agent, an anti-cancer agent, an anti-proliferation agent, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the compound(s) described herein may be used or combined with a chemotherapeutic agent, an anti-angiogenic agent, an anti-fibrotic agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an immune modulating agent, an immunotherapeutic agent, a therapeutic antibody, a radiotherapeutic agent, an antineoplastic agent or an anti-cancer agent, an anti-proliferation agent, or any combination thereof.

In one embodiment, a compound(s) of formula (I) optionally in combination with an additional anticancer agent described herein, may be used or combined with an anti-neoplastic agent or an anti-cancer agent, anti-fibrotic agent, an anti-anti-inflammatory agent, or an immune modulating agent.

In one embodiment, provided are kits comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a compound of formula (I) and at least one additional anticancer agent, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In one embodiment, the kit comprises instructions for use in the treatment of cancer or inflammatory conditions. In one embodiment, the instructions in the kit are directed to use of the pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of cancer selected from pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, renal cancer, hepatocellular cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, melanoma, neuroendocrine cancer, CNS cancer, brain cancer, bone cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, non-small cell lung cancer, small-cell lung cancer and colon cancer.

The application also provides method for treating a subject who is undergoing one or more standard therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, surgery, or combination thereof comprising administering or co-administering a compound of formula (I) to said subject. Accordingly, one or more compound(S) of formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may be administered before, during, or after administration of a chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, surgery or combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the subject may be a human who is (i) substantially refractory to at least one chemotherapy treatment, or (ii) in relapse after treatment with chemotherapy, or both (i) and (ii). In some of embodiments, the subject is refractory to at least two, at least three, or at least four chemotherapy treatments (including standard or experimental chemotherapies).

In one embodiment, the subject is refractory to at least one, at least two, at least three, or at least four chemotherapy treatment (including standard or experimental chemotherapy) selected from fludarabine, rituximab, obinutuzumab, alkylating agents, alemtuzumab and other chemotherapy treatments such as CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone); R-CHOP (rituximab-CHOP); hyperCVAD (hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, dexamethasone, methotrexate, cytarabine); R-hyperCVAD (rituximab-hyperCVAD); FCM (fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone); R-FCM (rituximab, fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone); bortezomib and rituximab; temsirolimus and rituximab; temsirolimus and Velcade®; Iodine-131 tositumomab (Bexxar®) and CHOP; CVP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone); R-CVP (rituximab-CVP); ICE (iphosphamide, carboplatin, etoposide); R-ICE (rituximab-ICE); FCR (fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, rituximab); FR (fludarabine, rituximab); and D.T. PACE (dexamethasone, thalidomide, cisplatin, Adriamycin®, cyclophosphamide, etoposide).

Other examples of chemotherapy treatments (including standard or experimental chemotherapies) are described below. In addition, treatment of certain lymphomas is reviewed in Cheson, B. D., Leonard, J. P., “Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma” The New England Journal of Medicine 2008, 359(6), p. 613-626; and Wierda, W. G., “Current and Investigational Therapies for Patients with CLL” Hematology 2006, p. 285-294. Lymphoma incidence patterns in the United States is profiled in Morton, L. M., et al. “Lymphoma Incidence Patterns by WHO Subtype in the United States, 1992-2001” Blood 2006, 107(1), p. 265-276.

Examples of immunotherapeutic agents treating lymphoma or leukemia include, but are not limited to, rituximab (such as Rituxan), alemtuzumab (such as Campath, MabCampath), anti-CD19 antibodies, anti-CD20 antibodies, anti-MN-14 antibodies, anti-TRAIL, Anti-TRAIL DR4 and DR5 antibodies, anti-CD74 antibodies, apolizumab, bevacizumab, CHIR-12.12, epratuzumab (hLL2-anti-CD22 humanized antibody), galiximab, ha20, ibritumomab tiuxetan, lumiliximab, milatuzumab, ofatumumab, PRO131921, SGN-40, WT-1 analog peptide vaccine, WT1 126-134 peptide vaccine, tositumomab, autologous human tumor-derived HSPPC-96, and veltuzumab. Additional immunotherapy agents includes using cancer vaccines based upon the genetic makeup of an individual patient's tumor, such as lymphoma vaccine example is GTOP-99 (MyVax®).

Examples of chemotherapy agents for treating lymphoma or leukemia include aldesleukin, alvocidib, antineoplaston AS2-1, antineoplaston A10, anti-thymocyte globulin, amifostine trihydrate, aminocamptothecin, arsenic trioxide, beta alethine, Bcl-2 family protein inhibitor ABT-263, BMS-345541, bortezomib (Velcade®), bryostatin 1, busulfan, carboplatin, campath-1H, CC-5103, carmustine, caspofungin acetate, clofarabine, cisplatin, Cladribine (Leustarin), Chlorambucil (Leukeran), Curcumin, cyclosporine, Cyclophosphamide (Cyloxan, Endoxan, Endoxana, Cyclostin), cytarabine, denileukin diftitox, dexamethasone, DT PACE, docetaxel, dolastatin 10, Doxorubicin (Adriamycin®, Adriblastine), doxorubicin hydrochloride, enzastaurin, epoetin alfa, etoposide, Everolimus (RAD001), fenretinide, filgrastim, melphalan, mesna, Flavopiridol, Fludarabine (Fludara), Geldanamycin (17-AAG), ifosfamide, irinotecan hydrochloride, ixabepilone, Lenalidomide (Revlimid®, CC-5013), lymphokine-activated killer cells, melphalan, methotrexate, mitoxantrone hydrochloride, motexafin gadolinium, mycophenolate mofetil, nelarabine, oblimersen (Genasense) Obatoclax (GX15-070), oblimersen, octreotide acetate, omega-3 fatty acids, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, PD0332991, PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride, pegfilgrastim, Pentstatin (Nipent), perifosine, Prednisolone, Prednisone, R-roscovitine (Selicilib, CYC202), recombinant interferon alfa, recombinant interleukin-12, recombinant interleukin-11, recombinant flt3 ligand, recombinant human thrombopoietin, rituximab, sargramostim, sildenafil citrate, simvastatin, sirolimus, Styryl sulphones, tacrolimus, tanespimycin, Temsirolimus (CCl-779), Thalidomide, therapeutic allogeneic lymphocytes, thiotepa, tipifarnib, Velcade® (bortezomib or PS-341), Vincristine (Oncovin), vincristine sulfate, vinorelbine ditartrate, Vorinostat (SAHA), vorinostat, and FR (fludarabine, rituximab), CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone), CVP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone), FCM (fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone), FCR (fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, rituximab), hyperCVAD (hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, dexamethasone, methotrexate, cytarabine), ICE (iphosphamide, carboplatin and etoposide), MCP (mitoxantrone, chlorambucil, and prednisolone), R-CHOP (rituximab plus CHOP), R-CVP (rituximab plus CVP), R-FCM (rituximab plus FCM), R-ICE (rituximab-ICE), and R-MCP (Rituximab-MCP).

In some embodiments, the cancer is melanoma. Suitable agents for use in combination with the compounds described herein include, without limitation, dacarbazine (DTIC), optionally, along with other chemotherapy drugs such as carmustine (BCNU) and cisplatin; the “Dartmouth regimen,” which consists of DTIC, BCNU, cisplatin and tamoxifen; a combination of cisplatin, vinblastine, and DTIC, temozolomide or YERVOY™. Compounds disclosed herein may also be combined with immunotherapy drugs, including cytokines such as interferon alpha, interleukin 2, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the treatment of melanoma.

Compounds described here may also be used in combination with vaccine therapy in the treatment of melanoma. Anti-melanoma vaccines are, in some ways, similar to the anti-virus vaccines which are used to prevent diseases caused by viruses such as polio, measles, and mumps. Weakened melanoma cells or parts of melanoma cells called antigens may be injected into a patient to stimulate the body's immune system to destroy melanoma cells.

Melanomas that are confined to the arms or legs may also be treated with a combination of agents including one or more compounds described herein, using for example, a hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion technique. This treatment protocol temporarily separates the circulation of the involved limb from the rest of the body and injects high doses of chemotherapy into the artery feeding the limb, thus providing high doses to the area of the tumor without exposing internal organs to these doses that might otherwise cause severe side effects. Usually the fluid is warmed to 102° to 104° F. Melphalan is the drug most often used in this chemotherapy procedure. This can be given with another agent called tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and optionally in combination with a compound of formula (I).

The therapeutic treatments can be supplemented or combined with any of the aforementioned therapies with stem cell transplantation or treatment. One example of modified approach is radioimmunotherapy, wherein a monoclonal antibody is combined with a radioisotope particle, such as indium In 111, yttrium Y 90, iodine I-131. Examples of combination therapies include, but are not limited to, Iodine-131 tositumomab (Bexxar®), Yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin®), Bexxar® with CHOP.

Other therapeutic procedures useful in combination with treatment with a compound of formula (I) include peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, autologous bone marrow transplantation, antibody therapy, biological therapy, enzyme inhibitor therapy, total body irradiation, infusion of stem cells, bone marrow ablation with stem cell support, in vitro-treated peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, umbilical cord blood transplantation, immunoenzyme technique, pharmacological study, low-LET cobalt-60 gamma ray therapy, bleomycin, conventional surgery, radiation therapy, and nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

In some embodiments, the application provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of formula (I) in combination with an MMP9 binding protein and/or one or more additional therapeutic agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier or excipient. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise an MMP9 binding protein, one or more additional therapeutic agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier or diluent. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise the compound of formula (I) and anti-MMP9 antibody AB0045.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise the compound of formula (I), anti-MMP9 antibody AB0045, at least one additional therapeutic agent that is an immunomodulating agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier or excipient. In certain other embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise the anti-MMP9 antibody AB0045, at least one additional therapeutic agent that is an anti-inflammatory agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier or excipient. In certain other embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise compound of formula (I), the anti-MMP9 antibody AB0045, at least one additional therapeutic agent that is an antineoplastic agent or anti-cancer agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier or excipient. In one embodiment, MMP9 compounds useful for combination treatment with a compound of formula (I) include but are not limited to marimastat (BB-2516), cipemastat (Ro 32-3555) and those described in WO 2012/027721 (Gilead Biologics).

In one embodiment, the one or more additional therapeutic agent is an immune modulating agent, e.g., an immunostimulant or an immunosuppressant. In certain other embodiments, an immune modulating agent is an agent capable of altering the function of immune checkpoints, including the CTLA-4, LAG-3, B7-H3, B7-H4, Tim3, BTLA, KIR, A2aR, CD200 and/or PD-1 pathways. In other embodiments, the immune modulating agent is immune checkpoint modulating agents. Exemplary immune checkpoint modulating agents include anti-CTLA-4 antibody (e.g., ipilimumab), anti-LAG-3 antibody, anti-B7-H3 antibody, anti-B7-H4 antibody, anti-Tim3 antibody, anti-BTLA antibody, anti-KIR antibody, anti-A2aR antibody, anti CD200 antibody, anti-PD-1 antibody, anti-PD-L1 antibody, anti-CD28 antibody, anti-CD80 or -CD86 antibody, anti-B7RP1 antibody, anti-B7-H3 antibody, anti-HVEM antibody, anti-CD137 or -CD137L antibody, anti-OX40 or -OX40L antibody, anti-CD40 or -CD40L antibody, anti-GAL9 antibody, anti-IL-10 antibody and A2aR drug. For certain such immune pathway gene products, the use of either antagonists or agonists of such gene products is contemplated, as are small molecule modulators of such gene products. In one embodiment, the immune modulatory agent is an anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some embodiments, immune modulating agents include those agents capable of altering the function of mediators in cytokine mediated signaling pathways.

In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapy or anti-cancer agent is cancer gene therapy or cell therapy. Cancer gene therapy and cell therapy include the insertion of a normal gene into cancer cells to replace a mutated or altered gene; genetic modification to silence a mutated gene; genetic approaches to directly kill the cancer cells; including the infusion of immune cells designed to replace most of the patient's own immune system to enhance the immune response to cancer cells, or activate the patient's own immune system (T cells or Natural Killer cells) to kill cancer cells, or find and kill the cancer cells; genetic approaches to modify cellular activity to further alter endogenous immune responsiveness against cancer. Non limiting examples are Algenpantucel-L (2 pancreatic cell lines), Sipuleucel-T, SGT-53 liposomal nanodelivery (scL) of gene p53; T-cell therapy, such as CD19 CAR-T tisagenlecleucel-T (CTL019) WO2012079000, WO2017049166, axicabtagene ciloleucel (KTE-C19) U.S. Pat. No. 7,741,465, U.S. Pat. No. 6,319,494, JCAR-015 U.S. Pat. No. 7,446,190, JCAR-014, JCAR-020, JCAR-024, JCAR-023, JTCR-016, JCAR-018 WO2016090190, JCAR-017, (WO2016196388, WO2016033570, WO2015157386), BPX-501 U.S. Pat. No. 9,089,520, WO2016100236, AU-105, UCART-22, ACTR-087, P-BCMA-101; activated allogeneic natural killer cells CNDO-109-AANK, FATE-NK100, LFU-835 hematopoietic stem cells.

In one embodiment, the one or more additional therapeutic agent is an immune checkpoint inhibitor. Tumors subvert the immune system by taking advantage of a mechanism known as T-cell exhaustion, which results from chronic exposure to antigens and is characterized by the up-regulation of inhibitory receptors. These inhibitory receptors serve as immune checkpoints in order to prevent uncontrolled immune reactions.

PD-1 and co-inhibitory receptors such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4, B and T Lymphocyte Attenuator (BTLA; CD272), T cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin domain-3 (Tim-3), Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 (Lag-3; CD223), and others are often referred to as a checkpoint regulators. They act as molecular determinants to influence whether cell cycle progression and other intracellular signaling processes should proceed based upon extracellular information.

In addition to specific antigen recognition through the T-cell receptor (TCR), T-cell activation is regulated through a balance of positive and negative signals provided by costimulatory receptors. These surface proteins are typically members of either the TNF receptor or B7 superfamilies. Agonistic antibodies directed against activating co-stimulatory molecules and blocking antibodies against negative co-stimulatory molecules may enhance T-cell stimulation to promote tumor destruction.

Programmed Cell Death Protein 1, (PD-1 or CD279), a 55-kD type 1 transmembrane protein, is a member of the CD28 family of T cell co-stimulatory receptors that include immunoglobulin superfamily member CD28, CTLA-4, inducible co-stimulator (ICOS), and BTLA. PD-1 is highly expressed on activated T cells and B cells. PD-1 expression can also be detected on memory T-cell subsets with variable levels of expression. Two ligands specific for PD-1 have been identified: programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1, also known as B7-H1 or CD274) and PD-L2 (also known as B7-DC or CD273). PD-L1 and PD-L2 have been shown to down-regulate T cell activation upon binding to PD-1 in both mouse and human systems (Okazaki et al., Int. Immunol., 2007; 19: 813-824). The interaction of PD-1 with its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, which are expressed on antigen-presenting, cells (APCs) and dendritic cells (DCs), transmits negative regulatory stimuli to down-modulate the activated T cell immune response. Blockade of PD-1 suppresses this negative signal and amplifies T cell responses. Numerous studies indicate that the cancer microenvironment manipulates the PD-L1/PD-1 signaling pathway and that induction of PD-L1 expression is associated with inhibition of immune responses against cancer, thus permitting cancer progression and metastasis. The PD-L1/PD-1 signaling pathway is a primary mechanism of cancer immune evasion for several reasons. This pathway is involved in negative regulation of immune responses of activated T effector cells found in the periphery. PD-L1 is up-regulated in cancer microenvironments, while PD-1 is also up-regulated on activated tumor infiltrating T cells, thus possibly potentiating a vicious cycle of inhibition. This pathway is also intricately involved in both innate and adaptive immune regulation through bi-directional signaling. These factors make the PD-1/PD-L1 complex a central point through which cancer can manipulate immune responses and promote its own progression.

The first immune-checkpoint inhibitor to be tested in a clinical trial was ipilimumab (Yervoy, Bristol-Myers Squibb), a CTLA-4 mAb. CTLA-4 belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily of receptors, which also includes PD-1, BTLA, TIM-3, and V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA). Anti-CTLA-4 mAb is a powerful checkpoint inhibitor which removes “the break” from both naive and antigen-experienced cells.

Therapy enhances the antitumor function of CD8+ T cells, increases the ratio of CD8+ T cells to Foxp3+ T regulatory cells, and inhibits the suppressive function of T regulatory cells. TIM-3 has been identified as another important inhibitory receptor expressed by exhausted CD8+ T cells. In mouse models of cancer, it has been shown that the most dysfunctional tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells actually co-express PD-1 and LAG-3. LAG-3 is another recently identified inhibitory receptor that acts to limit effector T-cell function and augment the suppressive activity of T regulatory cells. It has recently been revealed that PD-1 and LAG-3 are extensively co-expressed by tumor-infiltrating T cells in mice, and that combined blockade of PD-1 and LAG-3 provokes potent synergistic antitumor immune responses in mouse models of cancer.

Thus in one embodiment, the present disclosure provides the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors of formula (I) disclosed herein in combination with one or more additional immune checkpoint inhibitors. In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors of formula (I) disclosed herein in combination with one or more additional immune checkpoint inhibitors and an anti-MMP9 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof to treat or prevent cancer. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitors may be an anti-PD-1 and/or an anti-PD-L1 antibody or an anti PD-1/PD-L1 interaction inhibitor. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody may be B7-H1 antibody, BMS 936559 antibody, MPDL3280A (atezolizumab) antibody, MEDI-4736 antibody, MSB0010718C antibody or combinations thereof. According to another embodiment, the anti-PD-1 antibody may be nivolumab antibody, pembrolizumab antibody, pidilizumab antibody or combinations thereof.

In addition, PD-1 may also be targeted with AMP-224, which is a PD-L2-IgG recombinant fusion protein. Additional antagonists of inhibitory pathways in the immune response include IMP321, a soluble LAG-3 Ig fusion protein and MHC class II agonist, which is used to increase an immune response to tumors. Lirilumab is an antagonist to the KIR receptor and BMS 986016 is an antagonist of LAG3. The TIM-3-Galectin-9 pathway is another inhibitory checkpoint pathway that is also a promising target for checkpoint inhibition. RX518 targets and activates the glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR), a member of the TNF receptor superfamily that is expressed on the surface of multiple types of immune cells, including regulatory T cells, effector T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and activated dendritic cells. Thus, in one embodiment, the compound(s) of formula (I) may be used in combination with IMP321, Lirilumab and/or BMS 986016.

Anti-PD-1 antibodies that may be used in the compositions and methods described herein include but are not limited to: Nivolumab/MDX-1106/BMS-936558/ONO1152, a fully human lgG4 anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody; pidilizumab (MDV9300/CT-011), a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody; pembrolizumab (MK-3475/pembrolizumab/lambrolizumab), a humanized monoclonal IgG4 antibody; durvalumab (MEDI-4736) and atezolizumab. Anti-PD-L1 antibodies that may be used in compositions and methods described herein include but are not limited to: avelumab; BMS-936559, a fully human IgG4 antibody; atezolizumab (MPDL3280A/RG-7446), a human monoclonal antibody; MEDI4736; MSB0010718C, and MDX1105-01.

In one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) is administered in combination with the anti-PD-1 antibody nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and/or pidilizumab to a patient in need thereof. In one embodiment, the anti-PD-L1 antibody useful for combination treatment with a compound of formula (I) is BMS-936559, atezolizumab, or avelumab. In one embodiment, the immune modulating agent inhibits an immune checkpoint pathway. In another embodiment, the immune checkpoint pathway is selected from CTLA-4, LAG-3, B7-H3, B7-H4, Tim3, BTLA, KIR, A2aR, CD200 and PD-1. Additional antibodies that may be used in combination with a compound of formula (I) in compositions and methods described herein include the anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,008,449 and 7,943,743, respectively.

In one embodiment, the one or more additional therapeutic agent is an anti-inflammatory agent. In certain other embodiments, the anti-inflammatory agent is a tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) inhibitor. As used herein, the terms “TNF alpha,” “TNF-α,” and “TNFα,” are interchangeable. TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted primarily by macrophages but also by a variety of other cell types including lymphoid cells, mast cells, endothelial cells, cardiac myocytes, adipose tissue, fibroblasts, and neuronal tissue. TNF-α is also known as endotoxin-induced factor in serum, cachectin, and differentiation inducing factor. The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family includes TNF alpha, TNF beta, CD40 ligand (CD40L), Fas ligand (FasL), TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), and LIGHT (homologous to lymphotoxins, exhibits inducible expression, and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for HVEM, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes), some of the most important cytokines involved in, among other physiological processes, systematic inflammation, tumor lysis, apoptosis and initiation of the acute phase reaction.

The above therapeutic agents when employed in combination with a compound(s) disclosed herein, may be used, for example, in those amounts indicated in the referenced manuals e.g., Physicians Desk Reference or in amounts generally known to a qualified care giver, i.e., one of ordinary skill in the art. In the methods of the present disclosure, such other therapeutic agent(s) may be administered prior to, simultaneously with, or following the administration of the compound(s) of formula (I). Certain other therapeutic agents may be combined into a single formulation or kit when amenable to such. For example, tablet, capsule or liquid formulations may be combined with other tablet, capsule or liquid formulations into one fixed or combined dose formulation or regimen. Other combinations may be given separately, contemporaneously or otherwise.

In one embodiment, the instructions are directed to use of the pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of cancer, including for example, leukemia or lymphoma. In specific embodiments, the cancer is acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), myeloproliferative disease (MPD), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), multiple myeloma (MM), indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (iNHL), refractory iNHL, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), follicular lymphoma, Waldestrom's macroglobulinemia (WM), T-cell lymphoma, B-cell lymphoma, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In one embodiment, the cancer is T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), or B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). The non-Hodgkin lymphoma encompasses the indolent B-cell diseases that include, for example, follicular lymphoma, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, and marginal zone lymphoma, as well as the aggressive lymphomas that include, for example, Burkitt lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). In one embodiment, the cancer is indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (iNHL)

In a particular variation, the instructions are directed to use of the pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of an autoimmune disease. Specific embodiments of an autoimmune disease include asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and lupus.

Combination Therapy for HBV

In certain embodiments, a method for treating or preventing an HBV infection in a human having or at risk of having the infection is provided, comprising administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents. In one embodiment, a method for treating an HBV infection in a human having or at risk of having the infection is provided, comprising administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents.

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating an HBV infection, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents which are suitable for treating an HBV infection.

In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with one, two, three, four, or more additional therapeutic agents. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with two additional therapeutic agents. In other embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with three additional therapeutic agents. In further embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with four additional therapeutic agents. The one, two, three, four, or more additional therapeutic agents can be different therapeutic agents selected from the same class of therapeutic agents, and/or they can be selected from different classes of therapeutic agents.

Administration of HBV Combination Therapy

In certain embodiments, when a compound disclosed herein is combined with one or more additional therapeutic agents as described above, the components of the composition are administered as a simultaneous or sequential regimen. When administered sequentially, the combination may be administered in two or more administrations.

Co-administration of a compound disclosed herein with one or more additional therapeutic agents generally refers to simultaneous or sequential administration of a compound disclosed herein and one or more additional therapeutic agents, such that therapeutically effective amounts of each agent are present in the body of the patient.

Co-administration includes administration of unit dosages of the compounds disclosed herein before or after administration of unit dosages of one or more additional therapeutic agents. The compound disclosed herein may be administered within seconds, minutes, or hours of the administration of one or more additional therapeutic agents. For example, in some embodiments, a unit dose of a compound disclosed herein is administered first, followed within seconds or minutes by administration of a unit dose of one or more additional therapeutic agents. Alternatively, in other embodiments, a unit dose of one or more additional therapeutic agents is administered first, followed by administration of a unit dose of a compound disclosed herein within seconds or minutes. In some embodiments, a unit dose of a compound disclosed herein is administered first, followed, after a period of hours (e.g., 1-12 hours), by administration of a unit dose of one or more additional therapeutic agents. In other embodiments, a unit dose of one or more additional therapeutic agents is administered first, followed, after a period of hours (e.g., 1-12 hours), by administration of a unit dose of a compound disclosed herein.

In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein is combined with one or more additional therapeutic agents in a unitary dosage form for simultaneous administration to a patient, for example as a solid dosage form for oral administration.

In certain embodiments a compound of Formula (I) is formulated as a tablet, which may optionally contain one or more other compounds useful for treating HBV. In certain embodiments, the tablet can contain another active ingredient for treating HBV.

In certain embodiments, such tablets are suitable for once daily dosing.

The compounds described herein may be used or combined with one or more of a chemotherapeutic agent, an immunomodulator, an immunotherapeutic agent, a therapeutic antibody, a therapeutic vaccine, a bispecific antibody and “antibody-like” therapeutic protein (such as DARTs®, Duobodies®, Bites®, XmAbs®, TandAbs®, Fab derivatives), an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), gene modifiers or gene editors (such as CRISPR Cas9, zinc finger nucleases, homing endonucleases, synthetic nucleases, TALENs), cell therapies such as CAR-T (chimeric antigen receptor T-cell), and TCR-T (an engineered T cell receptor) agent or any combination thereof.

In the above embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent may be an anti-HBV agent. For example, the additional therapeutic agent may be selected from the group consisting of HBV combination drugs, other drugs for treating HBV, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitors, antisense oligonucleotide targeting viral mRNA, Apolipoprotein A1 modulator, arginase inhibitors, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator inhibitors, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, CCR2 chemokine antagonist, CD137 inhibitors, CD160 inhibitors, CD305 inhibitors, CD4 agonist and modulator, compounds targeting HBcAg, compounds targeting hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg), covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) inhibitors, cyclophilin inhibitors, cytokines, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (ipi4) inhibitors, DNA polymerase inhibitor, Endonuclease modulator, epigenetic modifiers, Farnesoid X receptor agonist, gene modifiers or editors, HBsAg inhibitors, HBsAg secretion or assembly inhibitors, HBV antibodies, HBV DNA polymerase inhibitors, HBV replication inhibitors, HBV RNAse inhibitors, HBV vaccines, HBV viral entry inhibitors, HBx inhibitors, Hepatitis B large envelope protein modulator, Hepatitis B large envelope protein stimulator, Hepatitis B structural protein modulator, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) inhibitors, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) secretion or assembly inhibitors, hepatitis B virus E antigen inhibitors, hepatitis B virus replication inhibitors, Hepatitis virus structural protein inhibitor, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, Hyaluronidase inhibitor, IAPs inhibitors, IL-2 agonist, IL-7 agonist, Immunoglobulin agonist, Immunoglobulin G modulator, immunomodulators, indoleamine-2, inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase, Interferon agonist, Interferon alpha 1 ligand, Interferon alpha 2 ligand, Interferon alpha 5 ligand modulator, Interferon alpha ligand, Interferon alpha ligand modulator, interferon alpha receptor ligands, Interferon beta ligand, Interferon ligand, Interferon receptor modulator, Interleukin-2 ligand, ipi4 inhibitors, lysine demethylase inhibitors, histone demethylase inhibitors, KDM5 inhibitors, KDM1 inhibitors, killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G member 1 inhibitors, lymphocyte-activation gene 3 inhibitors, lymphotoxin beta receptor activators, microRNA (miRNA) gene therapy agents, modulators of Axl, modulators of B7-H3, modulators of B7-H4, modulators of CD160, modulators of CD161, modulators of CD27, modulators of CD47, modulators of CD70, modulators of GITR, modulators of HEVEM, modulators of ICOS, modulators of Mer, modulators of NKG2A, modulators of NKG2D, modulators of OX40, modulators of SIRPalpha, modulators of TIGIT, modulators of Tim-4, modulators of Tyro, Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) inhibitors, natural killer cell receptor 2B4 inhibitors, NOD2 gene stimulator, Nucleoprotein inhibitor, nucleoprotein modulators, PD-1 inhibitors, PD-L1 inhibitors, PEG-Interferon Lambda, Peptidylprolyl isomerase inhibitor, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitors, recombinant scavenger receptor A (SRA) proteins, recombinant thymosin alpha-1, Retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 stimulator, Reverse transcriptase inhibitor, Ribonuclease inhibitor, RNA DNA polymerase inhibitor, short interfering RNAs (siRNA), short synthetic hairpin RNAs (sshRNAs), SLC10A1 gene inhibitor, SMAC mimetics, Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor, stimulator of interferon gene (STING) agonists, stimulators of NOD1, T cell surface glycoprotein CD28 inhibitor, T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 modulator, Thymosin agonist, Thymosin alpha 1 ligand, Tim-3 inhibitors, TLR-3 agonist, TLR-7 agonist, TLR-9 agonist, TLR9 gene stimulator, toll-like receptor (TLR) modulators, Viral ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor, zinc finger nucleases or synthetic nucleases (TALENs), and combinations thereof.

In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) is formulated as a tablet, which may optionally contain one or more other compounds useful for treating HBV. In certain embodiments, the tablet can contain another active ingredient for treating HBV, such as 3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitors, Apolipoprotein A1 modulator, arginase inhibitors, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator inhibitors, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, CCR2 chemokine antagonist, CD137 inhibitors, CD160 inhibitors, CD305 inhibitors, CD4 agonist and modulator, compounds targeting HBcAg, compounds targeting hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg), core protein allosteric modulators, covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) inhibitors, cyclophilin inhibitors, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (ipi4) inhibitors, DNA polymerase inhibitor, Endonuclease modulator, epigenetic modifiers, Farnesoid X receptor agonist, HBsAg inhibitors, HBsAg secretion or assembly inhibitors, HBV DNA polymerase inhibitors, HBV replication inhibitors, HBV RNAse inhibitors, HBV viral entry inhibitors, HBx inhibitors, Hepatitis B large envelope protein modulator, Hepatitis B large envelope protein stimulator, Hepatitis B structural protein modulator, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) inhibitors, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) secretion or assembly inhibitors, hepatitis B virus E antigen inhibitors, hepatitis B virus replication inhibitors, Hepatitis virus structural protein inhibitor, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, Hyaluronidase inhibitor, IAPs inhibitors, IL-2 agonist, IL-7 agonist, immunomodulators, indoleamine-2 inhibitors, inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase, Interleukin-2 ligand, ipi4 inhibitors, lysine demethylase inhibitors, histone demethylase inhibitors, KDM1 inhibitors, KDM5 inhibitors, killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G member 1 inhibitors, lymphocyte-activation gene 3 inhibitors, lymphotoxin beta receptor activators, modulators of Axl, modulators of B7-H3, modulators of B7-H4, modulators of CD160, modulators of CD161, modulators of CD27, modulators of CD47, modulators of CD70, modulators of GITR, modulators of HEVEM, modulators of ICOS, modulators of Mer, modulators of NKG2A, modulators of NKG2D, modulators of OX40, modulators of SIRPalpha, modulators of TIGIT, modulators of Tim-4, modulators of Tyro, Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) inhibitors, natural killer cell receptor 2B4 inhibitors, NOD2 gene stimulator, Nucleoprotein inhibitor, nucleoprotein modulators, PD-1 inhibitors, PD-L1 inhibitors, Peptidylprolyl isomerase inhibitor, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitors, Retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 stimulator, Reverse transcriptase inhibitor, Ribonuclease inhibitor, RNA DNA polymerase inhibitor, SLC10A1 gene inhibitor, SMAC mimetics, Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor, stimulator of interferon gene (STING) agonists, stimulators of NOD1, T cell surface glycoprotein CD28 inhibitor, T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 modulator, Thymosin agonist, Thymosin alpha 1 ligand, Tim-3 inhibitors, TLR-3 agonist, TLR-7 agonist, TLR-9 agonist, TLR9 gene stimulator, toll-like receptor (TLR) modulators, Viral ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor, and combinations thereof.

In certain embodiments, a compound of the present disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with one, two, three, four or more additional therapeutic agents selected from HBV combination drugs, HBV vaccines, HBV DNA polymerase inhibitors, immunomodulators toll-like receptor (TLR) modulators, interferon alpha receptor ligands, hyaluronidase inhibitors, hepatitis b surface antigen (HBsAg) inhibitors, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (ipi4) inhibitors, cyclophilin inhibitors, HBV viral entry inhibitors, antisense oligonucleotide targeting viral mRNA, short interfering RNAs (siRNA) and ddRNAi endonuclease modulators, ribonucelotide reductase inhibitors, HBV E antigen inhibitors, covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) inhibitors, farnesoid X receptor agonists, HBV antibodies, CCR2 chemokine antagonists, thymosin agonists, cytokines, nucleoprotein modulators, retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 stimulators, NOD2 stimulators, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) pathway inhibitors, PD-1 inhibitors, PD-L1 inhibitors, recombinant thymosin alpha-1, bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, KDM inhibitors, HBV replication inhibitors, arginase inhibitors, and other HBV drugs.

HBV Combination Drugs

Examples of combination drugs for the treatment of HBV include TRUVADA® (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine); ABX-203, lamivudine, and PEG-IFN-alpha; ABX-203 adefovir, and PEG-IFNalpha; and INO-1800 (INO-9112 and RG7944).

Other HBV Drugs

Examples of other drugs for the treatment of HBV include alpha-hydroxytropolones, amdoxovir, beta-hydroxycytosine nucleosides, AL-034, CCC-0975, elvucitabine, ezetimibe, cyclosporin A, gentiopicrin (gentiopicroside), JNJ-56136379, nitazoxanide, birinapant, NJK14047, NOV-205 (molixan, BAM-205), oligotide, mivotilate, feron, GST-HG-131, levamisole, Ka Shu Ning, alloferon, WS-007, Y-101 (Ti Fen Tai), rSIFN-co, PEG-IIFNm, KW-3, BP-Inter-014, oleanolic acid, HepB-nRNA, cTP-5 (rTP-5), HSK-II-2, HEISCO-106-1, HEISCO-106, Hepbarna, IBPB-006IA, Hepuyinfen, DasKloster 0014-01, ISA-204, Jiangantai (Ganxikang), MIV-210, OB-AI-004, PF-06, picroside, DasKloster-0039, hepulantai, IMB-2613, TCM-800B, reduced glutathione, RO-6864018, RG-7834, UB-551, and ZH-2N, and the compounds disclosed in US20150210682, (Roche), US 2016/0122344 (Roche), WO2015173164, WO2016023877, US2015252057A (Roche), WO16128335A1 (Roche), WO16120186A1 (Roche), US2016237090A (Roche), WO16107833A1 (Roche), WO16107832A1 (Roche), US2016176899A (Roche), WO16102438A1 (Roche), WO2016012470A1 (Roche), US2016220586A (Roche), and US2015031687A (Roche).

HBV Vaccines

HBV vaccines include both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. Examples of HBV prophylactic vaccines include Vaxelis, Hexaxim, Heplisav, Mosquirix, DTwP-HBV vaccine, Bio-Hep-B, D/T/P/HBV/M (LBVP-0101; LBVW-0101), DTwP-Hepb-Hib-IPV vaccine, Heberpenta L, DTwP-HepB-Hib, V-419, CVI-HBV-001, Tetrabhay, hepatitis B prophylactic vaccine (Advax Super D), Hepatrol-07, GSK-223192A, ENGERIX B®, recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (intramuscular, Kangtai Biological Products), recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (Hansenual polymorpha yeast, intramuscular, Hualan Biological Engineering), recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen vaccine, Bimmugen, Euforavac, Eutravac, anrix-DTaP-IPV-Hep B, HBAI-20, Infanrix-DTaP-IPV-Hep B-Hib, Pentabio Vaksin DTP-HB-Hib, Comvac 4, Twinrix, Euvax-B, Tritanrix HB, Infanrix Hep B, Comvax, DTP-Hib-HBV vaccine, DTP-HBV vaccine, Yi Tai, Heberbiovac HB, Trivac HB, GerVax, DTwP-Hep B-Hib vaccine, Bilive, Hepavax-Gene, SUPERVAX, Comvac5, Shanvac-B, Hebsulin, Recombivax HB, Revac B mcf, Revac B+, Fendrix, DTwP-HepB-Hib, DNA-001, Shan5, Shan6, rhHBsAG vaccine, HBI pentavalent vaccine, LBVD, Infanrix HeXa, and DTaP-rHB-Hib vaccine.

Examples of HBV therapeutic vaccines include HBsAG-HBIG complex, ARB-1598, Bio-Hep-B, NASVAC, abi-HB (intravenous), ABX-203, Tetrabhay, GX-110E, GS-4774, peptide vaccine (epsilonPA-44), Hepatrol-07, NASVAC (NASTERAP), IMP-321, BEVAC, Revac B mcf, Revac B+, MGN-1333, KW-2, CVI-HBV-002, AltraHepB, VGX-6200, FP-02, FP-02.2, TG-1050, NU-500, HBVax, im/TriGrid/antigen vaccine, Mega-CD40L-adjuvanted vaccine, HepB-v, RG7944 (INO-1800), recombinant VLP-based therapeutic vaccine (HBV infection, VLP Biotech), AdTG-17909, AdTG-17910 AdTG-18202, ChronVac-B, TG-1050, and Lm HBV.

HBV DNA Polymerase Inhibitors

Examples of HBV DNA polymerase inhibitors include adefovir (HEPSERA®), emtricitabine (EMTRIVA®), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (VIREAD®), tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, tenofovir dipivoxil, tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate, tenofovir octadecyloxyethyl ester, CMX-157, besifovir, entecavir (BARACLUDE®), entecavir maleate, telbivudine (TYZEKA®), pradefovir, clevudine, ribavirin, lamivudine (EPIVIR-HBV®), phosphazide, famciclovir, fusolin, metacavir, SNC-019754, FMCA, AGX-1009, AR-II-04-26, HIP-1302, tenofovir disoproxil aspartate, tenofovir disoproxil orotate, and HS-10234.

Immunomodulators

Examples of immunomodulators include rintatolimod, imidol hydrochloride, ingaron, dermaVir, plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine), proleukin, hydroxyurea, mycophenolate mofetil (MPA) and its ester derivative mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), WF-10, ribavirin, IL-12, INO-9112, polymer polyethyleneimine (PEI), Gepon, VGV-1, MOR-22, BMS-936559, RO-7011785, RO-6871765, AIC-649, and IR-103.

Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) Modulators

TLR modulators include modulators of TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TLR10, TLR11, TLR12, and TLR13. Examples of TLR3 modulators include rintatolimod, poly-ICLC, RIBOXXON®, Apoxxim, RIBOXXIM®, IPH-33, MCT-465, MCT-475, GS-9688 and ND-1.1.

Examples of TLR7 modulators include GS-9620, GSK-2245035, imiquimod, resiquimod, DSR-6434, DSP-3025, IMO-4200, MCT-465, MEDI-9197, 3M-051, SB-9922, 3M-052, Limtop, TMX-30X, TMX-202, RG-7863, RG-7795, RG-7854, and the compounds disclosed in US20100143301 (Gilead Sciences), US20110098248 (Gilead Sciences), and US20090047249 (Gilead Sciences).

Examples of TLR8 modulators include motolimod, resiquimod, 3M-051, 3M-052, MCT-465, IMO-4200, VTX-763, VTX-1463, and the compounds disclosed in US20140045849 (Janssen), US20140073642 (Janssen), WO2014/056953 (Janssen), WO2014/076221 (Janssen), WO2014/128189 (Janssen), US20140350031 (Janssen), WO2014/023813 (Janssen), US20080234251 (Array Biopharma), US20080306050 (Array Biopharma), US20100029585 (Ventirx Pharma), US20110092485 (Ventirx Pharma), US20110118235 (Ventirx Pharma), US20120082658 (Ventirx Pharma), US20120219615 (Ventirx Pharma), US20140066432 (Ventirx Pharma), US20140088085 (Ventirx Pharma), US20140275167 (Novira Therapeutics), and US20130251673 (Novira Therapeutics).

Examples of TLR9 modulators include BB-001, BB-006, CYT-003, IMO-2055, IMO-2125, IMO-3100, IMO-8400, IR-103, IMO-9200, agatolimod, DIMS-9054, DV-1079, DV-1179, AZD-1419, leftolimod (MGN-1703), litenimod, and CYT-003-QbG10.

Interferon Alpha Receptor Ligands

Examples of interferon alpha receptor ligands include interferon alpha-2b (INTRON A®), pegylated interferon alpha-2a (PEGASYS®), PEGylated interferon alpha-1b, interferon alpha 1b (HAPGEN®), Veldona, Infradure, Roferon-A, YPEG-interferon alfa-2a (YPEG-rhlFNalpha-2a), P-1101, Algeron, Alfarona, Ingaron (interferon gamma), rSIFN-co (recombinant super compound interferon), Ypeginterferon alfa-2b (YPEG-rhlFNalpha-2b), MOR-22, peginterferon alfa-2b (PEG-INTRON®), Bioferon, Novaferon, Inmutag (Inferon), MULTIFERON®, interferon alfa-n1 (HUMOFERON®), interferon beta-1a (AVONEX®), Shaferon, interferon alfa-2b (Axxo), Alfaferone, interferon alfa-2b (BioGeneric Pharma), interferon-alpha 2 (CJ), Laferonum, VIPEG, BLAUFERON-A, BLAUFERON-B, Intermax Alpha, Realdiron, Lanstion, Pegaferon, PDferon-B PDferon-B, interferon alfa-2b (IFN, Laboratorios Bioprofarma), alfainterferona 2b, Kalferon, Pegnano, Feronsure, PegiHep, interferon alfa 2b (Zydus-Cadila), interferon alfa 2a, Optipeg A, Realfa 2B, Reliferon, interferon alfa-2b (Amega), interferon alfa-2b (Virchow), ropeginterferon alfa-2b, rHSA-IFN alpha-2a (recombinant human serum albumin intereferon alpha 2a fusion protein), rHSA-IFN alpha 2b, recombinant human interferon alpha-(1b, 2a, 2b), peginterferon alfa-2b (Amega), peginterferon alfa-2a, Reaferon-EC, Proquiferon, Uniferon, Urifron, interferon alfa-2b (Changchun Institute of Biological Products), Anterferon, Shanferon, Layfferon, Shang Sheng Lei Tai, INTEFEN, SINOGEN, Fukangtai, Pegstat, rHSA-IFN alpha-2b, SFR-9216, and Interapo (Interapa).

Hyaluronidase Inhibitors

Examples of hyaluronidase inhibitors include astodrimer.

Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) Inhibitors

Examples of HBsAg inhibitors include HBF-0259, PBHBV-001, PBHBV-2-15, PBHBV-2-1, REP-9AC, REP-9C, REP-9, REP-2139, REP-2139-Ca, REP-2165, REP-2055, REP-2163, REP-2165, REP-2053, REP-2031 and REP-006, and REP-9AC′.

Examples of HBsAg secretion inhibitors include BM601.

Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein 4 (Ipi4) Inhibitors

Examples of Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (ipi4) inhibitors include AGEN-2041, AGEN-1884, ipilumimab, belatacept, PSI-001, PRS-010, Probody mAbs, tremelimumab, and JHL-1155.

Cyclophilin Inhibitors

Examples of cyclophilin inhibitors include CPI-431-32, EDP-494, OCB-030, SCY-635, NVP-015, NVP-018, NVP-019, STG-175, and the compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,513,184 (Gilead Sciences), US20140030221 (Gilead Sciences), US20130344030 (Gilead Sciences), and US20130344029 (Gilead Sciences).

HBV Viral Entry Inhibitors

Examples of HBV viral entry inhibitors include Myrcludex B.

Antisense Oligonucleotide Targeting Viral mRNA

Examples of antisense oligonucleotide targeting viral mRNA include ISIS-HBVRx, IONIS-HBVRx, IONIS-GSK6-LRx, GSK-3389404, RG-6004.

Short Interfering RNAs (siRNA) and ddRNAi.

Examples of siRNA include TKM-HBV (TKM-HepB), ALN—HBV, SR-008, HepB-nRNA, and ARC-520, ARC-521, ARB-1740, ARB-1467.

Examples of DNA-directed RNA interference (ddRNAi) include BB-HB-331.

Endonuclease Modulators

Examples of endonuclease modulators include PGN-514.

Ribonucelotide Reductase Inhibitors

Examples of inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase include Trimidox.

HBVE Antigen Inhibitors

Examples of HBV E antigen inhibitors include wogonin.

Covalently Closed Circular DNA (cccDNA) Inhibitors

Examples of cccDNA inhibitors include BSBI-25, and CHR-101.

Farnesoid X Receptor Agonist

Example of farnesoid x receptor agonist such as EYP-001.

HBV Antibodies

Examples of HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus include GC-1102, XTL-17, XTL-19, KN-003, IV Hepabulin SN, and fully human monoclonal antibody therapy (hepatitis B virus infection, Humabs BioMed). Examples of HBV antibodies, including monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies, include Zutectra, Shang Sheng Gan Di, Uman Big (Hepatitis B Hyperimmune), Omri-Hep-B, Nabi-HB, Hepatect CP, HepaGam B, igantibe, Niuliva, CT-P24, hepatitis B immunoglobulin (intravenous, pH4, HBV infection, Shanghai RAAS Blood Products), and Fovepta (BT-088). Fully human monoclonal antibodies such as HBC-34.

CCR2 Chemokine Antagonists

Examples of CCR2 chemokine antagonists include propagermanium.

Thymosin Agonists

Examples of thymosin agonists include Thymalfasin, recombinant thymosin alpha 1 (GeneScience).

Cytokines

Examples of cytokines include recombinant IL-7, CYT-107, interleukin-2 (IL-2, Immunex), recombinant human interleukin-2 (Shenzhen Neptunus), IL-15, IL-21, IL-24, and celmoleukin.

Nucleoprotein Modulators

Nucleoprotein modulators may be either HBV core or capsid protein inhibitors. Examples of nucleoprotein modulators include AB-423, AT-130, GLS4, NVR-1221, NVR-3778, BAY 41-4109, morphothiadine mesilate, JNJ-379, RG-7907, ABI-H0731, ABI-H2158 and DVR-23.

Examples of capsid inhibitors include the compounds disclosed in US20140275167 (Novira Therapeutics), US20130251673 (Novira Therapeutics), US20140343032 (Roche), WO2014037480 (Roche), US20130267517 (Roche), WO2014131847 (Janssen), WO2014033176 (Janssen), WO2014033170 (Janssen), WO2014033167 (Janssen), WO2015/059212 (Janssen), WO2015118057 (Janssen), WO2015011281 (Janssen), WO2014184365 (Janssen), WO2014184350 (Janssen), WO2014161888 (Janssen), WO2013096744 (Novira), US20150225355 (Novira), US20140178337 (Novira), US20150315159 (Novira), US20150197533 (Novira), US20150274652 (Novira), US20150259324, (Novira), US20150132258 (Novira), U.S. Pat. No. 9,181,288 (Novira), WO2014184350 (Janssen), WO2013144129 (Roche).

Retinoic Acid-Inducible Gene 1 Stimulators

Examples of stimulators of retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 include SB-9200, SB-40, SB-44, ORI-7246, ORI-9350, ORI-7537, ORI-9020, ORI-9198, and ORI-7170, RGT-100.

NOD2 Stimulators

Examples of stimulators of NOD2 include SB-9200.

Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) Inhibitors

Examples of PI3K inhibitors include idelalisib, ACP-319, AZD-8186, AZD-8835, buparlisib, CDZ-173, CLR-457, pictilisib, neratinib, rigosertib, rigosertib sodium, EN-3342, TGR-1202, alpelisib, duvelisib, IPI-549, UCB-5857, taselisib, XL-765, gedatolisib, ME-401, VS-5584, copanlisib, CAI orotate, perifosine, RG-7666, GSK-2636771, DS-7423, panulisib, GSK-2269557, GSK-2126458, CUDC-907, PQR-309, INCB-40093, pilaralisib, BAY-1082439, puquitinib mesylate, SAR-245409, AMG-319, RP-6530, ZSTK-474, MLN-1117, SF-1126, RV-1729, sonolisib, LY-3023414, SAR-260301, TAK-117, HMPL-689, tenalisib, voxtalisib, and CLR-1401.

Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) Pathway Inhibitors

Examples of IDO inhibitors include epacadostat (INCB24360), resminostat (4SC-201), indoximod, F-001287, SN-35837, NLG-919, GDC-0919, GBV-1028, GBV-1012, NKTR-218, and the compounds disclosed in US20100015178 (Incyte), US2016137652 (Flexus Biosciences, Inc.), WO2014073738 (Flexus Biosciences, Inc.), and WO2015188085 (Flexus Biosciences, Inc.).

PD-1 Inhibitors

Examples of PD-1 inhibitors include nivolumab, pembrolizumab, pidilizumab, BGB-108, SHR-1210, PDR-001, PF-06801591, IBI-308, GB-226, STI-1110, and mDX-400.

PD-L1 Inhibitors

Examples of PD-L1 inhibitors include atezolizumab, avelumab, AMP-224, MEDI-0680, RG-7446, GX-P2, durvalumab, KY-1003, KD-033, MSB-0010718C, TSR-042, ALN-PDL, STI-A1014, CX-072, and BMS-936559.

In a particular embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with compounds such as those disclosed in WO2018026971, US20180044329, US20180044305, US20180044304, US20180044303, US20180044350, US20180057455, US20180057486, US20180045142, WO20180044963, WO2018044783, WO2018009505, WO20180044329, WO2017066227, WO2017087777, US20170145025, WO2017079669, WO2017070089, US2017107216, WO2017222976, US20170262253, WO2017205464, US20170320875, WO2017192961, WO2017112730, US20170174679, WO2017106634, WO2017202744, WO2017202275, WO2017202273, WO2017202274, WO2017202276, WO2017180769, WO2017118762, WO2016041511, WO2016039749, WO2016142835, WO2016142852, WO2016142886, WO2016142894, and WO2016142833.

Recombinant Thymosin Alpha-1

Examples of recombinant thymosin alpha-1 include NL-004 and PEGylated thymosin alpha-1.

Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) Inhibitors

Examples of BTK inhibitors include ABBV-105, acalabrutinib (ACP-196), ARQ-531, BMS-986142, dasatinib, ibrutinib, GDC-0853, PRN-1008, SNS-062, ONO-4059, BGB-3111, ML-319, MSC-2364447, RDX-022, X-022, AC-058, RG-7845, spebrutinib, TAS-5315, TP-0158, TP-4207, HM-71224, KBP-7536, M-2951, TAK-020, AC-0025, and the compounds disclosed in US20140330015 (Ono Pharmaceutical), US20130079327 (Ono Pharmaceutical), and US20130217880 (Ono Pharmaceutical).

KDM Inhibitors

Examples of KDM5 inhibitors include the compounds disclosed in WO2016057924 (Genentech/Constellation Pharmaceuticals), US20140275092 (Genentech/Constellation Pharmaceuticals), US20140371195 (Epitherapeutics) and US20140371214 (Epitherapeutics), US20160102096 (Epitherapeutics), US20140194469 (Quanticel), US20140171432, US20140213591 (Quanticel), US20160039808 (Quanticel), US20140275084 (Quanticel), WO2014164708 (Quanticel).

Examples of KDM1 inhibitors include the compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,186,337B2 (Oryzon Genomics), and GSK-2879552, RG-6016, ORY-2001.

HBV Replication Inhibitors

Examples of hepatitis B virus replication inhibitors include isothiafludine, IQP-HBV, RM-5038, and Xingantie.

Arginase Inhibitors

Examples of Arginase inhibitors include CB-1158, C-201, and resminostat.

Gene Therapy and Cell Therapy

Gene Therapy and Cell Therapy including the genetic modification to silence a gene; genetic approaches to directly kill the infected cells; the infusion of immune cells designed to replace most of the patient's own immune system to enhance the immune response to infected cells, or activate the patient's own immune system to kill infected cells, or find and kill the infected cells; genetic approaches to modify cellular activity to further alter endogenous immune responsiveness against the infection.

Gene Editors

The genome editing system is selected from the group consisting of: a CRISPR/Cas9 system, a zinc finger nuclease system, a TALEN system, a homing endonucleases system, and a meganuclease system; e.g., cccDNA elimination via targeted cleavage, and altering one or more of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) viral genes. Altering (e.g., knocking out and/or knocking down) the PreC, C, X, PreSI, PreS2, S, P or SP gene refers to (1) reducing or eliminating PreC, C, X, PreSI, PreS2, S, P or SP gene expression, (2) interfering with Precore, Core, X protein, Long surface protein, middle surface protein, S protein (also known as HBs antigen and HBsAg), polymerase protein, and/or Hepatitis B spliced protein function (HBe, HBc, HBx, PreS1, PreS2, S, Pol, and/or HBSP or (3) reducing or eliminating the intracellular, serum and/or intraparenchymal levels of HBe, HBc, HBx, LHBs, MHBs, SHBs, Pol, and/or HBSP proteins. Knockdown of one or more of the PreC, C, X, PreSI, PreS2, S, P and/or SP gene(s) is performed by targeting the gene(s) within HBV cccDNA and/or integrated HBV DNA.

CAR-T Cell Therapy

A population of immune effector cells engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), wherein the CAR comprises an HBV antigen-binding domain. The immune effector cell is a T cell or an NK cell. In some embodiments, the T cell is a CD4+ T cell, a CD8+ T cell, or a combination thereof. Cells can be autologous or allogeneic.

TCR-T Cell Therapy

T cells expressing HBV-specific T cell receptors. TCR-T cells are engineered to target HBV derived peptides presented on the surface of virus-infected cells.

T-Cells expressing HBV surface antigen (HBsAg)-specific TCR.

TCR-T therapy directed to treatment of HBV, such as LTCR-H2-1

HBV Combination Therapy

In a particular embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with one, two, three, or four additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of adefovir (HEPSERA®), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (VIREAD®), tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, entecavir (BARACLUDE®), telbivudine (TYZEKA®), or lamivudine (EPIVIR-HBV®). In a particular embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with a first additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of adefovir (HEPSERA®), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (VIREAD®), tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, entecavir (BARACLUDE®), telbivudine (TYZEKA®), or lamivudine (EPIVIR-HBV®). In one embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, or one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient are provided.

HBV DNA Polymerase Inhibitor Combination Therapy

In a specific embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with an HBV DNA polymerase inhibitor. In another specific embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with an HBV DNA polymerase inhibitor and at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: immunomodulators, TLR modulators, interferon alpha receptor ligands, hyaluronidase inhibitors, recombinant IL-7, HBsAg inhibitors, HBsAg secretion or assembly inhibitors, compounds targeting HBcAg, cyclophilin inhibitors, HBV vaccines, HBV viral entry inhibitors, NTCP inhibitors, antisense oligonucleotide targeting viral mRNA, siRNA, miRNA gene therapy agents, endonuclease modulators, inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase, hepatitis B virus E antigen inhibitors, recombinant SRA proteins, src kinase inhibitors, HBx inhibitors, cccDNA inhibitors, sshRNAs, HBV antibodies including HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus and bispecific antibodies and “antibody-like” therapeutic proteins (such as DARTs®, DUOBODIES®, BITES®, XmAbs®, TandAbs®, Fab derivatives, or TCR-like antibodies), CCR2 chemokine antagonists, thymosin agonists, cytokines, nucleoprotein modulators (HBV core or capsid protein modulators), stimulators of retinoic acid-inducible gene 1, stimulators of RIG-I like receptors, stimulators of NOD2, stimulators of NOD1, Arginase inhibitors, STING agonists, PI3K inhibitors, lymphotoxin beta receptor activators, natural killer cell receptor 2B4 inhibitors, Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 inhibitors, CD160 inhibitors, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (ipi4) inhibitors, CD137 inhibitors, Killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G member 1 inhibitors, TIM-3 inhibitors, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator inhibitors, CD305 inhibitors, PD-1 inhibitors, PD-L1 inhibitors, PEG-Interferon Lambda, recombinant thymosin alpha-1, BTK inhibitors, modulators of TIGIT, modulators of CD47, modulators of SIRPalpha, modulators of ICOS, modulators of CD27, modulators of CD70, modulators of OX40, epigenetic modifiers, modulators of NKG2D, modulators of Tim-4, modulators of B7-H4, modulators of B7-H3, modulators of NKG2A, modulators of GITR, modulators of CD160, modulators of HEVEM, modulators of CD161, modulators of Axl, modulators of Mer, modulators of Tyro, gene modifiers or editors such as CRISPR (including CRISPR Cas9), zinc finger nucleases or synthetic nucleases (TALENs), IAPs inhibitors, SMAC mimetics, KDM5 inhibitors, IDO inhibitors, and hepatitis B virus replication inhibitors.

In another specific embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with an HBV DNA polymerase inhibitor, one or two additional therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of immunomodulators, TLR modulators, HBsAg inhibitors, HBsAg secretion or assembly inhibitors, HBV therapeutic vaccines, HBV antibodies including HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus and bispecific antibodies and “antibody-like” therapeutic proteins (such as DARTs®, DUOBODIES®, BITES®, XmAbs®, TandAbs®, Fab derivatives, or TCR-like antibodies), cyclophilin inhibitors, stimulators of retinoic acid-inducible gene 1, stimulators of RIG-I like receptors, PD-1 inhibitors, PD-L1 inhibitors, Arginase inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, IDO inhibitors, and stimulators of NOD2, and one or two additional therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of HBV viral entry inhibitors, NTCP inhibitors, HBx inhibitors, cccDNA inhibitors, HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus, siRNA, miRNA gene therapy agents, sshRNAs, KDM5 inhibitors, and nucleoprotein modulators (HBV core or capsid protein modulators).

In another specific embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with an HBV DNA polymerase inhibitor and at least a second additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: immunomodulators, TLR modulators, HBsAg inhibitors, HBV therapeutic vaccines, HBV antibodies including HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus and bispecific antibodies and “antibody-like” therapeutic proteins (such as DARTs®, DUOBODIES®, BITES®, XmAbs®, TandAbs®, Fab derivatives, or TCR-like antibodies), cyclophilin inhibitors, stimulators of retinoic acid-inducible gene 1, stimulators of RIG-I like receptors, PD-1 inhibitors, PD-L1 inhibitors, Arginase inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, IDO inhibitors, and stimulators of NOD2.

In another specific embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with an HBV DNA polymerase inhibitor and at least a second additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: HBV viral entry inhibitors, NTCP inhibitors, HBx inhibitors, cccDNA inhibitors, HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus, siRNA, miRNA gene therapy agents, sshRNAs, KDM5 inhibitors, and nucleoprotein modulators (HBV core or capsid protein inhibitors).

HBV Drug Combination Therapy

In a particular embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with a first additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of adefovir (HEPSERA®), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (VIREAD®), tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, entecavir (BARACLUDE®), telbivudine (TYZEKA®), or lamivudine (EPIVIR-HBV®), and at least a second additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of immunomodulators, TLR modulators, interferon alpha receptor ligands, hyaluronidase inhibitors, recombinant IL-7, HBsAg inhibitors, HBsAg secretion or assembly inhibitors, compounds targeting HBcAg, cyclophilin inhibitors, HBV vaccines, HBV viral entry inhibitors, NTCP inhibitors, antisense oligonucleotide targeting viral mRNA, siRNA, miRNA gene therapy agents, endonuclease modulators, inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase, hepatitis B virus E antigen inhibitors, recombinant SRA proteins, src kinase inhibitors, HBx inhibitors, cccDNA inhibitors, sshRNAs, HBV antibodies including HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus and bispecific antibodies and “antibody-like” therapeutic proteins (such as DARTs®, DUOBODIES®, BITES®, XmAbs®, TandAbs®, Fab derivatives, and TCR-like antibodies), CCR2 chemokine antagonists, thymosin agonists, cytokines, nucleoprotein modulators (HBV core or capsid protein modulators), stimulators of retinoic acid-inducible gene 1, stimulators of RIG-I like receptors, stimulators of NOD2, stimulators of NOD1, IDO inhibitors, recombinant thymosin alpha-1, Arginase inhibitors, STING agonists, PI3K inhibitors, lymphotoxin beta receptor activators, natural killer cell receptor 2B4 inhibitors, Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 inhibitors, CD160 inhibitors, ipi4 inhibitors, CD137 inhibitors, killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G member 1 inhibitors, TIM-3 inhibitors, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator inhibitors, epigenetic modifiers, CD305 inhibitors, PD-1 inhibitors, PD-L1 inhibitors, PEG-Interferon Lambd, BTK inhibitors, modulators of TIGIT, modulators of CD47, modulators of SIRPalpha, modulators of ICOS, modulators of CD27, modulators of CD70, modulators of OX40, modulators of NKG2D, modulators of Tim-4, modulators of B7-H4, modulators of B7-H3, modulators of NKG2A, modulators of GITR, modulators of CD160, modulators of HEVEM, modulators of CD161, modulators of Axl, modulators of Mer, modulators of Tyro, gene modifiers or editors such as CRISPR (including CRISPR Cas9), zinc finger nucleases or synthetic nucleases (TALENs), IAPs inhibitors, SMAC mimetics, KDM5 inhibitors, and hepatitis B virus replication inhibitors.

In a particular embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with a first additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of adefovir (HEPSERA®), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (VIREAD®), tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, entecavir (BARACLUDE®), telbivudine (TYZEKA®) or lamivudine (EPIVIR-HBV®) and at least a second additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of peginterferon alfa-2b (PEG-INTRON®), MULTIFERON®, interferon alpha 1b (HAPGEN®), interferon alpha-2b (INTRON A®), pegylated interferon alpha-2a (PEGASYS®), interferon alfa-n1 (HUMOFERON®), ribavirin, interferon beta-1a (AVONEX®), Bioferon, Ingaron, Inmutag (Inferon), Algeron, Roferon-A, Oligotide, Zutectra, Shaferon, interferon alfa-2b (AXXO), Alfaferone, interferon alfa-2b (BioGeneric Pharma), Feron, interferon-alpha 2 (CJ), BEVAC, Laferonum, VIPEG, BLAUFERON-B, BLAUFERON-A, Intermax Alpha, Realdiron, Lanstion, Pegaferon, PDferon-B, interferon alfa-2b (IFN, Laboratorios Bioprofarma), alfainterferona 2b, Kalferon, Pegnano, Feronsure, PegiHep, interferon alfa 2b (Zydus-Cadila), Optipeg A, Realfa 2B, Reliferon, interferon alfa-2b (Amega), interferon alfa-2b (Virchow), peginterferon alfa-2b (Amega), Reaferon-EC, Proquiferon, Uniferon, Urifron, interferon alfa-2b (Changchun Institute of Biological Products), Anterferon, Shanferon, MOR-22, interleukin-2 (IL-2, Immunex), recombinant human interleukin-2 (Shenzhen Neptunus), Layfferon, Ka Shu Ning, Shang Sheng Lei Tai, INTEFEN, SINOGEN, Fukangtai, Alloferon, and celmoleukin.

In a particular embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with a first additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of adefovir (HEPSERA®), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (VIREAD®), tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, entecavir (BARACLUDE®), telbivudine (TYZEKA®), or lamivudine (EPIVIR-HBV®), and at least a second additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of immunomodulators, TLR modulators, HBsAg inhibitors, HBsAg secretion or assembly inhibitors, HBV therapeutic vaccines, HBV antibodies including HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus and bispecific antibodies and “antibody-like” therapeutic proteins (such as DARTs®, DUOBODIES®, BITES®, XmAbs®, TandAbs®, Fab derivatives, or TCR-like antibodies), cyclophilin inhibitors, stimulators of retinoic acid-inducible gene 1, stimulators of RIG-I like receptors, Arginase inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, PD-1 inhibitors, PD-L1 inhibitors, IDO inhibitors, and stimulators of NOD2.

In a particular embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with a first additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: adefovir (HEPSERA®), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (VIREAD®), tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, entecavir (BARACLUDE®), telbivudine (TYZEKA®), or lamivudine (EPIVIR-HBV®), and at least a second additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of HBV viral entry inhibitors, NTCP inhibitors, HBx inhibitors, cccDNA inhibitors, HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus, siRNA, miRNA gene therapy agents, sshRNAs, KDM5 inhibitors, and nucleoprotein modulators (HBV core or capsid protein modulators).

In a particular embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with a first additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of adefovir (HEPSERA®), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (VIREAD®), tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, entecavir (BARACLUDE®), telbivudine (TYZEKA®), or lamivudine (EPIVIR-HBV®); one, two, or three additional therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of immunomodulators, TLR modulators, HBsAg inhibitors, HBsAg secretion or assembly inhibitors, HBV therapeutic vaccines, HBV antibodies including HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus and bispecific antibodies and “antibody-like” therapeutic proteins (such as DARTs®, DUOBODIES®, BITES®, XmAbs®, TandAbs®, Fab derivatives, or TCR-like antibodies), cyclophilin inhibitors, stimulators of retinoic acid-inducible gene 1, stimulators of RIG-I like receptors, PD-1 inhibitors, PD-L1 inhibitors, Arginase inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, IDO inhibitors, and stimulators of NOD2; and one or two additional therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of HBV viral entry inhibitors, NTCP inhibitors, HBx inhibitors, cccDNA inhibitors, HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus, siRNA, miRNA gene therapy agents, sshRNAs, KDM5 inhibitors, and nucleoprotein modulators (HBV core or capsid protein modulators).

In a particular embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with a first additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of adefovir (HEPSERA®), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (VIREAD®), tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, entecavir (BARACLUDE®), telbivudine (TYZEKA®), or lamivudine (EPIVIR-HBV®); one or two additional therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of immunomodulators, TLR modulators, HBsAg inhibitors, HBsAg secretion or assembly inhibitors, HBV therapeutic vaccines, HBV antibodies including HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus and bispecific antibodies and “antibody-like” therapeutic proteins (such as DARTs®, DUOBODIES®, BITES®, XmAbs®, TandAbs®, Fab derivatives, or TCR-like antibodies), cyclophilin inhibitors, stimulators of retinoic acid-inducible gene 1, stimulators of RIG-I like receptors, PD-1 inhibitors, PD-L1 inhibitors, Arginase inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, IDO inhibitors, and stimulators of NOD2; and one or two additional therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of HBV viral entry inhibitors, NTCP inhibitors, HBx inhibitors, cccDNA inhibitors, HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus, siRNA, miRNA gene therapy agents, sshRNAs, KDM5 inhibitors, and nucleoprotein modulators (HBV core or capsid protein modulators).

In a particular embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with a first additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of adefovir (HEPSERA®), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (VIREAD®), tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, entecavir (BARACLUDE®), telbivudine (TYZEKA®), or lamivudine (EPIVIR-HBV®); and one, two, three, or four additional therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of immunomodulators, TLR7 modulators, TLR8 modulators, HBsAg inhibitors, HBsAg secretion or assembly inhibitors, HBV therapeutic vaccines, HBV antibodies including HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus and bispecific antibodies and “antibody-like” therapeutic proteins (such as DARTs®, DUOBODIES®, BITES®, XmAbs®, TandAbs®, Fab derivatives, or TCR-like antibodies), cyclophilin inhibitors, stimulators of retinoic acid-inducible gene 1, stimulators of RIG-I like receptors, PD-1 inhibitors, PD-L1 inhibitors, Arginase inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, IDO inhibitors, stimulators of NOD2 HBV viral entry inhibitors, NTCP inhibitors, HBx inhibitors, cccDNA inhibitors, siRNA, miRNA gene therapy agents, sshRNAs, KDM5 inhibitors, and nucleoprotein modulators (HBV core or capsid protein modulators).

In a particular embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with compounds such as those disclosed in U.S. Publication No. 2010/0143301 (Gilead Sciences), U.S. Publication No. 2011/0098248 (Gilead Sciences), U.S. Publication No. 2009/0047249 (Gilead Sciences), U.S. Pat. No. 8,722,054 (Gilead Sciences), U.S. Publication No. 2014/0045849 (Janssen), U.S. Publication No. 2014/0073642 (Janssen), WO2014/056953 (Janssen), WO2014/076221 (Janssen), WO2014/128189 (Janssen), U.S. Publication No. 2014/0350031 (Janssen), WO2014/023813 (Janssen), U.S. Publication No. 2008/0234251 (Array Biopharma), U.S. Publication No. 2008/0306050 (Array Biopharma), U.S. Publication No. 2010/0029585 (Ventirx Pharma), U.S. Publication No. 2011/0092485 (Ventirx Pharma), US2011/0118235 (Ventirx Pharma), U.S. Publication No. 2012/0082658 (Ventirx Pharma), U.S. Publication No. 2012/0219615 (Ventirx Pharma), U.S. Publication No. 2014/0066432 (Ventirx Pharma), U.S. Publication No. 2014/0088085 (Ventirx Pharma), U.S. Publication No. 2014/0275167 (Novira Therapeutics), U.S. Publication No. 2013/0251673 (Novira Therapeutics), U.S. Pat. No. 8,513,184 (Gilead Sciences), U.S. Publication No. 2014/0030221 (Gilead Sciences), U.S. Publication No. 2013/0344030 (Gilead Sciences), U.S. Publication No. 2013/0344029 (Gilead Sciences), US20140275167 (Novira Therapeutics), US20130251673 (Novira Therapeutics), U.S. Publication No. 2014/0343032 (Roche), WO2014037480 (Roche), U.S. Publication No. 2013/0267517 (Roche), WO2014131847 (Janssen), WO2014033176 (Janssen), WO2014033170 (Janssen), WO2014033167 (Janssen), WO2015/059212 (Janssen), WO2015118057 (Janssen), WO2015011281 (Janssen), WO2014184365 (Janssen), WO2014184350 (Janssen), WO2014161888 (Janssen), WO2013096744 (Novira), US20150225355 (Novira), US20140178337 (Novira), US20150315159 (Novira), US20150197533 (Novira), US20150274652 (Novira), US20150259324, (Novira), US20150132258 (Novira), U.S. Pat. No. 9,181,288 (Novira), WO2014184350 (Janssen), WO2013144129 (Roche), US20100015178 (Incyte), US2016137652 (Flexus Biosciences, Inc.), WO2014073738 (Flexus Biosciences, Inc.), WO2015188085 (Flexus Biosciences, Inc.), U.S. Publication No. 2014/0330015 (Ono Pharmaceutical), U.S. Publication No. 2013/0079327 (Ono Pharmaceutical), U.S. Publication No. 2013/0217880 (Ono pharmaceutical), WO2016057924 (Genentech/Constellation Pharmaceuticals), US20140275092 (Genentech/Constellation Pharmaceuticals), US20140371195 (Epitherapeutics) and US20140371214 (Epitherapeutics), US20160102096 (Epitherapeutics), US20140194469 (Quanticel), US20140171432, US20140213591 (Quanticel), US20160039808 (Quanticel), US20140275084 (Quanticel), WO2014164708 (Quanticel), U.S. Pat. No. 9,186,337B2 (Oryzon Genomics), and other drugs for treating HBV, and combinations thereof.

In certain embodiments, a compound as disclosed herein (e.g., any compound of Formula I) may be combined with one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents in any dosage amount of the compound of Formula (I) (e.g., from 10 mg to 1000 mg of compound).

In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 5-30 mg tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, or tenofovir alafenamide. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 5-10; 5-15; 5-20; 5-25; 25-30; 20-30; 15-30; or 10-30 mg tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, or tenofovir alafenamide. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 10 mg tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, or tenofovir alafenamide. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 25 mg tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, or tenofovir alafenamide. A compound as disclosed herein (e.g., a compound of Formula I) may be combined with the agents provided herein in any dosage amount of the compound (e.g., from 50 mg to 500 mg of compound) the same as if each combination of dosages were specifically and individually listed.

In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 100-400 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tenofovir disoproxil hemifumarate, or tenofovir disoproxil. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 100 mg to 150 mg; 100 mg to 200 mg; 100 mg to 250 mg; 100 mg to 300 mg; 100 mg to 350 mg; 150 mg to 200 mg; 150 mg to 250 mg; 150 mg to 300 mg; 150 mg to 350 mg; 150 mg to 400 mg; 200 mg to 250 mg; 200 mg to 300 mg; 200 mg to 350 mg; 200 mg to 400 mg; 250 mg to 350 mg; 250 mg to 400 mg; 350 mg to 400 or 300 mg to 400 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tenofovir disoproxil hemifumarate, or tenofovir disoproxil. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 300 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tenofovir disoproxil hemifumarate, or tenofovir disoproxil. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 250 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tenofovir disoproxil hemifumarate, or tenofovir disoproxil. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 150 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tenofovir disoproxil hemifumarate, or tenofovir disoproxil. A compound as disclosed herein (e.g., a compound of Formula I) may be combined with the agents provided herein in any dosage amount of the compound (e.g., from 50 mg to 500 mg of compound) the same as if each combination of dosages were specifically and individually listed.

In one embodiment, kits comprising a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, or one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents are provided.

All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety to the extent not inconsistent with the present description.

Any pharmaceutical composition provided in the present disclosure may be used in the kits, the same as if each and every composition were specifically and individually listed for use in a kit.

Articles of Manufacture

Articles of manufacture comprising a container in which a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are contained are provided. The article of manufacture may be a bottle, vial, ampoule, single-use disposable applicator, or the like, containing the pharmaceutical composition provided in the present disclosure. The container may be formed from a variety of materials, such as glass or plastic and in one aspect also contains a label on, or associated with, the container which indicates directions for use in the treatment of cancer or inflammatory conditions.

It should be understood that the active ingredient may be packaged in any material capable of providing reasonable chemical and physical stability, such as an aluminum foil bag.

Unit dosage forms of the pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are also provided.

Any pharmaceutical composition provided in the present disclosure may be used in the articles of manufacture, the same as if each and every composition were specifically and individually listed for use an article of manufacture.

Also provided is a kit that includes a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof; a label, and/or instructions for use of the compound in the treatment of a disease or condition mediated by PD-1, PD-L1 activity or PD-1/PD-L1 interaction.

Also provided is an article of manufacture which includes a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, or solvate thereof; and a container. In one embodiment, the container may be a vial, jar, ampoule, preloaded syringe, or an intravenous bag.

Formulations of compound(s) of the present disclosure i.e., a compound of formula (I) or the combination of a compound of formula (I) and an additional agent may be accomplished by admixing said compounds or salt thereof with one or more non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles, carriers and/or diluents and/or adjuvants collectively referred to herein as excipients or carrier materials. The compounds of the disclosure may be administered by any suitable route, preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition adapted to such route, and in a therapeutically effective dose. The compounds or the combination of compounds for the disclosure may be delivered orally, mucosally, parenterally, including intravascularly, intravenously, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, and intranasally in dosage formulations containing conventional pharmaceutical excipients.

In one embodiment, the combination of a compound formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and an additional agent useful for the treatment of cancer may be formulated in a fixed dose or combined dose formulation in a tablet, capsule or premixed IV solution. In another embodiment, the fixed dose combination preferably comprises of compound formula (I), and an additional anticancer agent. Other fixed dose formulations may include premixed liquids, suspensions, elixirs, aerosolized sprays or patch presentations. As used herein fixed dose or combined dose formulations are synonymous with simultaneous co-administration of the active ingredients of the compound (I) and at least one additional agent.

Synthesis

The compounds of the disclosure may be prepared using methods disclosed herein and routine modifications thereof which will be apparent given the disclosure herein and methods well known in the art. Conventional and well-known synthetic methods may be used in addition to the teachings herein.

The synthesis of typical compounds of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., compounds having structures described by one or more of formula (I), or other formulas or compounds disclosed herein, may be accomplished as described in the following examples. If available, reagents may be purchased commercially, e.g., from Sigma Aldrich or other chemical suppliers.

General Syntheses

Typical embodiments of compounds in accordance with the present disclosure may be synthesized using the general reaction schemes and/or examples described below. It will be apparent given the description herein that the general schemes may be altered by substitution of the starting materials with other materials having similar structures to result in products that are correspondingly different. Descriptions of syntheses follow to provide numerous examples of how the starting materials may vary to provide corresponding products. Starting materials are typically obtained from commercial sources or synthesized using published methods for synthesizing compounds which are embodiments of the present disclosure, inspection of the structure of the compound to be synthesized will provide the identity of each substituent group. The identity of the final product will generally render apparent the identity of the necessary starting materials by a simple process of inspection, given the examples herein. Group labels (e.g., R¹, R^(a), R^(b)) used in the reaction schemes herein are for illustrative purposes only and unless otherwise specified do not necessarily match by name or function the labels used elsewhere to describe compounds of formula (I) or aspects or fragments thereof.

Synthetic Reaction Parameters

The compounds of this disclosure can be prepared from readily available starting materials using, for example, the following general methods and procedures. It will be appreciated that where typical or preferred process conditions (i.e., reaction temperatures, times, mole ratios of reactants, solvents, pressures, etc.) are given; other process conditions can also be used unless otherwise stated. Optimum reaction conditions may vary with the particular reactants or solvent used, but such conditions can be determined by one skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures.

Additionally, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art, conventional protecting groups may be necessary to prevent certain functional groups from undergoing undesired reactions. Suitable protecting groups for various functional groups as well as suitable conditions for protecting and deprotecting particular functional groups are well known in the art. For example, numerous protecting groups are described in T. W. Greene and G. M. Wuts (1999) Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd Edition, Wiley, New York, and references cited therein.

Furthermore, the compounds of this disclosure may contain one or more chiral centers. Accordingly, if desired, such compounds can be prepared or isolated as pure stereoisomers, i.e., as individual enantiomers or diastereomers or as stereoisomer-enriched mixtures. All such stereoisomers (and enriched mixtures) are included within the scope of this disclosure, unless otherwise indicated. Pure stereoisomers (or enriched mixtures) may be prepared using, for example, optically active starting materials or stereoselective reagents well-known in the art. Alternatively, racemic mixtures of such compounds can be separated using, for example, chiral column chromatography, chiral resolving agents, and the like.

The starting materials for the following reactions are generally known compounds or can be prepared by known procedures or obvious modifications thereof. For example, many of the starting materials are available from commercial suppliers such as Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, Wis., USA). Others may be prepared by procedures or obvious modifications thereof, described in standard reference texts such as Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volumes 1-15 (John Wiley, and Sons, 1991), Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Volumes 1-5, and Supplementals (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989) organic Reactions, Volumes 1-40 (John Wiley, and Sons, 1991), March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, (John Wiley, and Sons, 5^(th) Edition, 2001), and Larock's Comprehensive Organic Transformations (VCH Publishers Inc., 1989).

The terms “solvent,” “inert organic solvent” or “inert solvent” refer to a solvent inert under the conditions of the reaction being described in conjunction therewith (including, for example, benzene, toluene, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran (“THF”), dimethylformamide (“DMF”), chloroform, methylene chloride (or dichloromethane), diethyl ether, methanol, pyridine and the like). Unless specified to the contrary, the solvents used in the reactions of the present disclosure are inert organic solvents, and the reactions are carried out under an inert gas, preferably nitrogen.

The term “q.s.” means adding a quantity sufficient to achieve a stated function, e.g., to bring a solution to the desired volume (i.e., 100%).

The compounds as disclosed herein may be prepared according to the general schemes provided below. Scheme 1 shows the general synthesis of building block 7.

Suitably substituted 3-bromobenzyl alcohol (1) is converted to boronate ester (2) using standard conditions (4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi(1,3,2-dioxaborolane), a suitable palladium catalyst such as [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) and base such as potassium acetate, in a suitable solvent such as 1,4-dioxane under heating. The alcohol is converted to a leaving group such as mesylate, chloride, bromide or iodide (3) which is used to selectively alkylate dihydroxybenzaldehyde (4) using a mild base such as sodium bicarbonate. The second hydroxyl group is alkylated with an appropriate alkylating agent (6) to provide building block (7).

As used in the following schemes, Z¹ is halo, —OR^(a), —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —N₃, —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and cycloalkyl group is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, OR^(a), halo, and cyano; Z³ is halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N), wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋ ₈ cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; R⁵ may be any appropriate substituent on Q as defined herein, such as

or R^(a); and the remaining variables are as defined herein.

Scheme 2 shows the general synthesis of building block (11) using similar chemistry as in Scheme 1.

Building blocks (7) and (11) can be coupled in a palladium catalyzed reaction to form dialdehyde (12) (Scheme 3). For example, boronic ester (7) is coupled with coupling partner (11) using a palladium catalyst, such as Pd(PPh₃)₄, to afford (14). Palladium mediated cross-coupling reactions that enable the biaryl formation but employ alternative coupling partners and reagents include, for example, the Negishi, Kumada, and Stille reactions. Dialdehyde (12) is subjected to reductive amination conditions in the presence of an appropriate amine to give target compound (14). Reducing agents which can be used for this reaction include but are not limited to sodium cyanoborohydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride, borane-picoline complex in the presence or absence of an acid such as acetic acid in a variety of solvents and solvent mixtures including but not limited to N,N-dimethylformamide, methanol, ethanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide.

Alternatively, compounds disclosed herein can be built as shown in scheme 4 using similar chemistry as described above.

Alternatively, an already suitably substituted phenol (27) can be used in the dialkylation reaction. (Scheme 5).

Scheme 6 shows the general synthesis of pyridine containing compounds. A bis-benzylic alcohol can be coupled to a suitably substituted 2-chloropyridine (20) using either a strong base such as sodium hydride under heating, or alternatively using transition metal catalyzed coupling conditions (as described in the literature, such as Ullmann ether synthesis, which uses copper based catalysts, and Buchwald-Hartwig reaction, which uses a palladium catalyst, such as Pd(dba)₂, a suitable ligand, such as XPhos, in the presence of a base, such as cesium carbonate) to give (21). If desired, a halogen (X=Cl, Br, I) can be introduced via electrophilic aromatic substitution, using a N-halosuccinimide, Palau'Chlor, bromine, or similar, to give (22). After removal of the protecting group, the hydroxypyridine (23) is alkylated with a suitable alkylating agent (6) to provide dialdehyde (24). The dialdehyde (24) is then converted to the target compound (25) using an appropriate amine (13) under reductive amination conditions.

Alternatively (Scheme 7), a substituted 2-chloropyridine (26) can be coupled with a substituted 3-bromobenzyl alcohol (1) using a strong base (such as sodium hydride) under heating followed by borylation and biaryl formation to give dialdehyde (24). Target compound (25) can be achieved as described in Scheme 6.

General synthesis of bis-indanols is shown in Scheme 8. A suitably substituted bromoindanone (29) is reduced to the indanol (30) using one of the many available reduction conditions (sodium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, and others). If enantiomerically enriched (30) is desired, asymmetric reduction conditions are also available, for example Corey's CBS reduction. Borylation followed by transition metal catalyzed biaryl coupling gives bis-indanol (32), which can be further elaborated to target compounds as shown in Schemes 4, 5, and 6.

Bromoindanol (30) can be coupled to a substituted 2-chloropyridine (26), using either a strong base such as sodium hydride under heating, or alternatively using transition metal catalyzed coupling conditions (as described in the literature, such as Ullmann ether synthesis, which uses copper based catalysts, and Buchwald-Hartwig reaction, which uses a palladium catalyst, such as Pd(dba)2, a ligand, such as XPhos, in the presence of a base, such as cesium carbonate), optionally followed by borylation to give building blocks (33) and (34) (Scheme 9).

Generic synthesis of non-symmetric compounds is shown in Scheme 10 (R⁰ is alkyl). Building blocks (35) and (36) as well as (37) and (38) can be coupled in a palladium catalyzed reaction to give (39). Boronic ester (35 or 38) is coupled with the respective coupling partner (36 or 37) using a palladium catalyst, such as Pd(PPh₃)₄, to afford (39). Palladium mediated cross-coupling reactions that enable the formation of the Ar^(E)—Ar^(W) bond, but employ alternative coupling partners and reagents, include for example the Negishi, Kumada, and Stille reactions. (36) can be obtained from (43) via standard acetal formation from an aldehyde and can be converted to boronate (38) using standard borylation conditions. Treatment of (39) with a suitable amine (13) under reductive amination conditions gives (40). Acetal deprotection under acidic conditions followed by a second reductive amination using a different amine gives non-symmetric compound (42).

Generic synthesis of compounds where L^(E) is a bond and Q^(E) is phenyl is shown in Scheme 11. A boronate ester (35) and a substituted 1,3-dibromobenzene (43) can be coupled in a palladium catalyzed reaction to give arylbromide (44). A second palladium catalyzed coupling reaction with boronate (45) gives (46), which can undergo reductive amination with an amine (13) to give (47). Acetal hydrolysis of (47) under acidic conditions gives aldehyde (48), which can undergo another reductive amination with a different amine (13) to give (50). Acidic hydrolysis of the acetal (46) gives dialdehyde (49), which is subjected to reductive amination with an appropriate amine to give (51).

Building block (44) can be converted to boronate (52) (Scheme 12) and coupled to a substituted heteroaryl bromide (53) in a palladium catalyzed reaction to give (55). Conversion to target compounds (58) and (59) can be performed similar to Scheme 11.

Generic synthesis of indoline containing compounds is shown in Scheme 13. Substituted 4-bromoindole (60) can be converted to boronate (61) and coupled with another substituted 4-bromoindole in a palladium catalyzed reaction to give bis-indole (63). Reduction using a suitable reducing agent such as sodium cyanoborohydride in acetic acid gives bis-indoline (64), which can be acylated with a suitable carboxylic acid (65) in the presence of a coupling agent such as HATU or EDCI to give dialdehyde (66). Treatment with an amine under reductive amination conditions gives compound (67).

Boronate (52) can be coupled to a substituted, N-protected 4-bromoindoline (68) in a palladium catalyzed reaction to give (69). Removal of the protecting group followed by acylation with carboxylic acid (71) in the presence of a coupling agent such as HATU or EDCI gives dialdehyde (72). Treatment with an amine under reductive amination conditions gives compound (73).

Alternatively, compound (73) can be made by acylating a substituted 4-bromoindoline (74) with a suitable carboxylic acid (71) in the presence of a coupling agent such as HATU or EDCI to (75) followed by coupling with boronate (52) in a palladium catalyzed reaction to give dialdehyde (72). Treatment with an amine under reductive amination conditions gives compound (73).

EXAMPLES

The compounds were named using the IUPAC naming convention or using ChemBioDraw Ultra Version 14.0. Structures are drawn ChemBioDraw Ultra Version 14.0.

When production of starting materials is not particularly described, the compounds are known or may be prepared analogously to methods known in the art or as disclosed in the Examples. One of skill in the art will appreciate that synthetic methodologies described herein are only representative of methods for preparation of the compounds described herein, and that other known methods and variants of methods described herein may be used. The methods or features described in various Examples may be combined or adapted in various ways to provide additional ways of making the compounds described herein.

Intermediate 1: (1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diol

Step 1: To a 500 mL round bottom flask was added (R)-(+)-2-methyl-CBS-oxazaborolidine (985 mg, 3.55 mmol), toluene (5 mL) and borane-dimethylsulfide (12.36 mL, 130 mmol) under N₂. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 10 min then diluted with DCM (20 mL) and cooled to −20° C. A solution of 4-Bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one (5 g, 23.69 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) was added dropwise over 30 min while maintaining the reaction temperature at −20±5° C. The reaction was stirred for 2 h after the addition was complete, then quenched by the dropwise addition of MeOH (50 mL). The reaction mixture was diluted with an additional MeOH (60 mL) and the solvent distilled at atmospheric pressure. MeOH (60 mL) was added in two portions and the distillation was repeated twice. Finally all the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to give a solid which was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EA/hexanes) provided (S)-4-bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol as a solid. Product can be recrystallized from 5:1 hexanes-EtOAc.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.47-7.37 (m, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.23-7.05 (m, 1H), 5.36 (dd, J=6.1, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.10 (q, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 2.97-2.79 (m, 1H), 2.68 (dt, J=15.6, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 2.41-2.22 (m, 1H), 1.77 (dt, J=19.0, 7.0 Hz, 1H).

Step 2: To a solution of (S)-4-bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol (1.10 g, 5.16 mmol) in dioxane (15 mL) was added bis(pinacolato)diboron (1.57 g, 6.195 mmol), KOAc (1.52 g, 15 mmol) and [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) dichloride (377 mg, 0.516 mmol). N₂ was bubbled thru the mixture for 2 min, and the flask heated to 90° C. for 2 h. The reaction was cooled to room temperature (rt) and diluted with 100 mL EtOAc, washed with water (3 times), dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to yield an oil. This was purified by silica gel chromatography, eluting with EtOAc and hexanes to provide (S)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol as an oil that slowly crystallized on standing. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.49 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 5.20-5.08 (m, 1H), 4.98 (q, J=6.1, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.18-3.01 (m, 1H), 2.78 (dt, J=16.3, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 2.36-2.19 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.61 (m, 1H), 1.27 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 14H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M-OH]⁺ calc'd for C₁₅H₂₀BO₂: 243.1; found: 243.2.

Step 3: A mixture of (S)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol (1.53 g, 5.90 mmol), (S)-4-bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol (1.32 g, 6.19 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂CH₂Cl₂ (0.431 g, 0.59 mmol) and Na₂CO₃ (5.89 mL, 12 mmol, 2M) under N₂ in 30 mL dioxane was heated to 85° C. in a heating block for 2 h, at which time all SM was consumed by LCMS. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was diluted with EtOAc and water. The organic layer was separated, dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. Purified by silica gel chromatography (eluting with EtOAc-Hex) to provide (1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diol as a light oil that crystallized on standing. [M-OH]⁺=249.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.49 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 5.20-5.08 (m, 1H), 4.98 (q, J=6.1, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.18-3.01 (m, 1H), 2.78 (dt, J=16.3, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 2.36-2.19 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.61 (m, 1H), 1.27 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 14H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M-OH]⁺ calc'd for C₁₈H₁₇O: 249.1; found: 249.2.

Intermediate 2: 5,5′-((((((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-3-formylpyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile

Step 1: 6,6′-(((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde) was prepared using the same method as Intermediate 3, by substituting 6-chloro-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde for 6-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.25 (s, 2H), 8.06 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.46 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (s, 2H), 6.59 (dd, J=6.8, 4.7 Hz, 2H), 6.38 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 4.67-4.51 (m, 5H), 4.12 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.08-2.85 (m, 4H), 2.78 (dt, J=15.8, 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.62 (dq, J=13.6, 7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.50 (s, 2H), 2.29-2.14 (m, 2H), 0.08 (s, 18H).

Step 2 A solution of 6,6′-(((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde) (200 mg, 0.231 mmol) and cesium fluoride (140 mg, 0.923 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) heated to 60° C. for 2 h. The reaction was cooled to rt and diluted with 100 mL DCM, washed with pH 3.0 citrate buffer (3 times), dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to yield 6,6′-(((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-hydroxynicotinaldehyde) as an oil.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.18 (s, 2H), 8.25 (s, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.38-7.23 (m, 4H), 6.57 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 4.67-4.58 (m, 4H), 3.03 (ddd, J=15.9, 8.7, 4.3 Hz, 2H), 2.88-2.63 (m, 4H), 2.31-2.15 (m, 2H), 1.32-1.17 (m, 4H), 0.08 (s, 18H).

Step 3: 6,6′-(((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-hydroxynicotinaldehyde (100 mg, 0.15 mmol) was taken up in 2 mL DMF in a 20 mL vial and treated with K2CO3 (155 mg, 1.12 mmol), 5-(chloromethyl)nicotinonitrile hydrochloride (71 mg, 0.325 mmol) and sodium iodide (45 mg, 0.3 mmol). Stirred under N₂ at 65° C. for 2 h. The reaction was partitioned between pH 3 citrate buffer and DCM. The organic was washed with water 3 times, dried with MgSO4, filtered and concentrated to provide 6,6′-(((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-hydroxynicotinaldehyde) as a semi-solid. This material was used in the reaction below without purification.

Step 4: A mixture of 6,6′-(((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-hydroxynicotinaldehyde) (100 mg, 0.15 mmol), 5-(chloromethyl)nicotinonitrile hydrochloride (74 mg, 0.357 mmol), K₂CO₃ (155 mg, 1.13 mmol) and NaI (45 mg, 0.30 mmol) in 2 mL DMF was heated to 85° C. in a heating block for 1 h, by which time all SM appeared consumed by LCMS. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was diluted with DCM and water. The organic layer was separated, dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. Purified by silica gel chromatography (eluting with EtOAc-DCM) to provide 5,5′-((((((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-3-formylpyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile as a powder.

LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C44H30Br2N6O6: 898.07; found: 898.06.

Intermediate 3: 6,6′-(((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde)

A solution of Intermediate 1 (250 mg, 0.939 mmol) and 6-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (403 mg, 2.43 mmol) was taken up in 4 mL toluene and N₂ was bubbled thru the solution for 5 min. Palladium (II) acetate (32 mg, 0.141 mmol), 2-di-tert-butylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl (60 mg, 0.141 mmol) and Cs₂CO₃ (1.22 g, 3.76 mmol) were added and N₂ was bubbled for an additional 2 min. The reaction was then heated to 85° C. with vigorous stirring for 16 h. After cooling to rt the reaction was diluted with 50 mL DCM and filtered thru Celite®. The filtrate was purified by silica gel chromatography (eluting with EtOAc-hexanes) to provide 6,6′-(((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) as a solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.24 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 2H), 8.07 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.37-7.22 (m, 6H), 6.66 (dd, J=7.0, 4.6 Hz, 2H), 6.41 (dd, J=8.3, 0.7 Hz, 2H), 4.11 (s, 6H), 3.02 (ddd, J=15.7, 8.6, 5.3 Hz, 2H), 2.79 (ddd, J=16.1, 8.4, 5.8 Hz, 2H), 2.64 (dddd, J=13.6, 8.4, 7.0, 5.2 Hz, 2H), 2.22 (ddt, J=13.7, 8.7, 5.4 Hz, 2H).

Intermediate 4: 6,6′-(((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde)

A solution of Intermediate 3 (468 mg, 0.87 mmol) in 20 mL CHCl₃ was diluted with 10 mL DMF and treated with NBS (310 mg, 1.74 mmol) and TFA (0.01 mL, 0.131 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 50° C. for 2 h, then cooled to rt and stirred overnight. Reaction was diluted with 50 mL DCM and stirred with sat. sodium thiosulfate solution for 15 min. The organic layer was dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography, eluting with EtOAc-hexanes provided 6,6′-(((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) as a solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.17 (s, 2H), 8.26 (s, 2H), 7.49 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.39-7.26 (m, 6H), 6.64 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 4.11 (s, 6H), 3.03 (ddd, J=16.0, 8.7, 4.4 Hz, 2H), 2.83 (dt, J=15.7, 7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.72 (ddd, J=13.8, 7.3, 4.6 Hz, 2H), 2.25 (ddt, J=14.2, 8.8, 6.0 Hz, 2H).

Intermediate 5: 6,6′-(((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) and Intermediate 6: 5-chloro-6-(((1S,1′S)-1′-((5-formyl-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biinden]-1-yl)oxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde

A solution of Intermediate 3 (94 mg, 0.175 mmol) in 720 mL CHCl3 was diluted with 3 mL DMF and treated with Palau-Cl (81 mg, 0.38 mmol) and TFA (0.0033 mL, 0.044 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 40° C. for 2 days. Reaction was diluted with 50 mL DCM and stirred with sat. sodium thiosulfate for 15 min. The organic layer was washed with pH 3 citrate buffer (2×) dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography, eluting with EtOAc-hexanes provided Intermediate 5 and Intermediate 6.

Intermediate 5: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.19 (s, 2H), 8.11 (s, 2H), 7.52-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.37-7.24 (m, 4H), 6.71-6.63 (m, 2H), 4.12 (s, 6H), 3.04 (ddd, J=16.0, 8.7, 4.6 Hz, 2H), 2.88-2.76 (m, 2H), 2.77-2.64 (m, 2H), 2.33-2.20 (m, 2H).

Intermediate 6: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.29 (s, 1H), 10.19 (s, 1H), 8.23 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (s, 1H), 7.48 (m, 2H), 7.32 (m, 4H), 6.75 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (s, 3H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.03 (td, J=10.4, 8.7, 4.9 Hz, 2H), 2.82 (dt, J=15.8, 7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.71 (dt, J=13.7, 6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.27 (dd, J=16.4, 8.2 Hz, 2H).

Intermediate 7: (2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)methanol

To a solution of (3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)methanol (7.00 g, 34.8 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) was added bis(pinacolato)diboron (10.61 g, 41.8 mmol), KOAc (10.24 g, 104 mmol) and [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) dichloride (2.545 g, 3.48 mmol). N₂ was bubbled thru the mixture for 2 min, and the flask heated to 90 C for 2 h. The reaction was cooled to rt and diluted with 100 mL EtOAc, washed with water (3 times), dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to yield an oil. This was purified by silica gel chromatography, eluting with EtOAc and hexanes to provide (2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)methanol as an oil that slowly crystallized on standing. [M-OH]⁺=231. H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.52-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.17-7.09 (m, 1H), 5.04 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 1.28 (s, 12H).

Intermediate 8: (2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)dimethanol

To a mixture of (2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)methanol (1.728 g, 6.96 mmol), (3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)methanol (1.40 g, 6.96 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂CH₂Cl₂ (0.509 g, 0.696 mmol) and potassium carbonate (1.922 g, 13.93 mmol) under N₂ was added a mixture of solvents (20 mL dioxane and 5 mL water) and heated to 85° C. in a heating block for 2 h, at which time all SM was consumed by LCMS. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was diluted with EtOAc and water. The organic layer was separated, dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. Purified by silica gel chromatography (eluting with EtOAc-Hex) to provide (2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)dimethanol as a light oil that crystallized on standing. [M-OH]⁺=225. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.37 (dd, J=7.6, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.92 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.10 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.52 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 4H), 1.88 (s, 6H).

Intermediate 9: 3,3′-bis(chloromethyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl

(2,2′-Dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)dimethanol (3.0 g, 12.8 mmol) was taken up in 10 mL DCM and cooled to 0 C. TEA (17.25 mL, 123.8 mmol) and MsCl (9.58 mL, 123.8 mmol) added and the reaction allowed to warm to rt and stir for 24 h. The reaction was diluted with water and DCM with vigorous stirring. The layers were separated and the organic layer washed with 1N HCl, dried with MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was taken up in toluene and concentrated again (2×) to provide the product as an oil.

Intermediate 10: 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde)

A mixture of Cesium carbonate (1.3 g, 4.04 mmol), palladium (II) acetate (43 mg, 0.40 mmol), 2-di-tert-butylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl(t-butyl Xphos) (171 mg, 0.40 mmol), +6-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (434 mg, 2.53 mmol) and (2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)dimethanol (245 mg, 1.01 mmol) in toluene (3 mL) was heated at 85° C. in 20 mL sealed microwave vial (20 mL). After 4 h, reaction mixture was cooled down and purified by column Chromatography (ISCO (40 g column, 1% ethyl acetate/hexanes-50% ethyl acetate/hexanes over 15 min-load with dry amount) to give the product as a solid. ES/MS m/z: 513.0 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.08 (s, 2H), 8.02 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.46 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 6.59 (dd, J=8.3, 0.8 Hz, 2H), 5.54 (s, 4H), 4.01 (s, 6H), 1.98 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 6H).

Intermediate 11: 4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde)

A suspension of 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (1.36 g, 8 mmol) in 10 mL DMF was treated with NaHCO₃ (1.50 g, 8 mmol) and stirred for 30 min under N₂. 3,3′-bis(chloromethyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl (1.00 g, 8 mmol) in 2 mL DMF was added, followed by NaI (1.07 g, 7 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 55 C for 4 h, at which time the reaction was cooled to rt and diluted with EtOAc and pH 4 citrate buffer. After stirring for 5 min the mixture was filtered providing a light colored precipitate. The filtrate was separated and the aqueous layer washed with additional EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to provide a semi-solid. The precipitate and semisolid were combined to provide the desire product 4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde). [M+H]=550.72. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.14 (s, 2H), 10.01 (s, 2H), 7.69 (s, 2H), 7.50 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.11 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 4H), 2.00 (s, 6H).

Intermediate 12: 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-6-formyl-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile

A solution of 4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene)) bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde) (277 mg, 0.502 mmol) in 1 mL DMF under N₂ was treated with Cs₂CO₃ (816 mg, 2.5 mmol) and the mixture stirred under N₂ at rt for 15 min. 5-(Chloromethyl)nicotinonitrile (230 mg, 1.5 mmol) and NaI (151 mg, 1.00 mmol) and the reaction stirred under N₂ at 60 C for 6 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc and water and stirred vigorously for 15 min. The precipitate was filtered to provide the desired product as a solid. The filtrate was washed with 5% LiCl (2×), dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. Purification of the filtrate derived material by ISCO (DCM-MeOH) provided additional product as a solid. An analytical sample was prepared by RP-HPLC purification to provide a solid. [M+H]=783.01. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.21 (s, 2H), 9.02 (m, 4H), 8.54 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (s, 2H), 7.53 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.36-7.25 (m, 4H), 7.14 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.47 (s, 4H), 5.42 (s, 4H), 2.02 (s, 3H).

Intermediate 13: 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

Step-1: To a stirred solution of (3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)methanol (1.0 g, 5.0 mmol), B₂(pin)₂ (2.0 g, 8.0 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂.CH₂Cl₂ (600 mg, 0.75 mmol) in dioxane (200 mL) under argon atmosphere was added KOAc (1.5 g, 15 mmol) at once. The reaction mixture was stirred at 85° C. for 16 h, filtered through pad of Celite and washed with EtOAc. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (0-50% EtOAc in hexanes). The fractions containing product were combined, solvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield an oil which was stirred in hexanes (or triturated) and filtered to yield product (2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)methanol. ¹H NMR: (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 7.72-7.70 (m, 1H), 7.44-7.42 (m, 1H), 7.21-7.17 (m, 1H), 4.69 (s, 2H), 2.54 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 12H).

Step-2: To a stirred solution of (2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)methanol-2 (250 mg, 1.0 mmol), DIPEA (260 mg, 2.0 mmol) under argon atmosphere was added methanesulfonyl chloride (140 mg, 1.2 mmol) drop wise at 0° C., and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to rt and stir overnight. After 16 hours, partitioned between water and CH₂Cl₂, separated organic layer dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solvent was concentrated under reduced pressure and the crude product 2-(3-(chloromethyl)-2-methylphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane was used for next step without further purification. ¹H NMR: (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 7.76-7.75 (m, 1H), 7.40-7.38 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.16 (m, 1H), 4.64 (s, 2H), 2.64 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 12H).

Step-3: To a stirred solution of 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde-4 (170 mg, 0.81 mmol) in DMF (6 mL) was added sodium bicarbonate (120 mg, 1.4 mmol) under argon atmosphere. The mixture was stirred for 15 minutes at room temperature, and a solution of 2-(3-(chloromethyl)-2-methylphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (180 mg, 0.68 mmol) in THF (6 mL) followed by sodium iodide (100 mg, 0.68 mmol) were added at once. The reaction was stirred at 60° C. for 16 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂, quenched with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl, and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×10 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and purified by flash column chromatography (0->50% EtOAc in hexanes) to yield 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-4-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)benzaldehyde. ¹H NMR: (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 11.43 (s, 1H), 9.68 (s, 1H), 7.80-7.78 (m, 1H), 7.62-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.26-7.22 (m, 1H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 5.17 (s, 2H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 12H).

Step-4: To a stirred solution of 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-4-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)benzaldehyde (100 mg, 0.25 mmol) and cesium carbonate (160 mg 0.50 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) under argon atmosphere was added 5-(chloromethyl)nicotinonitrile (75 mg, 0.5 mmol) and sodium iodide (37 mg, 0.25 mmol) at rt, then heated to 75° C. After two hours, quenched with sat. aq. NH₄Cl, extracted with CH₂Cl₂, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and purified by flash column chromatography to yield product 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile. ¹H NMR: (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 10.25 (s, 1H), 8.89-8.88 (m, 2H), 8.10-8.05 (m, 1H), 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.79-7.77 (m, 1H), 7.46-7.44 (m, 1H), 7.23-7.19 (m, 1H), 6.56 (s, 1H), 5.21 (s, 2H), 5.17 (s, 2H), 2.57 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 12H).

Intermediate 14: 4-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

Step-1

To a solution of (3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)methanol (5 g, 24.9 mmol), TEA (5.2 mL) in dichloromethane under argon atmosphere at 0° C. was added MsCl (2.3 mL, 29.8 mmol) drop wise. The solution was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stirred for 16 h. The reaction mix was partitioned btw DCM/water, extracted, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated to afford 1-bromo-3-(chloromethyl)-2-methylbenzene as a liquid 5.1 g (>95% pure, stable at RT over 2 weeks).

Step-2

To a solution of 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (1.6 g, 9.27 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) was added NaHCO₃ (1.04 g, 16.86 mmol) under argon and stirred for 10 min. A solution of 1-bromo-3-(chloromethyl)-2-methylbenzene (1.85 g, 8.43 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added followed by NaI (1.26 g, 8.43 mmol) at once. The mixture was heated at 60° C. overnight. To the reaction was added water (˜50 mL) precipitation occur and stirred at RT for 10 min (product crashes out with small impurity), the solid was filtered, washed with water, dried under vacuum to afford crude product. To the crude product (˜85% pure) was added 2% MeOH/DCM (˜60-80 mL) warmed at 50° C. for 5 min to maximum dissolution (or sonicate 2 min), the insoluble mat (solid impurity) was filtered, rinsed with ice-cold 2% MeOH/DCM (10 mL×2) and pure product crystallized out in the cold solution while filtering. The filtrate was left at 0° C. for 30 min. The solid product (pure product) was filtered, rinsed with cold 2% MeOH/DCM (10 mL×2) to afford 4-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde as a solid and the mother liquor was left at 0° C. for 30 min to isolate second crop.

Intermediate 15: 5-((5-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-4-chloro-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

A mixture of 4-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (1.7 g, 4.78 mmol) and Cs₂CO₃ (3.11 g, 9.56 mmol), DMF (25 mL) were taken in a 100 mL RB-flask, and stirred for 5 min under argon. To the well stirred mixture was added 5-(chloromethyl)nicotinonitrile (1.45 g, 9.56 mmol) followed by NaI (716 mg, 4.78 mmol) at once and heated at 75° C. for 3 h. Diluted with water (˜50-60 mL) precipitation occur and stirred at RT for 10 min (product crashes out with small impurity) the solid product was filtered, washed with water, dried under vacuum to afford >80% pure product. To further purify, the (>80% pure) material was added to 2% MeOH/DCM (˜70 mL), sonicated for 2 min (or warm at 50° C. for 5 min) to dissolve. Left it to cool at 0° C. for 30 min. Filtered, rinsed with cold solution of 2% MeOH/DCM (10 mL×2) to afford pure 5-((5-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-4-chloro-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile. The mother liquor was left to cool at 0° C. for 1 h for second crop of product.

Intermediate 16: 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(2-oxoethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

A mixture of 1,3-dibromo-2-methylbenzene (7.5 g, 30 mmol), 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenol (2.2 g, 10 mmol), DMF (15 mL) and 2N potassium carbonate (5 mL) was purged with argon for 10 min. [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) complex with dichloromethane (410 mg, 0.5 mmol) was then added. The resulting mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 16 h and then at 80° C. for 2 h. After cooling, the mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and 3% LiCl in water. The ethyl acetate layer was taken and concentrated. The residue was purified by Combiflash, affording 3′-bromo-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-ol as a solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) 7.53 (d, 1H), 7.13-7.16 (m, 3H), 7.05 (t, 1H), 6.87 (d, 2H), 4.74 (brs, 1H), 2.31 (s, 3H).

To a solution of 3′-bromo-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-ol (1.0 g, 3.8 mmol) in NMP (5 mL) was added 60% sodium hydride in mineral oil (460 mg, 11 mmol). After the gas evolution had ceased, 2-bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane (2.25 g, 11.4 mmol) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 4 h. After cooling, the mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and 3% LiCl in water. The ethyl acetate layer was taken and concentrated. The residue was purified by Combiflash, affording 3-bromo-4′-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl as an oil. ¹H NMR (CDCl3) 7.52 (d, 1H), 7.13-7.20 (m, 3H), 7.05 (t, 1H), 6.96 (d, 2H), 4.86 (t, 1H), 4.05 (d, 2H), 3.78 (dq, 2H), 3.66 (dq, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 1.26 (m, 6H).

A mixture of 3-bromo-4′-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl (380 mg, 1 mmol), 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (519 mg, 1 mmol), DMF (4 mL) and 2N potassium carbonate (0.5 mL) was purged with argon for 10 min. [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) complex with dichloromethane (41 mg, 0.05 mmol) was then added. The resulting mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 1 h. After cooling, the mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and 3% LiCl in water. The ethyl acetate layer was taken and concentrated. The residue was purified by Combiflash, affording 5-((4-chloro-5-((4″-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile as a solid. [M+H]⁺ 690.1.

To an ice-cold solution of 5-((4-chloro-5-((4″-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (390 mg, 0.56 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) was added concentrated HCl (0.5 mL). The mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 1 h. After neutralizing with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated, affording 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(2-oxoethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile, which was used without further purification. [M+H]⁺ 617.0.

Intermediate 17: 2-methoxy-6-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)nicotinaldehyde

(3-Bromo-2-methylphenyl) methanol (300 mg, 1.49 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (6 ml). Sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 72 mg, and 1.79 mmol) was added. The suspension was stirred at room temperature for 5 min before 6-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (256 mg, 1.49 mmol) was added in one portion. Complete conversion was detected after stirring at room temperature for 30 min. EtOAc and water were added to the mixture. The organic layer was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hexanes/EtOAc as the eluent to afford 6-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde.

6-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (348 mg, 1.035 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (5 mL), treated with bis(pinacolato)diboron (551 mg, 2.17 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂-DCM (114 mg, 0.156 mmol) and potassium acetate (406 mg, 4.14 mmol). The mixture was purged with argon and then heated at 85° C. for 1.5 h. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc and water. The organic layer was concentrated and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hexanes/EtOAc as the eluent to afford 2-methoxy-6-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)nicotinaldehyde.

Intermediate 18: 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde)

To a solution of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (10.1 g, 19.7 mmol) and Palau'Chlor (9.08 g, 43.4 mmol) in DMF/CHCl₃ (1:1 v/v, 600 mL) was added HCl (4 M in dioxane, 10.8 mL, 43.3 mmol) dropwise. The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 30 min, then diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (500 mL), and washed with NaHCO₃ (saturated aq., 3×300 mL), then H₂O (3×300 mL), then brine (100 mL). The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated, and the residue was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-100% EtOAc in hexanes) to yield the product as a solid.

Intermediate 19: 5-((5-((3′-bromo-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-4-chloro-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

A suspension of 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (600 mg, 1.16 mmol) and 1,3-dibromo-2-methylbenzene (578.1 mg, 2.31 mmol, 2 equiv) in 6 mL 9:1 dioxane:water was degassed by bubbling N₂ for 30 minutes. To the reaction was added dichloro 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene palladium(II) (8.46 mg, 0.0116 mmol, 1% mol), and potassium carbonate (0.16 g, 1.16 mmol) was added to the reaction. The vessel was sealed and heated at 100° C. for 16 h. The reaction was diluted with water and extracted with DCM, the organic layer was dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica flash chromatography eluting with 70% EA:Hex to afford product as a solid. LCMS 93% m/z=563.0.

Intermediate 20: 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-3-formylpyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile

To a solution of 5-(hydroxymethyl)nicotinonitrile (1.51 g, 9.7 mmol, 1 equiv) in THF (10 mL) at 0° C. was added NaH (292 mg, 12.2 mmol, 1.25 equiv). After an additional 20 minutes of stirring the slurry was added to a stirred solution of 2,5,6-trichloronicotinic acid (2.2 g, 9.7 mmol, 1 equiv) in THF at 0° C. The solution was slowly allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was then acidified with 1 M HCl and the precipitated 5,6-dichloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)nicotinic acid was collected by vacuum filtration.

To a stirred solution of 5,6-dichloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)nicotinic acid (3.0 g, 9.4 mmol, 1 equiv) in THF was added catalytic DMF (1 drop), followed by oxalyl chloride (1 equiv). After 10 minutes gas evolution had ceased and the reaction was cooled to −78° C. Then Li((OtBu)₃AlH) (1 M, 11.3 mL, 1.2 equiv) was added dropwise. After full consumption of starting material by LCMS the reaction was quenched with excess 4M NaOH and water then warmed to room temperature. The organic and aqueous layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was used without any further purification. LCMS found 310.1 (M+1).

To a slurry of 5-(((5,6-dichloro-3-(hydroxymethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (2.5 g, 8.06 mmol, 1 equiv) in methylene chloride at room temperature was added Dess-Martin periodane (3.76 g, 8.87 mmol, 1.1 equiv). The solution was allowed to stir until LCMS showed full consumption of alcohol. The reaction mixture was purified directly by silica gel chromatography (Hex/EtOAc, 0 to 50%) to afford 5-(((5,6-dichloro-3-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile as a solid.

To a solution of (3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)methanol (750 mg, 2.4 mmol, 1 equiv) in DMF (4 mL) at room temperature was added NaH (97 mg, 2.4 mmol, 1.0 equiv). After an additional 20 minutes of stirring the slurry was added to a stirred DMF (4 mL) solution of 5-(((5,6-dichloro-3-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (490 mg, 2.4 mmol, 1 equiv). Upon complete consumption of starting material by LCMS the reaction was diluted with water (5 mL) and extracted three times with 5 mL ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by silica gel chromatography (Hex/EtOAc, 0 to 100%) afforded 5-(((6-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-5-chloro-3-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile as a solid.

A vial with a stir bar was charged with 5-(((6-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-5-chloro-3-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (80 mg, 0.17 mmol, 1 equiv), bis(pinacolato)diboron (43 mg, 0.17 mmol, 1 equiv), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (14 mg, 0.017 mmol, 0.1 equiv), and potassium acetate (33 mg, 0.34 mmol, 2 equiv). The vial sealed and dioxane (2 mL) was added via syringe. The reaction mixture was sparged with argon for 10 minutes then heated to 100 C until full consumption of starting material was observed by LCMS. To the reaction mixture was then added 5-(((6-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-5-chloro-3-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (80 mg, 0.17 mmol, 1 equiv), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (14 mg, 0.017 mmol, 0.1 equiv), and potassium carbonate (47 mg, 0.34 mmol, 2 equiv). The vial was sealed and water (0.4 mL) was added via syringe. The reaction mixture was sparged with argon for 10 minutes then heated to 100 C until complete consumption of starting materials was observed by LCMS. The reaction mixture was then diluted with EtOAc, filtered through celites, and concentrated in vacuo to dryness. Purification of crude material by silica gel chromatography afforded 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-3-formylpyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile as a solid.

Intermediate 21: 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-3-formylpyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile

To a 20 mL vial added 6-chloro-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (500 mg, 1.9 mmol), cesium fluoride (591 mg, 3.9 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), and N,N-dimethylformamide (7.0 mL, 0.27 M) at room temperature. The vessel was heated at 60° C. for 1 hour before being cooled back to room temperature. To the vessel was then added 5-(chloromethyl)nicotinonitrile (350 mg, 2.3 mmol, 1.2 equiv), potassium carbonate (390 mg, 2.9 mmol, 1.5 equiv), and sodium iodide (72 mg, 0.47 mmol, 25 mol %). The reaction mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 1 hour before being cooled to room temperature and diluted with ethyl acetate (40 mL). Finally, water (30 mL) was added, and the organic layer was washed ×1 (once) with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography using a 0-10% methanol in methylene chloride eluent gradient to provide 5-(((6-chloro-3-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

To a 20 mL vial was added (3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)methanol (220 mg, 1.1 mmol) and N,N-dimethylformamide (5.5 mL, 0.2 M) at room temperature. To the vessel was added sodium hydride (53 mg, 60 wt % dispersion in mineral oil, 1.3 mmol, 1.2 equiv), and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes. In a separate 20 mL vial was added 5-(((6-chloro-3-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (300 mg, 1.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and N,N-dimethylformamide (5.5 mL, 0.2 M) at room temperature. To the mixture was added the suspension of (3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)methanol sodium salt in and N,N-dimethylformamide dropwise at room temperature. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour before being diluted with ethyl acetate (40 mL). Finally, water (30 mL) was added, and the organic layer was washed ×1 with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography using a 0-10% methanol in methylene chloride eluent gradient to provide 5-(((6-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-3-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

To a 20 mL vial was added 5-(((6-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-3-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (473 mg, 0.47 mmol), 4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi(1,3,2-dioxaborolane) (161 mg, 0.63 mmol, 1.35 equiv), [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (34 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), potassium acetate (94 mg, 0.94 mmol, 2.0 equiv), and 1,4-dioxane (4.7 mL, 0.1M) at room temperature. The vessel was sealed, and the mixture was sparged with nitrogen for 5 minutes before being heated to 90° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature, ethyl acetate (10 mL) was added, and the contents of the vial were filtered through celite. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum, and the crude 5-(((3-formyl-6-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile was used without further purification.

To a 20 mL vial was added the crude 5-(((3-formyl-6-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile, added 5-(((6-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-3-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (473 mg, 0.47 mmol), [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (34 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol %), potassium carbonate (130 mg, 0.94 mmol, 2.0 equiv), N,N-dimethylformamide (4.7 mL, 0.1M), and water (0.5 mL) at room temperature. The vessel was sealed, and the mixture was sparged with nitrogen for 5 minutes before being heated to 90° C. for 1 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature, ethyl acetate (10 mL) was added, and the contents of the vial were filtered through celite. The filtrate was diluted with ethyl acetate (50 mL) and washed ×1 with water then brine. The organic layer was then dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography using a 0-10% methanol in methylene chloride eluent gradient to provide 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(3-formylpyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile.

To a 20 mL vial was added 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(3-formylpyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile (716 mg, 1.0 mmol), potassium acetate (294 mg, 3.0 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and acetic acid (6.7 mL, 0.15 M) at room temperature. To the mixture was added bromine (2.2 mL, 1M in acetic acid, 2.2 mmol, 2.2 equiv) dropwise. After 1 hour, 1M aqueous sodium sulfite was added until the red color disappeared. To this mixture was added 5N aqueous sodium hydroxide until pH=7. Finally, ethyl acetate (10 mL) and water (10 mL) were added, and the organic layer was washed ×1 with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude residue of 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-3-formylpyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile was used without further purification.

Intermediate 22: 6-chloro-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde

120 mL of THF was charged to a 500 mL RB containing 2.5 g (62.5 mmol) of NaH. 2-Trimethylsilylethanol (6.7 mL, 46.9 mmol) was added dropwise and the resulting suspension was stirred for 1 h at rt. Dichloronicotinic acid (3 g, 15.6 mmol) in 100 mL of THF was added drop-wise via addition funnel. After 2 h, borane-dimethyl sulfide (2M, 75 mL) was added over 15 min. The reaction was stirred for 15 h at rt. The reaction was quenched with slow addition of MeOH (50 mL), 50 mL H₂O and 10 mL sat aq. NH₄Cl, followed by heating to 90 C for 30 min. The solution was concentrated, diluted with DCM 100 mL, and washed with sat aq. NH₄Cl and Brine. The organic layer was separated, and the aqueous extracted once with 100 mL DCM. The combined organics were dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. The residual clear oil was added a stirring bar, and stirred in vacuo (0.3 mmHg) for 4 h at 45° C. to remove most of TMS-ethanol. Column 10% Ethyl Acetate in Hexanes afforded the alcohol as a solid.

The alcohol (2.73 g, 10.51 mmol) was dissolved in 40 mL DCM in a 250 mL round bottom flask. Dess-Martin Periodinane (4.97 g, 11.77 mmol)) added in one portion. The solution was stirred for 2 min before 0.21 mL (11.77 mmol) of H₂O was added dropwise. The clear solution becomes a milky suspension. The suspension was stirred for 45 min before 50 mL of a 1M NaOH solution was added, and the reaction was stirred vigorously for 15 min. The organic layer was separated, and the aqueous extracted twice with DCM (25 mL). The combined organics were dried, concentrated, and flashed through a column (10-20% EA) to afford the aldehyde as clusters. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.31 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (dd, J=7.9, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 4.87-4.21 (m, 2H), 1.27-1.06 (m, 2H), 0.09 (s, 9H).

Intermediate 23: 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-bromo-6-formyl-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile

To a 100 mL round bottom flask was added 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (1.0 g, 7.25 mmol, 3.0 equiv), 1-bromo-3-(chloromethyl)-2-methylbenzene (527 mg, 2.4 mmol), potassium carbonate (828 mg, 6.0 mmol, 2.5 equiv), sodium iodide (36 mg, 0.24 mmol, 10 mol %) and N,N-dimethylformamide (20 mL, 0.12M) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 2 hours before being cooled to room temperature and diluted with ethyl acetate (50 mL). The mixture was then acidified to pH=3 with 1N aqueous hydrochloric acid then washed once with water and once with brine. The organic layer was then dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography using a 0-10% methanol in methylene chloride eluent gradient to provide 4-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde.

To a 100 mL round bottom flask was added 4-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (422 mg, 1.32 mmol), 5-(chloromethyl)nicotinonitrile (241 mg, 1.6 mmol, 1.2 equiv), potassium carbonate (273 mg, 2.0 mmol, 1.5 equiv), sodium iodide (50 mg, 0.33 mmol, 25 mol %) and N,N-dimethylformamide (13.2 mL, 0.1M) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 1 hour before being cooled to room temperature and diluted with ethyl acetate (40 mL). The mixture was washed once with water and once with brine. The organic layer was then dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography using a 0-10% methanol in methylene chloride eluent gradient to provide 5-((5-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

To a 20 mL vial was added 5-((5-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (460 mg, 1.1 mmol), 4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi(1,3,2-dioxaborolane) (377 mg, 1.49 mmol, 1.35 equiv), [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (81 mg, 0.11 mmol, 10 mol %), potassium acetate (215 mg, 2.20 mmol, 2.0 equiv), and 1,4-dioxane (11.0 mL, 0.1M) at room temperature. The vessel was sealed, and the mixture was sparged with nitrogen for 5 minutes before being heated to 90° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature, ethyl acetate (10 mL) was added, and the contents of the vial were filtered through celite. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum, and the crude 5-((2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile was used without further purification.

To a 20 mL vial was added the crude 5-((2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile, 5-((5-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (460 mg, 1.1 mmol), [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) ((81 mg, 0.11 mmol, 10 mol %), potassium carbonate (304 mg, 2.2 mmol, 2.0 equiv), N,N-dimethylformamide (11.0 mL, 0.1M), and water (1.1 mL) at room temperature. The vessel was sealed, and the mixture was sparged with nitrogen for 5 minutes before being heated to 90° C. for 1 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature, ethyl acetate (10 mL) was added, and the contents of the vial were filtered through celite. The filtrate was diluted with ethyl acetate (50 mL) and washed once with water then brine. The organic layer was then dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography using a 0-10% methanol in methylene chloride eluent gradient to provide 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(6-formyl-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile.

To a 20 mL vial was added 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(6-formyl-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile (432 mg, 0.61 mmol), potassium acetate (180 mg, 1.8 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and acetic acid (4.0 mL, 0.15 M) at room temperature. To the mixture was added bromine (1.3 mL, 1M in acetic acid, 1.3 mmol, 2.2 equiv) dropwise. After 1 hour, 1M aqueous sodium sulfite was added until the red color disappeared. To this mixture was added 5N aqueous sodium hydroxide until pH=7. Finally, ethyl acetate (10 mL) and water (10 mL) were added, and the organic layer was washed once with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude residue of 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-bromo-6-formyl-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile was used without further purification.

Intermediate 24: 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-hydroxynicotinaldehyde)

(2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)dimethanol (969 mg, 4 mmol), 6-chloro-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (2.37 g, 9.2 mmol), 2-Di-tert-butylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl (424.65 mg, 1 mmol), palladium (II) acetate (179.2 mg, 0.8 mmol), and cesium carbonate (5.2 g, 16 mmol) were charged into a 150 mL sealed tube. The contents were suspended in toluene (28 mL) and sparged with argon for 15 minutes. The tube was sealed, and heated to 90° C. After 3 h, the solution was cooled to room temperature, and filtered through a pad of celite. The celite pad was rinsed thoroughly with methylene chloride, and the filtrate was concentrated and purified via column chromatography to provide 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde) as a solid (2.3 g 85%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.08 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 2H), 8.01 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.47-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 6.57 (dd, J=8.3, 0.8 Hz, 2H), 5.53 (s, 4H), 4.71-4.40 (m, 4H), 1.98 (s, 6H), 1.28-0.97 (m, 4H), 0.02 (s, 18H).

6,6′-(((2,2′-Dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde) (2.3 g, 3.39 mmol), and sodium acetate (694 mg, 8.47 mmol) was suspended in 15 mL acetic acid, and the resulting suspension was sonicated for 5 min. Bromine (0.44 mL, 8.47 mmol) was diluted in acetic acid (2 mL) and the resulting solution was added dropwise to the stirring dialdehyde. After 40 min, the reaction was diluted with methylene chloride (100 mL) and aqueous 2M NaOH (150 mL). After stirring for 10 min, the organic layer was separated, and the aqueous extracted with methylene chloride (75 mL). The combined organic layers were dried, concentrated, and purified via column chromatography to provide 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde) (2.5 g, 88%) as a solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.15 (s, 2H), 8.24 (s, 2H), 7.54-7.35 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.14 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.55 (s, 4H), 4.65-4.39 (m, 4H), 2.10 (s, 6H), 1.24-1.14 (m, 4H), 0.09 (s, 18H).

6,6′-(((2,2′-Dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde) (1.25 g, 1.48 mmol) and cesium fluoride (0.9 g, 5.93 mmol) were suspended in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL). The suspension was heated to 60° C. for 1.5 h. The reaction was diluted with sat. aqueous ammonium chloride, brine, and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×). The combined organics were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated to provide 0.9 g (94.5%) of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-hydroxynicotinaldehyde) as a powder. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.50 (s, 2H), 9.98 (s, 2H), 8.12 (s, 2H), 7.53 (dd, J=7.8, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (dd, J=7.8, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.53 (s, 4H), 2.01 (s, 6H).

Intermediate 25: 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde)

6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) was obtained from 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) using the same bromination procedure as described for Intermediate 24.

Intermediate 26: 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-((4-formylphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

The title compound was prepared following a similar procedure used to synthesize intermediate 11 and 12 using 1 equivalent of 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde followed by 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde.

Intermediate 27: 3,3′-bis(((5-formyl-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-carbonitrile

A mixture of (2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)methanol (399 mg, 1.6 mmol), 2-bromo-6-(hydroxymethyl)benzonitrile (310 mg, 1.46 mmol), and Pd(dppf)Cl2 (88 mg) in a mixture of DMF and water 2:1 5 mL was treated with K₂CO₃ (172 mg, 0.002 mol). The mixture was heated at 85° C. for 2 hrs. Mixture was diluted with EtOAc and water. Organic phase was dried over Mg₂SO₄ and evaporated under reduced pressure to afford 3,3′-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-carbonitrile.

A mixture of 3,3′-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-carbonitrile (150 mg, 0.59 mmol), 6-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (223 mg, 1.3 mmol), Pd(OAc)₂ (25 mg, 0.237 mmol), t-Butyl-X-Phos (100 mg, 0.237 mmol) and Cs₂CO₃ (771 mg, 2.37 mmol) in toluene 9 mL was heated under stirring conditions at 85 C for 18 hrs. The residue was purified by column chromatography (Hexanes:Ethyl acetate=2:1) to give the title intermediate 3,3′-bis(((5-formyl-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-carbonitrile.

Intermediate 28: tert-Butyl (S)-((2-methoxy-6-((4-(2-methyl-4′-(2-oxoethoxy)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)glycinate

Step 1. A stirred mixture of 4-iodophenol (5.0 g, 23 mmol), 2-bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane (4.45 mL, 29.5 mmol), potassium carbonate (4.71 g, 34.1 mmol), and potassium iodide (1.89 g, 11.4 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (30 mL) was heated to 109° C. After 15 h, the resulting mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. Diethyl ether (500 mL) was added, and the organic layer was washed with water (3×500 mL), was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0 to 10% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give 1-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-4-iodobenzene.

Step 2. A stirred mixture of 3-bromo-2-methylphenol (8.17 g, 43.7 mmol), 4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi(1,3,2-dioxaborolane) (11.1 g, 43.7 mmol), potassium acetate (12.9 g, 131 mmol), and [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (640 mg, 0.87 mmol) in dioxane (80 mL) was heated to 110° C. After 3 h, 1-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-4-iodobenzene, aqueous sodium carbonate solution (2 M, 68 mL, 140 mmol), and [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (640 mg, 0.87 mmol) were added. After 18 h, the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and ethyl acetate (500 mL) was added. The organic layer was washed with a mixture of water and brine (1:1 v:v, 300 mL), was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0 to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give 4′-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-ol.

Step 3. Trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (0.798 mL, 4.74 mmol) was added via syringe to a stirred mixture of 4′-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-ol (1.00 g, 3.16 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1.38 mL, 7.90 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) at 0° C. After 30 min, ethanol (0.5 mL) was added. After 5 min, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0 to 10% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give 4′-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate.

Step 4. A stirred mixture of 4′-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate (1.06 g, 2.370 mmol), 4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi(1,3,2-dioxaborolane) (722 mg, 2.84 mmol), potassium acetate (744 mg, 7.59 mmol), and [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (173 mg, 0.237 mmol) in dioxane (8.0 mL) was heated to 95° C. After 17 h, the resulting mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, was filtered through celite, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0 to 10% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give 2-(4′-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane.

Step 5. A stirred mixture of 2-(4′-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (785 mg, 1.84 mmol), (S)-4-bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol (432 mg, 2.03 mmol), aqueous sodium carbonate solution (2 M, 3.7 mL, 7 mmol), and chloro(2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropyl-1,1′-biphenyl) [2-(2′-amino-1,1′-biphenyl)]palladium(II) (73 mg, 0.092 mmol) in dioxane (8.0 mL) and water (0.5 mL) was heated to 200° C. After 15 h, the resulting mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, was filtered through celite, and the filter cake was extracted with ethyl acetate (60 mL). The organic layer was washed with a mixture of water and brine (1:1 v:v, 50 mL), was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0 to 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give (S)-4-(4′-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol.

Step 6. A stirred mixture of (S)-4-(4′-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol (797 mg, 1.84 mmol), 6-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (442 mg, 2.58 mmol), cesium carbonate (1.08 g, 3.32 mmol), and [(2-di-tert-butylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropyl-1,1′-biphenyl)-2-(2′-amino-1,1′-biphenyl)]palladium(II) methanesulfonate (73 mg, 0.092 mmol) in toluene (8.0 mL) was heated to 200° C. After 15 h, the resulting mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, was filtered through celite, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0 to 40% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give (S)-6-((4-(4′-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde.

Step 7. N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (0.77 mL, 4.4 mmol) was added via syringe to a stirred mixture of (S)-6-((4-(4′-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (250 mg, 0.44 mmol) and tert-butyl glycinate hydrochloride (591 mg, 3.52 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (3.0 mL) at room temperature. After 23 min, acetic acid (0.3 mL), sodium cyanoborohydride (221 mg, 3.52 mmol), and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (747 mg, 3.52 mmol) were added sequentially. After 10 min, the reaction mixture was purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) to give tert-butyl (S)-((6-((4-(4′-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)glycinate.

Intermediate 29: 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3″-nitro-4′-(2-oxoethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

Step 1. A stirred mixture of 4-bromo-2-nitrophenol (1.00 g, 4.59 mmol), 2-bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane (1.04 mL, 6.88 mmol), potassium carbonate (1.27 g, 9.17 mmol), and potassium iodide (152 mg, 0.917 mmol) in 1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one (7.0 mL) was heated to 100° C. After 18 h, the resulting mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. Diethyl ether (150 mL) was added, and the organic layer was washed with water (2×100 mL), was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0 to 15% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give 4-bromo-1-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-nitrobenzene.

Step 2. A stirred mixture of 4-bromo-1-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-nitrobenzene (123 mg, 0.370 mmol), 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (150 mg, 0.246 mmol), aqueous sodium carbonate solution (2 M, 0.49 mL, 1 mmol), and chloro(2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropyl-1,1′-biphenyl)[2-(2′-amino-1,1′-biphenyl)]palladium(II) (9.7 mg, 0.012 mmol) in dioxane (2.0 mL) and water (0.5 mL) was heated to 91° C. After 14 h, the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and ethyl acetate (60 mL) was added. The organic layer was washed with a mixture of water and brine (1:1 v:v, 30 mL), was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0 to 70% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give 5-((4-chloro-5-((4″-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-3″-nitro-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

Step 3. Concentrated hydrochloric acid (0.25 mL) was added to a stirred solution of 5-((4-chloro-5-((4″-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-3″-nitro-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (181 mg, 0.246 mmol) in dioxane (3.0 mL) at room temperature. After 60 min, ethyl acetate (60 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (5.0 mL) were added sequentially. The organic layer was washed with brine (30 mL), was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure to give 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3″-nitro-4″-(2-oxoethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile, which was used without further purification.

Intermediate 30: 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(2-oxoethoxy)-3″-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(2-oxoethoxy)-3″-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile was synthesized in a manner similar to 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3″-nitro-4″-(2-oxoethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile using 4-bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in place of 4-bromo-2-nitrophenol.

Intermediate 31: 3-carboxy-3,3-difluoro-2-hydroxypropan-1-aminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate

Aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1 M, 10 mL, 10 mmol) was added via syringe to a stirred solution of ethyl 4-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-2,2-difluoro-3-hydroxybutanoate (1.44 g, 5.08 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) and methanol (20 mL) at room temperature. After 20 min, diethyl ether (140 mL) was added, and the organic layer was washed with a mixture of 0.5 M aqueous hydrogen chloride solution and brine (1:2 v:v, 60 mL), was dried over magnesium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (10 mL), and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature. Trifluoroacetic acid (5 mL) was added. After 2.5 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and dried azeotropically by concentration of a toluene solution under reduced pressure (3×20 mL) to give 3-carboxy-3,3-difluoro-2-hydroxypropan-1-aminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate.

Intermediate 32: 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-hydroxynicotinaldehyde)

6,6′-(((2,2′-Dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde) (1.8 g, 2.65 mmol), and 2-chloro-1,3-bis(methoxycarbonyl)guanidine (1.19 g, 5.7 mmol) were dissolved in a 1:1 mixture of chloroform and N,N-dimethylformamide (80 mL). 4M HCl in dioxane (1.46 mL, 5.8 mmol) was added dropwise to the stirring solution. After 30 min, the reaction was diluted with methylene chloride (100 mL), and washed with sat. aqueous sodium bicarbonate, and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrated, and purified via column chromatography to provide 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.16 (s, 2H), 8.07 (s, 2H), 7.48-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.21 (m, 2H), 7.13 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.55 (s, 4H), 4.60-4.53 (m, 4H), 2.08 (s, 6H), 1.22-1.16 (m, 4H), 0.07 (s, 18H).

6,6′-(((2,2′-Dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde) (0.90 g, 1.2 mmol) and cesium fluoride (0.73 g, 4.8 mmol) were suspended in N,N-dimethylformamide (8 mL). The suspension was heated to 60° C. for 1.5 h. The reaction was diluted with sat. aqueous ammonium chloride, brine, and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×). The combined organics were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated to provide 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-hydroxynicotinaldehyde). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.48 (s, 2H), 10.00 (s, 2H), 8.01 (s, 2H), 7.52 (dd, J=7.8, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.55 (s, 4H), 2.01 (s, 6H).

Intermediate 33: (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanamide

4N hydrogen chloride in 1,4-dioxane (7.4 mL, 7.34 mmol) was added to a solution of the tert-butyl (S)-(4-amino-2-hydroxy-4-oxobutyl)carbamate (811 mg, 3.72 mmol) in methanol—gas evolution. After 1 h the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was co-evaporated with dichloromethane and the residue was subjected to high vacuum, providing (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanamide (402 mg, 91%).

tert-butyl (S)-(4-amino-2-hydroxy-4-oxobutyl)carbamate was prepared following the procedure given in J. Med. Chem. 1985, 28, 1612-1617.

Intermediate 34: Ethyl (R)-3-amino-2-fluoropropanoate hydrochloride

A solution of hydrogen chloride in 1,4-dioxane (4N, 8.8 mL, 35.3 mmol) was added to a solution of (R)-3-amino-2-fluoropropanoic acid hydrochloride (253 mg, 1.76 mmol) in ethanol (8 mL). After 2 hours the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was co-evaporated with dichloromethane (10 mL). The residue was subjected to high vacuum, providing ethyl (R)-3-amino-2-fluoropropanoate hydrochloride (311 mg, 103%).

Intermediate 35: 4,4′-([4,4′-biindoline]-1,1′-dicarbonyl)bis(2-methoxybenzaldehyde)

Step 1: In a microwave vial, 4-bromoindole (1.0 g, 5.1 mmol), Xphos (97.0 mg, 0.20 mmol) and Pd₂(dba)₃ (52.0 mg, 0.057 mmol) were dissolved in 80.00 mL of dioxane at room temperature. Vial was capped and purged with argon. To this vial, 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxoborolate (2.2 mL, 15.30 mmol) and trimethylamine (2.1 mL, 15.30 mmol) were added at room temperature. Mixture was stirred at 95° C. for 3 hours under argon. Vial was taken out of the heat and allowed to cold down to room temperature. To this microwave vial, were added 4-bromoindole (1.0 g, 5.1 mmol), Pd₂(dba)₃ (52.0 mg, 0.057 mmol), potassium phosphate hydrate (3.5 g, 15.20 mmol) and 8.00 mL of water at room temperature. Vial was capped and purged with argon. Mixture was stirred at 95° C. overnight. Vial was removed from heat and crude was diluted with ethyl acetate and filtered through celite. Then, organic layer was washed with brine and dried over magnesium sulfate. Volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and crude was dry-loaded to a silica column and eluted with 20%-60% ethyl acetate/hexanes to afford 4,4′-biindole.

Step 2: In a round bottom flask, 4,4′-biindole (1.0 g, 4.31 mmol) was dissolved in 30.00 mL of acetic acid at room temperature. To this solution 811.00 mg of sodium cyanoborohydride was added in portions over 20 minutes at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for four hours. Crude was quenched with 2.0M NaOH and organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. Organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate. Volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and crude was dry-loaded to a silica gel column and eluted with 80-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes to afford 4,4′-biindoline.

Step 3: In a round bottom flask, 4-formyl-3-methoxybenzoic acid (97.00 mg, 0.54 mmol) was dissolved in 3.00 of THF at room temperature. Solution was cooled down to 0° C. and oxalyl chloride (0.10 mL, 1.08 mmol) was added dropwise followed by one drop of DMF. Gas evolution was observed. The mixture was warmed up to room temperature and stirred for 45 minutes. Volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and crude material was redissolved in 3.00 of THF. On a separate vial, 4,4′-biindoline (51.00 mg, 0.22 mmol) was dissolved in 2.00 mL of THF at room temperature. The 4,4′-biindoline solution was added to the crude material at room temperature followed by trimethylamine (0.15 mmol, 1.08 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 90 minutes. Solution was quenched with saturated sodium bicarbonate and the organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. Organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. Crude was dry-loaded to a silica gel column and eluted with 20-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes to afford 4,4′-([4,4′-biindoline]-1,1′-dicarbonyl)bis(2-methoxybenzaldehyde).

Intermediate 36: 4,4′-([4,4′-biindoline]-1,1′-dicarbonyl)dibenzaldehyde

4,4′-([4,4′-biindoline]-1,1′-dicarbonyl)dibenzaldehyde was obtained in similar fashion as shown for Intermediate 35, using 4-formylbenzoic acid instead of 4-formyl-3-methoxybenzoic acid.

Intermediate 37: 4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde)

4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde) was prepared analogous to Intermediate 11 starting from 4-hydroxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde.

Intermediate 38: 5,5′-((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(6-formyl-3,1-phenylene))dinicotinonitrile

To a 20 mL vial was added 4-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (300 mg, 0.94 mmol), 4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi(1,3,2-dioxaborolane) (322 mg, 1.27 mmol, 1.35 equiv), [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (69 mg, 0.09 mmol, 10 mol %), potassium acetate (184 mg, 1.88 mmol, 2.0 equiv), and 1,4-dioxane (9.4 mL, 0.1M) at room temperature. The vessel was sealed, and the mixture was sparged with nitrogen for 5 minutes before being heated to 90° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature, ethyl acetate (10 mL) was added, and the contents of the vial were filtered through celite. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum, and the crude 2-hydroxy-4-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)benzaldehyde was used without further purification.

To a 20 mL vial was added the crude 2-hydroxy-4-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)benzaldehyde, 4-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (300 mg, 0.94 mmol, 1.0 equiv), [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (69 mg, 0.09 mmol, 10 mol %), potassium carbonate (260 mg, 1.88 mmol, 2.0 equiv), N,N-dimethylformamide (9.4 mL, 0.1M), and water (0.9 mL) at room temperature. The vessel was sealed, and the mixture was sparged with nitrogen for 5 minutes before being heated to 90° C. for 1 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature, ethyl acetate (10 mL) was added, and the contents of the vial were filtered through celite. The filtrate was diluted with ethyl acetate (50 mL) and washed once with water and once with brine. The organic layer was then dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography using a 0-10% methanol in methylene chloride eluent gradient to provide 4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-hydroxybenzaldehyde).

To a 20 mL vial was added 4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-hydroxybenzaldehyde) (250 mg, 0.52 mmol) and methylene chloride (5.2 mL, 0.1M) at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere. The vessel was cooled to 0° C., and triflic anhydride (0.19 mL, 1.14 mmol, 2.2 equiv) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 hour before slowly being warmed to room temperature. After 2 hours, the reaction mixture was diluted with methylene chloride (10 mL), and the contents of the vial were washed ×1 with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, once with water, and once with brine. The organic layer was then dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography using a 0-10% methanol in methylene chloride eluent gradient to provide (((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(6-formyl-3,1-phenylene) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate).

To a 20 mL vial was added (((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(6-formyl-3,1-phenylene) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) (279 mg, 0.34 mmol), 5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)nicotinonitrile (188 mg, 0.82 mmol, 2.4 equiv), [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (26 mg, 0.03 mmol, 10 mol %), potassium carbonate (113 mg, 0.82 mmol, 2.0 equiv), N,N-dimethylformamide (3.4 mL, 0.1M), and water (0.4 mL) at room temperature. The vessel was sealed, and the mixture was sparged with nitrogen for 5 minutes before being heated to 90° C. for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature, ethyl acetate (10 mL) was added, and the contents of the vial were filtered through celite. The filtrate was diluted with ethyl acetate (50 mL) and washed once with water and once with brine. The organic layer was then dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography using a 0-10% methanol in methylene chloride eluent gradient to provide 5,5′-((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(6-formyl-3,1-phenylene))dinicotinonitrile.

Intermediate 39: 5,5′-(((([4,4′-biindoline]-1,1′-dicarbonyl)bis(6-formyl-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile

To a 20 mL vial was added 4,4′-biindoline (500 mg, 2.1 mmol), 4-formyl-3-hydroxybenzoic acid (872 mg, 5.25 mmol, 2.5 equiv), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1.83 mL, 10.5 mmol, 5.0 equiv) and N,N-dimethylformamide (21.0 mL, 0.1M) at room temperature. To the vessel was added 1-[Bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium 3-oxide hexafluorophosphate (1.76 g, 4.6 mmol, 2.2 equiv), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour before being diluted with ethyl acetate (10 mL). The mixture was acidified to pH=2 with 1N aqueous hydrochloric acid then washed ×1 with water and xl with brine. The organic layer was then dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography using a 0-10% methanol in methylene chloride eluent gradient to provide 4,4′-([4,4′-biindoline]-1,1′-dicarbonyl)bis(2-hydroxybenzaldehyde).

To a 20 mL vial was added 4,4′-([4,4′-biindoline]-1,1′-dicarbonyl)bis(2-hydroxybenzaldehyde) (492 mg, 0.92 mmol), 5-(chloromethyl)nicotinonitrile (309 mg, 2.0 mmol, 2.2 equiv), potassium carbonate (381 mg, 2.8 mmol, 3.0 equiv), sodium iodide (35 mg, 0.23 mmol, 25 mol %) and N,N-dimethylformamide (9.2 mL, 0.1M) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 1 hour before being cooled to room temperature and diluted with ethyl acetate (30 m). The mixture was then washed ×1 with water and ×1 with brine. The organic layer was then dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography using a 0-10% methanol in methylene chloride eluent gradient to provide 5,5′-(((([4,4′-biindoline]-1,1′-dicarbonyl)bis(6-formyl-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile.

Intermediate 40: 4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-(thiazol-2-ylmethoxy)benzaldehyde)

To a 100 mL round bottom flask was added 4-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (750 mg, 2.3 mmol), 2-(chloromethyl)thiazole (374 mg, 3.5 mmol, 1.2 equiv), potassium carbonate (336 mg, 2.0 mmol, 1.5 equiv), sodium iodide (62 mg, 0.41 mmol, 25 mol %) and N,N-dimethylformamide (23.0 mL, 0.1M) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 1 hour before being cooled to room temperature and diluted with ethyl acetate (40 mL). The mixture was washed once with water and once with brine. The organic layer was then dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography using a 0-10% methanol in methylene chloride eluent gradient to provide 4-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-(thiazol-2-ylmethoxy)benzaldehyde.

To a 20 mL vial was added 4-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-(thiazol-2-ylmethoxy)benzaldehyde (460 mg, 1.1 mmol), 4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi(1,3,2-dioxaborolane) (377 mg, 1.49 mmol, 1.35 equiv), [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (81 mg, 0.11 mmol, 10 mol %), potassium acetate (215 mg, 2.20 mmol, 2.0 equiv), and 1,4-dioxane (11.0 mL, 0.1 M) at room temperature. The vessel was sealed, and the mixture was sparged with nitrogen for 5 minutes before being heated to 90° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature, ethyl acetate (10 mL) was added, and the contents of the vial were filtered through celite. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum, and the crude 4-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)-2-(thiazol-2-ylmethoxy)benzaldehyde was used without further purification.

To a 20 mL vial was added the crude 4-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)-2-(thiazol-2-ylmethoxy)benzaldehyde, 4-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-(thiazol-2-ylmethoxy)benzaldehyde (460 mg, 1.1 mmol), [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (81 mg, 0.11 mmol, 10 mol %), potassium carbonate (304 mg, 2.2 mmol, 2.0 equiv), N,N-dimethylformamide (11.0 mL, 0.1 M), and water (1.1 mL) at room temperature. The vessel was sealed, and the mixture was sparged with nitrogen for 5 minutes before being heated to 90° C. for 1 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature, ethyl acetate (10 mL) was added, and the contents of the vial were filtered through celite. The filtrate was diluted with ethyl acetate (50 mL) and washed once with water then brine. The organic layer was then dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography using a 0-10% methanol in methylene chloride eluent gradient to provide 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(6-formyl-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile.

To a 20 mL vial was added 4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(thiazol-2-ylmethoxy)benzaldehyde) (413 mg, 0.61 mmol), N-chlorosuccinimide (204 mg, 1.5 mmol, 2.5 equiv), and chloroform (6.1 mL, 0.1M) at rt. To the mixture was added a drop of 4M hydrochloric acid in dioxane. After 2 hours, 1M aqueous sodium sulfite was added until the color disappeared. To this mixture was added 1N aqueous sodium hydroxide until pH=7.

Finally, ethyl acetate (10 mL) and water (10 mL) were added, and the organic layer was washed once with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude residue of 4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-(thiazol-2-ylmethoxy)benzaldehyde) was used without further purification.

Intermediate 41: 2,2′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-formyl-6-methoxynicotinonitrile)

To a 20 mL vial was added 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (150 mg, 0.29 mmol), N-iodosuccinimide (144 mg, 0.64 mmol, 2.2 equiv), and methylene chloride (2.9 mL, 0.1M) at rt. To the vessel was added 1 drop oftrifluoroacetic acid. After 2 hours, the mixture was diluted with methylene chloride 10 mL) and water (10 mL). The organic layer was washed once with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography using a 0-10% methanol in methylene chloride eluent gradient to provide 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-iodo-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde).

To a 2 dram vial was added 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-iodo-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (166 mg, 0.22 mmol), copper(I) cyanide (59 mg, 0.66 mmol, 3.0 equiv), and acetonitrile (0.9 mL, 0.25M). The mixture was heated to reflux for 2 hours then cooled to room temperature. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (5 mL) and filtered through celite. The filtrate of 2,2′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-formyl-6-methoxynicotinonitrile) was concentrated under vacuum and used without further purification.

Intermediate 42: 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxy-5-(methylsulfonyl)nicotinaldehyde)

To a 2-dram vial was added 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-iodo-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (166 mg, 0.22 mmol), potassium metabisulfite (196 mg, 0.88 mmol, 4.0 equiv), sodium formate (66 mg, 0.97 mmol, 4.4 equiv), tetrabutylammonium bromide (156 mg, 0.48 mmol, 2.2 equiv), palladium (II) acetate (5.0 mg, 0.02 mmol, 10 mol %), triphenylphosphine (17 mg, 0.07 mmol, 30 mol %), 1,10-phenanthroline (12 mg, 0.07 mmol, 30 mol %), and DMSO (1.1 mL, 0.2M) at room temperature. The mixture was sparged for 5 minutes with nitrogen and stirred overnight. Then, methyl iodide (0.041 mL, 0.66 mmol, 3.0 equiv) was added, and the mixture was stirred overnight. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (5 mL) and washed once with water then brine. The organic layer was then dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography using a 0-10% methanol in methylene chloride eluent gradient to provide 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxy-5-(methylsulfonyl)nicotinaldehyde).

Intermediate 43: (S)-5-(((6-((4-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-3-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

Step 1: To a solution of 4-hydroxy-indan-1-one in CH2Cl2 (500 mL) was added imidazole. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes, to which was added portion wise tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride while cooling in an ice bath. The mixture was stirred for 16 hours at room temperature and was diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with citric acid, water and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue was purified by column chromatography (Hex-EA) to give 4-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-indan-1-one (54 g, 101% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.27 (d, 1H, J=7.5 Hz), 7.15 (t, 1H, J=7.5 Hz), 6.89 (d, 1H, J=7.5 Hz), 2.93 (t, 2H, J=5.7 Hz), 2.57 (t, 2H, J=5.7 Hz), 0.81 (s, 9H), 0.15 (s, 6H).

Step 2: To a 3000 mL rbf was added (R)-(+)-2-methyl-CBS-oxazaborolidine (8.397 g, 30.29 mmol), toluene (30 mL) and borane-dimethylsulfide (105.35 mL, 1111 mmol) under N2. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 10 min then diluted with DCM (240 mL) and cooled to −20° C. A solution of 4-bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one (53.0 g, 202 mmol) in DCM (240 mL) was added dropwise over 30 min while maintaining the reaction temperature at −10±5° C. The reaction was stirred for 2 h. Rxn quenched by the dropwise addition of MeOH (500 mL). Cooling bath was removed and reaction warmed to rt, then about half the rxn volume was distilled off using a short-path distillation apparatus. All remaining solvent was then evaporated under reduced pressure to give a solid which was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with EA-Hex to provide the desired product (58 g, 109% yield) as an oil that crystallized on standing. ES/MS m/z: [M-OH]⁺=247. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.13 (dt, J=15.3, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.23 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.00 (ddd, J=16.2, 8.6, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 2.79-2.66 (m, 1H), 2.46 (dddd, J=13.1, 8.3, 6.9, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 1.92 (dddd, J=13.6, 8.6, 6.3, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 1.00 (s, 9H), 0.20 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 6H).

Step 3: A solution of (S)-4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol (6.0 g, 22.7 mmol) and 6-chloro-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (11.7 g, 45.4 mmol), in toluene (40 mL) was degassed by vigorously bubbling N₂ thru solution for 10 min. Then Pd(OAc)₂ (1.02 g, 4.54 mmol), t-BuXPhos (3.85 g, 9.07 mmol) and cesium carbonate (29.5 g, 90.8 mmol) were added and the bubbling continued for 5 min more. The reaction was then stirred at 35 C for 48 h under N₂. Rxn was cooled to rt and diluted with DCM. Filtered thru celite and loaded directly on silica gel column, eluting with Hex-DCM to provide (S)-6-((4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (9.51 g, 86% yield) as a light oil that crystallized on standing. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.29 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.92 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.86 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.16-8.04 (m, 2H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 7.10 (dt, J=15.5, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.79-6.72 (m, 1H), 6.50-6.41 (m, 2H), 5.68-5.53 (m, 2H), 4.12 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.07 (ddd, J=16.3, 8.8, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.86 (ddd, J=16.3, 8.6, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 2.51 (dddd, J=13.9, 8.6, 7.1, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 2.14 (dddd, J=13.9, 8.7, 5.5, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.04 (s, 1H), 1.32-1.19 (m, 2H), 1.01 (s, 9H), 0.23 (s, 6H).

Step 4: (S)-6-((4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (4.69 g, 9.66 mmol) was taken up in 50 mL THF and cooled to −78 C. TBAF (9.66 mL, 9.66 mmol) was added dropwise and the reaction allowed to warm up to 0 C over 30 min, providing a dark orange solution. AcOH (0.552 mL, 9,655 mmol) was added dropwise, removing most of the color. Rxn was then diluted with EtOAc and pH 5 citrate buffer. Organic layer was dried (Na2SO4) and the reaction conc. Purification by silca gel chromatography provided (S)-6-((4-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (2.75 g, 77% yield) and an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.23 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.07-6.96 (m, 1H), 6.78 (dd, J=7.9, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 6.53 (dd, J=7.1, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 6.34 (dd, J=8.4, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (s, 1H), 4.66-4.57 (m, 2H), 3.10 (ddd, J=14.5, 8.7, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2.89 (ddd, J=15.8, 8.7, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.66 (dddd, J=14.0, 8.6, 7.0, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2.26 (dddd, J=13.9, 8.7, 5.2, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 0.91 (s, 2H), 0.08 (s, 9H).

Step 5: A solution of (S)-6-((4-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (5.00 g, 13 mmol) in 55 mL DCM was treated with pyridine (2.76 mL, 34 mmol), DMAP (164 mg, 1.3 mmol) and TEA (3.75 mL, 27 mmol) was cooled to −78 C and treated dropwise with Tf2O (2.50 mL, 15 mmol). Stirred for 15 min, then allowed to warm to rt. After 1 h the reaction was diluted with EtOAc, washed with citric acid soln, dried with Na2SO4 and concentrated. Purification by silica chromatography (hex-DCM) provided (S)-1-((5-formyl-6-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate (6.42 g, 94% yield). [M+H]=503.7. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.25 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.56 (dd, J=7.1, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 6.37 (dd, J=8.4, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (td, J=8.2, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 3.27 (ddd, J=16.6, 8.9, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.12-2.99 (m, 1H), 2.72 (dddd, J=13.7, 8.5, 7.1, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 2.29 (dddd, J=13.8, 8.8, 6.1, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 1.55 (s, 1H), 1.24-1.18 (m, 2H), 0.07 (s, 9H). 19F NMR δ −74.10.

Step 6: A solution of (S)-6-((4-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (6.42 g, 0.13 mmol), 4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi(1,3,2-dioxaborolane) (3.89 g, 15 mmol), Pd-dppf (0.932 g, 1.27 mmol) and KOAc (3.75 g, 38 mmol) in 55 mL dioxane was stirred at 90 C overnight. Reaction was diluted with EtOAc, filtered thru celite and conc. Purification of the filtrate derived material by ISCO (DCM-hexanes) provided (S)-6-((4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (4.89 g, 79% yield) as a yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.24 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (dd, J=7.3, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (dd, J=7.1, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 6.33 (dd, J=8.3, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 4.66-4.57 (m, 2H), 3.36 (ddd, J=17.2, 8.7, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.15 (ddd, J=17.2, 8.7, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 2.60 (dddd, J=14.1, 8.6, 7.1, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 2.26-2.13 (m, 1H), 1.34 (s, 12H), 1.31-1.18 (m, 2H), 0.07 (s, 9H).

Step 7: A solution of (S)-6-((4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (3.60 g, 7.5 mmol), 2,6-dibromo-1-chlorobenzene (6.06 g, 22.4 mmol), Pd-dppf (471 mg, 0.748 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (2.58 mg, 19 mmol) in 60 mL dioxane was treated with 10 mL water and heated to 90° C. for 2 h. The reaction was then cooled to rt, diluted with EtOAc and dried with MgSO₄. The mixture was filtered thru celite and concentrated to provide a crude oil. Purification by column chromatography (ISCO, elution with DCM-hexanes) provided (S)-6-((4-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (3.05 g, 75% Yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.25 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (dd, J=7.7, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.39-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.13 (m, 2H), 6.61 (s, 1H), 6.47-6.31 (m, 1H), 4.67-4.57 (m, 2H), 2.99 (dd, J=15.6, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 2.90-2.74 (m, 1H), 2.65 (m, 1H), 2.21 (m, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 1.34-1.18 (m, 2H), 0.07 (s, 9H).

Step 8: A solution of (S)-6-((4-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (1.20 g, 2.20 mmol) in 6 mL DCM and 3 mL DMF was treated with Palau-Cl (557 mg, 2.75 mmol) and TFA (33.7 μL, 0.44 mmol). The reaction was stirred for 16 h at rt, then diluted with DCM and treated with 10 mL sat thiosulfate and 20 mL NaHCO₃. After stirring vigorously for 10 min, the organic layer was separated, dried with MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. Purification by column chromatography (ISCO, elution with DCM-hexanes) provided (S)-6-((4-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (726 mg, 56% Yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.20 (s, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.66 (dd, J=7.7, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.14 (m, 1H), 7.20 (s, 2H), 6.58 (d, J=22.9 Hz, 1H), 4.61 (t, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 2.94-2.77 (m, 2H), 2.69 (m, 2H), 2.28-2.20 (m, 1H), 1.27-1.17 (m, 2H), 0.07 (s, 9H).

Step 9: A solution of (S)-6-((4-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (303 mg, 0.523 mmol) in 5 mL DMF was treated with CsF (318 mg, 2.1 mmol) and stirred for 1 h at 60° C. K₂CO₃ (217 mg, 0.569 mmol) and 5-(chloromethyl)nicotinonitrile hydrochloride (148 mg, 0.784 mmol). After 30 min the reaction was partitioned between EtOAc and 2.5% LiCl. Organic layer was washed with 2% LiCl, dried with sodium sulfate, filtered and conc. Purification by column chromatography (ISCO, elution with EtOAc-hexanes) provided (S)-5-(((6-((4-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-3-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (Intermediate 43). LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]+ calcd for C₂₈H₁₈BrCl₂N₃O₃: 593.99; found: 593.79.

Intermediate 44: 6-bromo-1-naphthaldehyde

Step 1: A 2 M solution of Borane dimethyl sulfide (4 equiv.) was added dropwise to a slurry of 6-bromo-1-naphthoic acid (250 mg, 0.996 mmol) in THF (2.5 mL) at 0° C. The reaction vessel was then warmed to 35° C. for 1 hour. LC/MS indicated full consumption of starting material. The reaction vessel then cooled to 0° C. and methanol was added dropwise until gas evolution was no longer observed. The reaction was then warmed to room temperature, diluted with water (5 mL), and extracted 3×5 mL) with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, concentrated in vacuo, and used without further purification.

Step 2: (6-bromonaphthalen-1-yl)methanol from the previous step was taken up in methylene chloride. At room temperature Dess-Martin periodinane (1.2 equiv.) was added in a single portion. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. LC/MS indicated full consumption of starting material. The reaction was concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified by column chromatography (EtOAc/Hexanes) to afford 6-bromo-1-naphthaldehyde.

Intermediate 45: 5-((4-chloro-5-((2′-chloro-4″-((dimethylamino)methyl)-6′-fluoro-2-methyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

Step 1. A stirred mixture of N,N-dimethyl-1-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)methanamine hydrochloride (1.00 g, 3.36 mmol), 1-bromo-2-chloro-4-fluorobenzene (1.06 g, 5.04 mmol), aqueous sodium carbonate solution (2.0 M, 8.4 mL, 16.8 mmol), and chloro(2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropyl-1,1′-biphenyl) [2-(2′-amino-1,1′-biphenyl)]palladium(II) (79 mg, 0.10 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane was heated to 100° C. After 50 min, the resulting mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, was filtered through celite, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 20% methanol in dichloromethane) to give 1-(2′-chloro-4′-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-N,N-dimethylmethanamine.

Step 2. 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidinylmagnesium chloride lithium chloride complex solution (1.0 M in tetrahydrofuran and toluene, 6.46 mL, 6.5 mmol) was added via syringe to a stirred solution of 1-(2′-chloro-4′-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-N,N-dimethylmethanamine (775 mg, 2.94 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (7.0 mL) at room temperature. After 2 h, the resulting mixture was cooled to 0° C., and iodine (1.12 g, 4.41 mmol) was added as a solid under a nitrogen atmosphere. After 20 min, aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution (1.0 M, 5 mL) was added, and the resulting biphasic mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature with vigorous stirring. Diethyl ether (200 mL) was added, and the organic layer was washed sequentially with a mixture of water and saturated aqueous sodium carbonate solution (10:1 v:v, 100 mL) and water (100 mL), was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 15% methanol in dichloromethane) to give 1-(2′-chloro-4′-fluoro-3′-iodo-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-N,N-dimethylmethanamine.

Step 3. A stirred mixture of 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (292 mg, 0.565 mmol), 1-(2′-chloro-4′-fluoro-3′-iodo-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-N,N-dimethylmethanamine (200 mg, 0.513 mmol), aqueous sodium carbonate solution (2.0 M, 1.0 mL, 2.0 mmol), and chloro(2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropyl-1,1′-biphenyl)[2-(2′-amino-1,1′-biphenyl)]palladium(II) (10 mg, 0.013 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (5.0 mL) was heated to 105° C. in a heating block. After 60 min, the resulting mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, was filtered through celite, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 20% methanol in dichloromethane) to give 5-((4-chloro-5-((2′-chloro-4″-((dimethylamino)methyl)-6′-fluoro-2-methyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

Intermediate 46: 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-4‘ ’-(quinuclidin-3-yloxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

Step 1. Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (464 mg, 2.29 mmol) was added via syringe to a stirred mixture of quinuclidin-3-ol (117 mg, 0.918 mmol), 4-bromophenol (476 mg, 2.75 mmol), and triphenylphosphine (650 mg, 2.48 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (5.0 mL) at room temperature. After 5 min, the resulting mixture was heated to 50 C in a heating block. After 2 h, the resulting mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 100% ethyl acetate in hexanes to 0 to 20% methanol in dichloromethane to 3% triethylamine and 20% methanol in dichloromethane) to give 3-(4-bromophenoxy)quinuclidine.

Step 2. A stirred mixture of 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (30 mg, 0.049 mmol), 3-(4-bromophenoxy)quinuclidine (28 mg, 0.099 mmol), aqueous sodium carbonate solution (2.0 M, 200 μL, 0.40 mmol), and chloro(2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropyl-1,1′-biphenyl)[2-(2′-amino-1,1′-biphenyl)]palladium(II) (2 mg, 0.002 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (1.5 mL) was heated to 105° C. in a heating block. After 60 min, the resulting mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. Diethyl ether (20 mL) and ethyl acetate (10 mL) were added, and the organic layer was washed with a mixture of water and saturated aqueous sodium carbonate solution (10:1 v:v, 2×30 mL), was dried over magnesium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure to give 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(quinuclidin-3-yloxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

Intermediate 47: 5-chloro-6-((2,2′-dichloro-4″-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)nicotinaldehyde 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate

Step 1. A stirred mixture of (2-chloro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)methanol (22.4 g, 83.3 mmol), 1,3-dibromo-2-chlorobenzene (33.8 g, 125 mmol), potassium carbonate (27.6 g, 200 mmol), and [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (1.83 g, 2.50 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (150 mL) and water (40 mL) was heated to 115° C. in a heating block. After 90 min, the resulting mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and was filtered through celite. Ethyl acetate (500 mL) was added, and the organic layer was washed with a mixture of water and brine (1:1 v:v, 300 mL), was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give (3′-bromo-2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methanol.

Step 2. Sodium hydride (60% w/w dispersion in mineral oil, 1.70 g, 42.4 mmol) was added as a solid under a nitrogen atmosphere to a stirred solution of (3′-bromo-2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methanol (11.7 g, 35.3 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (200 mL) at 0° C. After 45 min, 6-chloro-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (9.11 g, 35.3 mmol) was added as a solid under a nitrogen atmosphere. After 13.5 h, saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (20 mL) was added, and the resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate (267 mL), diethyl ether (400 mL), and tetrahydrofuran (133 mL) were added, and the organic layer was washed with water (800 mL), was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 20% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give 6-((3′-bromo-2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde.

Step 3. Hydrogen chloride solution (4.0 M in 1,4-dioxane, 5.46 mL, 22 mmol) was added via syringe over 5 min to a stirred mixture of 6-((3′-bromo-2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (11.0 g, 19.8 mmol) and 2-chloro-1,3-bis(methoxycarbonyl)guanidine (4.58 g, 21.8 mmol) in acetonitrile (100 mL) and chloroform (50 mL) at room temperature. After 30 min, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (300 mL) and water (200 mL) were added, and the aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (2×250 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, were filtered, and were concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 20% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give 6-((3′-bromo-2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde.

Step 4. Cesium fluoride (1.55 g, 10.2 mmol) was added as a solid under a nitrogen atmosphere to a stirred solution of 6-((3′-bromo-2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (1.50 g, 2.55 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL) at room temperature, and the resulting mixture was heated to 70° C. in a heating block. After 45 min, 3-(chloromethyl)-5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridine (577 mg, 2.81 mmol) was added as a solid under a nitrogen atmosphere. After 75 min, the resulting mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. Ethyl acetate (83 mL) and diethyl ether (167 mL) were added, and the organic layer was washed with water (2×250 mL), was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 100% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give 6-((3′-bromo-2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)nicotinaldehyde.

Step 5. A stirred mixture of 6-((3′-bromo-2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)nicotinaldehyde (500 mg, 0.761 mmol), 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl (2-hydroxyethyl)(2-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)carbamate (412 mg, 0.914 mmol), saturated aqueous sodium carbonate solution (2.0 M, 1.5 mL, 3.0 mmol), and [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (28 mg, 0.076 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (8 mL) was heated to 105° C. in a heating block. After 5 h, the resulting mixture was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl (2-((2′,2″-dichloro-3″-(((3-chloro-5-formyl-6-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-yl)oxy)ethyl)(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamate.

Step 6. Trifluoroacetic acid (2.0 mL) was added via syringe to a stirred solution of 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl (2-((2′,2″-dichloro-3″-(((3-chloro-5-formyl-6-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-yl)oxy)ethyl)(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamate (100 mg, 0.111 mmol) in dichloromethane (5.0 mL) at room temperature. After 80 min, the resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressured. The residue was dried azeotropically by concentration of a toluene solution under reduced pressure (2×3 mL) to give 5-chloro-6-((2,2′-dichloro-4″-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)nicotinaldehyde 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate.

Intermediate 48: 5-chloro-6-((2,2′-dichloro-4″-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)nicotinaldehyde 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate

Step 1. A stirred mixture of 5-bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one (10.0 g, 47.4 mmol), (R)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (6.32 g, 52.2 mmol), and tetraethoxytitanium (14.9 mL, 71.1 mmol) in toluene (50 mL) was heated to 95° C. in a heating block. After 15 h, the resulting mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and was poured into vigorously stirred brine (50 mL). The resulting mixture was filtered through celite, and the filter cake was extracted with a mixture of diethyl ether and ethyl acetate (1:1 v:v, 100 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL), was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and was filtered through a short plug of silica. The filter cake was extracted with a mixture of diethyl ether and ethyl acetate (1:1 v:v, 100 mL), and the combined organic layers were concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was dried azeotropically by concentration of a toluene solution under reduced pressure (2×50 mL). The residue was dissolved in toluene (50 mL) and was stirred at room temperature. After 5 min, the resulting mixture was cooled to −78° C. After 10 min, trimethylaluminum solution (2.0 M in toluene, 13.4 mL, 27 mmol) was added via syringe. In a separate reaction vessel, tetravinylstannane (2.67 mL, 14.6 mmol) was added via syringe to a stirred mixture of of methyllithium solution (1.6 M in diethyl ether, 33.6 mL, 54 mmol) in toluene (100 mL) at 0° C. After 15 min, the resulting mixture was cooled to −78° C. After 15 min, the mixture of the dried residue from the first reaction and trimethylaluminum in toluene was added via cannula over 10 min. After 78 min, the resulting mixture was warmed to 0° C. After 100 min, vinylmagnesium bromide solution (1.0 M in tetrahydrofuran, 48.8 mL, 49 mmol) was added via syringe. After 2 h, saturated aqueous sodium sulfate solution was added over 5 min, and the resulting mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature with vigorous stirring and was filtered through celite. The filter cake was extracted with ethyl acetate (200 mL), and the combined organic layers were washed with brine (100 mL), were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, were filtered, and were concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 100% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give (R)-N-((S)-5-bromo-1-vinyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide.

Step 2. Ozone was bubbled through a stirred solution of (R)-N-((S)-5-bromo-1-vinyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (667 mg, 1.95 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL) and methanol (20 mL) at −78° C. for 9 min, at which time a persistently blue colored mixture was obtained. Nitrogen gas was bubbled through the resulting mixture for 11 min, by which time the blue color had dissipated. Sodium borohydride (442 mg, 11.7 mmol) was added as a solid under a nitrogen atmosphere. After 15 min, the resulting mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature over 15 min. After 30 min, aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution (1.0 M, 5 mL) was added, and the resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate (100 mL) and saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (20 mL) were added, and the organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL), was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 10% methanol in dichloromethane) to give (R)-N-((R)-5-bromo-1-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide.

Step 3. Hydrogen chloride solution (5.0 M in 2-propanol, 2.96 mL, 15 mmol) was added via syringe to a stirred solution of (R)-N-((R)-5-bromo-1-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (512 mg, 1.48 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (5.3 mL) at 0° C., and the resulting mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After 30 min, the resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried azeotropically by concentration of a toluene solution under reduced pressure (2×7 mL) to give (R)-(1-amino-5-bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)methanol hydrochloride.

Step 4. Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (761 mg, 3.59 mmol) was added as a solid to a vigorously stirred mixture of (R)-(1-amino-5-bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)methanol hydrochloride (200 mg, 0.718 mmol), aqueous formaldehyde solution (37% w/w, 267 μL, 3.59 mmol) and potassium acetate (141 mg, 1.44 mmol) in dichloromethane (3.6 mL) and tetrahydrofuran (3.6 mL) at room temperature. After 30 min, the resulting mixture was filtered and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase preparative hplc (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) to give (R)-(5-bromo-1-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)methanol 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate.

Step 5. A stirred mixture of 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (25 mg, 0.041 mmol), (R)-(5-bromo-1-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)methanol 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate (32 mg, 0.082 mmol), saturated aqueous sodium carbonate solution (2.0 M, 164 μL, 0.33 mmol), and chloro(2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropyl-1,1′-biphenyl)[2-(2′-amino-1,1′-biphenyl)]palladium(II) (2 mg, 0.002 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (1.5 mL) was heated to 105° C. in a heating block. After 60 min, the resulting mixture was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 20% methanol in dichloromethane) to give (R)-5-(((5-chloro-6-((3′-(1-(dimethylamino)-1-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-3-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

Intermediate 49: 2,2′-(2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane)

A solution of 3-bromo-2-methylphenol (5 g, 26.7 mmol), B₂Pin₂ (8.1 g 32.1 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (3.3 g, 4 mmol) and KOAc (6.9 g, 70 mmol) in dioxane (100 mL) was sparged with argon for 15 min. The reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for 5 h under argon atmosphere. The reaction was cooled to ambient temperatures followed by addition of a solution of 3-bromo-2-methylphenol (5 g, 26.7 mmol) in 20 mL of dioxane and K₂CO₃ (7.4 g, 53 mmol) in 25 mL H₂O. The reaction was heated at 90° C. for an additional 16 h. The reaction was cooled to ambient temperatures, and poured into a mixture of sat. aq. NH₄Cl and EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by SiO₂ column chromatography (ISCO gold, 120 g column; 0-60% EtOAc/Hex) to afford 4.4 g (77%) of 2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diol as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.28 (s, 1H), 6.97 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (dd, J=8.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.46 (dd, J=7.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 3.30 (s, 1H), 1.76 (s, 3H).

To a solution of 2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diol (824 mg, 3.85 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20.0 mL) cooled in an ice-water bath was added N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (2.68 mL, 15.4 mmol) followed by dropwise addition of Trifluoromethanesulfonic Anhydride (1.58 mL, 9.61 mmol). The reaction mixture was maintained in the bath allowing it warm to room temperature over 2 h. The reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of sat NH₄Cl and EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by SiO2 column chromatography (ISCO gold, 40 g column; 0-100% EtOAc/Hex) to afford 1.6 g (87%) 2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.40-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.16 (dd, J=6.6, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 2.05 (s, 3H).

2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) (1.6 g, 3.34 mmol), B₂Pin₂ (2.12 g, 8.36 mmol), KOAc (984 mg, 10.0 mmol) and Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (553 mg, 0.67 mmol) were suspended in dioxane (32.0 mL) and sparged with argon for 10 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 16 h. The mixture was cooled to ambient temperatures and quenched by the addition of sat NH4Cl and EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried (over Na2SO4), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by SiO₂ column chromatography (ISCO gold, 40 g column; 0-100% EtOAc/Hex) to afford 2,2′-(2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.74 (dd, J=7.3, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (dd, J=7.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 1.35 (s, 12H).

Intermediate 50: 6,6′-(2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde)

2,2′-(2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane) (200 mg, 0.46 mmol), 6-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (205 mg, 1.2 mmol), Pd(PPh3)4 (80 mg, 0.07 mmol), and K2CO3 (254 mg, 1.84 mmol) were charged in a vial and suspended in Dioxane (10 mL) and water (1 mL). The mixture was sparged with argon for 5 min, and sealed with a teflon coated cap. The mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 8 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrated, and purified by silica gel chromatography to provide 6,6′-(2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde).

Intermediate 51: (R)-1-((2′,2″-dimethyl-3″-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)pyrrolidin-3-ol

(4-Formylphenyl)boronic acid (2 g, 13.34 mmol), 1,3-dibromo-2-methylbenzene (6.67 g, 26.68 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂CH₂Cl₂ (0.55 g, 0.67 mmol) and potassium carbonate (3.7 g, 26.7 mmol) were suspended in 20 mL dioxane and 2 mL water. The mixture was sparged for 10 min with argon and heated to 90° C. in a heating block for 4 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was diluted with EtOAc and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. Purified by silica gel chromatography (eluting with EtOAc-Hex) to provide 2.46 g (67%) of 3′-bromo-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carbaldehyde.

3′-bromo-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carbaldehyde (1.4 g, 5.09 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (1.42 g, 5.6 mmol), KOAc (1.5 g, 15.2 mmol) and [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) dichloride (0.42 g, 0.51 mmol) were suspended in 10 mL dioxane and argon was bubbled through the mixture for 5 min. The reaction was heated to 90° C. for 3 h, after which the reaction was cooled to room temperature and diluted with 100 mL EtOAc. The reaction mixture was filtered through a celite pad, concentrated under reduced pressure, and purified by silica gel chromatography to provide 1.32 g (80.5%) of 2′-methyl-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carbaldehyde.

2′-methyl-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carbaldehyde (1 g, 3.1 mmol), 1,3-dibromo-2-methylbenzene (1.57 g, 6.2 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂CH₂Cl₂ (0.178 g, 0.22 mmol) and potassium carbonate (1.3 g, 9.3 mmol) were suspended in 10 mL dioxane and 1 mL water. The mixture was sparged for 10 min with argon and heated to 90° C. in a heating block for 4 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was diluted with EtOAc and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. Purified by silica gel chromatography (eluting with EtOAc-Hex) to provide 0.72 g (63%) of 3″-bromo-2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-carbaldehyde.

3″-bromo-2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-carbaldehyde (0.720 g, 2.0 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (0.55 g, 2.2 mmol), KOAc (0.58 g, 5.9 mmol) and [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) dichloride (0.16 g, 0.2 mmol) were suspended in 8 mL dioxane and argon was bubbled through the mixture for 5 min. The reaction was heated to 90° C. for 3 h, after which the reaction was cooled to room temperature and diluted with 100 mL EtOAc. The reaction mixture was filtered through a celite pad, concentrated under reduced pressure, and purified by silica gel chromatography to provide 600 mg (74%) of 2′,2″-dimethyl-3″-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-carbaldehyde.

2′,2″-dimethyl-3″-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-carbaldehyde (250 mg, 0.61 mmol), in DCM (15 mL) was added a solution of (R)-pyrrolidin-3-ol (80 mg, 1.5 eq) in DCM (10 mL). The resulting solution was allowed to stir for 1 h at room temperature. Na(OAc)₃BH (192.75 mg, 0.91 mmol) was added in one portion, and stirred for an additional 3 h. The reaction was diluted with DCM, and washed with NaHCO₃, and Brine. The organic layer was dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated and purified silica gel chromatography (20% MeOH in DCM) to provide (R)-1-((2′,2″-dimethyl-3″-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)pyrrolidin-3-ol.

Intermediate 52: tert-butyl (S)-2-(5-bromo-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate

Tert-butyl (S)-2-(5-bromo-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate was synthesized following procedures in PCT Int. Appl. (2010), WO 2010/132601.

Intermediate 53: 4-((3-bromo-2-methylphenoxy)methyl)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

Methyl-4-methylsalicylate (6300 mg, 37.91 mmol) and n-chlorosuccinimide (5568.61 mg, 41.7 mmol) were stirred and heated to 42° C. overnight in acetonitrile (200 mL). Reaction was diluted with EtAc and quenched with aqueous sodium thiosulfate. Reaction was extracted with EtAc (3×) washed with thiosulfate, water then brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to dryness. Crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hex/DCM as the eluent to afford 6300 mg (66.3%) of methyl 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-4-methylbenzoate.

Methyl 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-4-methylbenzoate (6300 mg, 31.4 mmol) was taken up in Pyridine (250 mL) and to this was added Acetic Anhydride (5.94 mL, 62.81 mmol) and reaction allowed to stir at room temperature overnight.

Next day solvents were removed under reduced pressure and coevapped with DCM (2×) then placed under high vacuum. Crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hexanes/EtAc as the eluent to provide 7.4 g (97%) of methyl 2-acetoxy-5-chloro-4-methylbenzoate.

To methyl 2-acetoxy-5-chloro-4-methylbenzoate (8300 mg, 34.2 mmol) and N-bromosuccinimide (5783.57 mg, 32.49 mmol) was added CCl4 (400 mL) and reaction stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes then benzoyl peroxide (134.76 mg, 0.56 mmol) was added and reaction was heated to 82° C. overnight. Next day reaction solvents were removed under reduced pressure and crude material was purified by flash chromatography using Hex/DCM as the eluent to obtain 8 g (58.2%) of methyl 2-acetoxy-4-(bromomethyl)-5-chlorobenzoate.

methyl 2-acetoxy-4-(bromomethyl)-5-chlorobenzoate (6500 mg, 20.21 mmol), 3-Bromo-2-methylphenol (7561.69 mg, 40.43 mmol), sodium iodide (6060.08 mg, 40.43 mmol) and cesium carbonate (19758.82 mg, 60.64 mmol) were stirred in DMF (400 mL) and heated to 50° C. under an argon atmosphere. After 60 minutes starting material was consumed. Reaction was cooled on ice water and to this was added 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl chloride (8.94 mL, 50.54 mmol) and reaction allowed to warm for 1 hour or until intermediate is consumed

Reaction was diluted with EtAc, and LiCl (aq) extracted with EtAc 3×, washed with LiCl, water, brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and solvents removed under reduced pressure. Crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hexanes/EtAc to afford 12.7 g (85.2%) of methyl 4-((3-bromo-2-methylphenoxy)methyl)-5-chloro-2-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methoxy)benzoate.

Methyl 4-((3-bromo-2-methylphenoxy)methyl)-5-chloro-2-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methoxy)benzoate (12.5 g, 16.96 mmol) was taken up in 300 mL THF at room temperature and purged with argon. To this was added lithium aluminum hydride (95%) (1.09 g, 27.29 mmol). Upon consumption of starting materials sodium sulfate decahydrate (10 g) was slowly added to the reaction and stirred overnight. The following day solids were filtered off and mother liquor was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. Crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hexanes/EtAc to afford 6.2 g (74.9%) of (4-((3-bromo-2-methylphenoxy)methyl)-5-chloro-2-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methoxy)phenyl)methanol.

(4-((3-bromo-2-methylphenoxy)methyl)-5-chloro-2-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methoxy)phenyl)methanol (6.2 g, 12.71 mmol) was taken up in DCM (250 mL) at room temperature under argon. To this was added Dess-martin periodinane (6.47 g, 15.25 mmol) and the reaction was stirred overnight. Upon completion reaction was stirred with sodium thiosulfate (aq) for 30 minutes then extracted with DCM (3×), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to dryness. Crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hex/DCM as eluent to afford 4-((3-bromo-2-methylphenoxy)methyl)-5-chloro-2-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methoxy)benzaldehyde.

4-((3-bromo-2-methylphenoxy)methyl)-5-chloro-2-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methoxy)benzaldehyde (5500 mg, 11.32 mmol) and magnesium bromide etherate (5846.36 mg, 22.64 mmol) were stirred in DCM (250 mL) for 1 hour at room temperature or until starting materials were consumed. To the reaction was ammonium chloride (aq.) and extracted with DCM (3×)), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to dryness. Crude material was taken up in DCM and solids were sonicated and filtered off to provide product. Mother liquor was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hex/DCM as eluent to afford 4-((3-bromo-2-methylphenoxy)methyl)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde.

Intermediate 54: 5-((4-chloro-5-(((3′-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-formylphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)oxy)methyl)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

4-((3-bromo-2-methylphenoxy)methyl)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (520 mg, 1.46 mmol), 5-(chloromethyl)nicotinonitrile hydrochloride (414.64 mg, 2.19 mmol), Sodium Iodide (657.56 mg, 4.39 mmol), Potassium carbonate (1212.55 mg, 8.77 mmol) and N,N-Dimethylformamide (50 mL) were placed in a round-bottomed flask equipped with stir bar and heated to 65° C. for 12 hours. A t this point reaction was cooled to room temperature and diluted with EtAc/aq. LiCl. Organics were extracted 3× with EtAc, washed with aq. LiCl 3×, water 1×, brine, then dried over sodium sulfate before filtering and evaporating organics under reduced pressure to afford crude residue. Crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hexanes/EtAc as the eluent 260 mg (37.7%) of 5-((5-((3-bromo-2-methylphenoxy)methyl)-4-chloro-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

5-((5-((3-bromo-2-methylphenoxy)methyl)-4-chloro-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (50 mg, 0.11 mmol), 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile, Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (10.85 mg, 0.01 mmol) and potassium carbonate (43.95 mg, 0.32 mmol) were placed in a microwave vial equipped with a stir bar and to this was added DMF (5 mL), water (1 mL) then the reaction vessel was sealed and microwaved at 90° C. for 45 minutes.

Reaction was diluted in EtAc/H₂O and extracted with EtAc (3×). Organics were then washed with lithium chloride, water, brine, then dried over sodium sulfate before filtering and evaporating organics under reduced pressure to afford crude residue.

Crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography using DCM/EtAc as the eluent to provide 5-((4-chloro-5-(((3′-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-formylphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)oxy)methyl)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

Intermediate 55: 5-((4-chloro-5-((3′-((2-chloro-4-formyl-5-methoxybenzyl)oxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

4-((3-bromo-2-methylphenoxy)methyl)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (250 mg, 0.7 mmol) was taken up in DMF (25 mL) and to this was added potassium carbonate (388.64 mg, 2.81 mmol) followed by iodomethane (0.22 mL, 2.81 mmol) and the reaction was heated to 45° C. for 3 hours with stirring. Reaction was cooled then diluted in EtAc/aq. LiCl and extracted with EtAc (3×). Organics were then washed with lithium chloride, water, brine, then dried over sodium sulfate before filtering and evaporating organics under reduced pressure to afford crude residue.

Crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hex/EtAc as the eluent to afford 210 mg (80.8%) of 4-((3-bromo-2-methylphenoxy)methyl)-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzaldehyde. [M+1]=370.8

4-((3-bromo-2-methylphenoxy)methyl)-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzaldehyde (80 mg, 0.22 mmol), 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (134.74 mg, 0.26 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (22.16 mg, 0.03 mmol) and potassium carbonate (89.73 mg, 0.65 mmol) were placed in a microwave vial equipped with a stir bar and to this was added DMF (6 mL), water (2 mL) then the reaction vessel was sealed and microwaved at 95° C. for 45 minutes.

Reaction was diluted in EtAc/H2O and extracted 3× with EtAc. Organics were then washed with ammonium chloride 1×, water 1×, brine, then dried over sodium sulfate before filtering and evaporating organics under reduced pressure to afford crude residue.

Crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography using DCM/EtAc as the eluent to provide 5-((4-chloro-5-((3′-((2-chloro-4-formyl-5-methoxybenzyl)oxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

Intermediate 56: 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-((5-formylpyridin-2-yl)methoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

3-bromo-2-methylphenol (0.36 mL, 2.86 mmol) was stirred in DMF (15 mL) at room temperature under argon and to this was added NaH (55%, 149.78 mg, 3.43 mmol) and suspension was stirred for 10 minutes. At this point methyl 6-(bromomethyl)nicotinate (723.88 mg, 3.15 mmol) was added and reaction was stirred until reaction was complete. Reaction was diluted in EtAc and LiCl (aq) and extracted with EtAc (3×). Organics were washed with LiCl (aq), water, brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to dryness to afford 990 mg of methyl 6-((3-bromo-2-methylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinate as crude.

methyl 6-((3-bromo-2-methylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinate (990 mg, 2.94 mmol) was dissolved in ether (100 mL) and to this was added lithium aluminum hydride (134.12 mg, 3.53 mmol) and stirred overnight. The next day LCMS shows complete consumption of starting material. Reaction was poured into stirring solution of EtAc and aqueous solution of Rochelle's salt and stirred for 3 hours. Reaction was extracted 3× with EtAc, washed with water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to dryness to afford 850 mg (93.7%) of (6-((3-bromo-2-methylphenoxy)methyl)pyridin-3-yl)methanol. [M+1]=310.1.

(6-((3-bromo-2-methylphenoxy)methyl)pyridin-3-yl)methanol (850 mg, 2.76 mmol)) was dissolved 100 mL DCM and to this was added Dess-martin periodinane (1286.85 mg, 3.03 mmol) and stirred overnight at room temperature. Reaction was quenched with stirring sodium thiosulfate for 15 minutes the diluted with DCM. Organics were extracted with DCM (3×) washed with water, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to dryness.

Crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hexanes/EtAc as the eluent (to afford 830 mg (98.3%) of 6-((3-bromo-2-methylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinaldehyde. [M+1]=308.0.

5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (200 mg, 0.39 mmol), 6-((3-bromo-2-methylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinaldehyde (129.83 mg, 0.42 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (39.47 mg, 0.0482 mmol), K₂CO₃ (79.45 mg, 0.82 mmol), 1,4-Dioxane (8 mL) and water (4 mL) were placed in a microwave vial equipped with stir bar and heated in a microwave at 95° C. for 30 minutes.

Reaction was diluted in EtAc/H₂O and extracted with EtAc (3×). Organics were then washed with ammonium chloride, water, brine, then dried over sodium sulfate before filtering and evaporating organics under reduced pressure to afford crude residue.

Crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hex/EtAc as the eluent to afford 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-((5-formylpyridin-2-yl)methoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile. [M+1]=618.0.

Intermediate 57: 5-((4-chloro-5-(((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(2-oxoethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)oxy)methyl)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

5-((5-((3-bromo-2-methylphenoxy)methyl)-4-chloro-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (410 mg, 0.87 mmol), bis (pinacolato) diboron (331.06 mg, 1.3 mmol), (1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene)dichloropalladium(II), complex with dichloromethane (60.84 mg, 0.09 mmol), potassium acetate (156.58 mg, 2.61 mmol) and Dioxane (5 mL) were placed in a sealed vial equipped with stir bar and stirred for 24 hours at 95° C. Reaction was cooled, filtered and solvents removed under reduced pressure. Crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hexanes/EtAc as the eluent to afford 210 mg (46.6%) of 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (120 mg, 0.23 mmol), 3-bromo-4′-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl (105.28 mg, 0.28 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (23.68 mg, 0.03 mmol) and cesium carbonate (158.26 mg, 0.49 mmol) were placed in a microwave vial equipped with a stir bar and to this was added 1,4-Dioxane (8 mL), water (4 mL) then the reaction vessel was sealed and microwaved at 95° C. for 45 minutes. Reaction was diluted in EtAc/H₂O and extracted 3× with EtAc. Organics were then washed with ammonium chloride, water, brine, then dried over sodium sulfate before filtering and evaporating organics under reduced pressure to afford crude residue. Crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography using DCM/EtAc as the eluent to afford 100 mg (62.5%) of 5-((4-chloro-5-(((4″-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)oxy)methyl)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

5-((4-chloro-5-(((4″-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)oxy)methyl)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (100 mg, 0.14 mmol) was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (8 mL), 0.2 mL (conc, aq) HCl and stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. Reaction was quenched with saturated ammonium bicarbonate and extracted with EtAc (3×), dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to dryness to afford 5-((4-chloro-5-(((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(2-oxoethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)oxy)methyl)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

General Reductive Amination Procedures:

Procedure A—Reductive Amination with DMF/TEA; NaBH(OAc)₃

Aldehyde (1 equiv) was suspended in DMF (0.025 M) and to this was added (3S)-4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid (6 equiv) followed by triethylamine (6 equiv) and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 90 minutes. To this was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (6 equiv) and the reaction stirred an additional 4 hours. At this point TFA was added slowly dropwise to the reaction until the solution went clear. Reaction was diluted with 2 mL of water, filtered and purified by reverse phase HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) providing the final compound upon lyophilization as the bis-TFA salt.

Procedure B—Reductive Amination with DMF/aq NaOH; NaBH(OAc)₃

A solution of aldehyde (1 equiv) in DMF (0.014 M) was added to a solution of the (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid in 1N NaOH (10 equiv). After 2 h sodium triacetoxyborohydride (10 equiv) was added. After 30 min the reaction was complete and TFA was added. Solids were removed by filtration and rinsed with MeOH. Organic phase was removed under reduced pressure, and the crude subjected to purification by reverse phase HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) providing the final compound upon lyophilization as the bis-TFA salt.

Procedure C—Reductive amination with DMF/AcOH; NaCNBH₃+NaBH(OAc)₃

To a stirred mixture of aldehyde (1 equiv) and (S)-3-aminobutanoic acid (15 equiv) in a 6:1 mixture of DMF/AcOH (0.02 M) at room temperature was added sequentially sodium cyanoborohydride (9 equiv) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (9 equiv). After 15 min, trifluoroacetic acid was added until the solution went clear. The resulting mixture was purified by reverse phase HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) providing the final compound upon lyophilization as the bis-TFA salt.

Procedure D—Reductive amination with DMSO/AcOH; NaBH(OAc)₃

To a stirred mixture of aldehyde (1 equiv) and (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid (15 equiv) in 5:1 mixture of DMSO/AcOH (0.008 M) at room temperature was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (9 equiv). After 1 h, TFA was added until the solution went clear. The resulting homogeneous mixture was purified by reverse phase HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) providing the final compound upon lyophilization as the bis-TFA salt.

Procedure E—Reductive Amination with MeOH/AcOH; 2-methylpyridine borane

Aldehyde A (1 equiv) was suspended in a 10:1 mixture of MeOH/AcOH (0.01M) and to this was added (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid (3 equiv) at room temperature. Mixture was stirred at room temperature under argon for 1 hour. To this solution was added 2-methylpyridine borane (3 equiv) at room temperature and the reaction was stirred for an additional 2 hours. At this point, TFA was added dropwise to the reaction mixture until the solution went clear. Reaction was filtered and purified by reverse phase HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) providing the final compound upon lyophilization as the bis-TFA salt.

Procedure F—Reductive Amination with DMF/MeOH/AcOH; 2-methylpyridine borane

Aldehyde (1 equiv) was suspended in a 6:3:1 mixture of DMF/MeOH/AcOH (0.01 M) and to this was added (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid (10 equiv) at room temperature. Mixture was stirred at room temperature under argon for 1 hour. To this solution was added 2-methylpyridine borane (10 equiv) at room temperature and the reaction was stirred for an additional 2 hours. At this point, TFA was added dropwise to the reaction mixture until the solution goes clear. Reaction was filtered and purified by reverse phase HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) providing the final compound upon lyophilization as the bis-TFA salt.

Procedure G—Reductive Amination with DCM/EtOH/KOH; Na(OAc)₃BH

To aldehyde in DCM (0.05M) was added a pre-sonicated 0.1M solution of KOH (10 equiv) and (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid (10 equiv) in EtOH. The reaction was stirred for 1 hour at rt before Na(OAc)₃BH (10 equiv) and AcOH (10 equiv) were added. The cloudy reaction was sonicated for 1 min, and stirred at rt for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with the addition of 1M HCl until the solution clears. The solution was concentrated in-vacuo, diluted with a mixture of MeCN/H₂O/DMF (1:1:1), and purified by purified by reverse phase HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) providing the final compound upon lyophilization as the bis-TFA salt.

Procedure H—Reductive Amination with DCM/DMF/DIPEA; Na(OAc)₃BH

The di aldehyde 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (50 mg, 1 equiv) was taken in a vial and dissolved in DCM (1.5 mL). The (2S,4R)-4-hydroxypiperidine-2-carboxylic acid (125 mg, 10 equiv) was dissolved in mixture of DMF (3 mL), and DIPEA (0.15 mL, 10 equiv) in a another vial. These two solutions were mixed together and sonicated for 5 min, and allowed to stir for 1 h at room temperature. To well stirred mixture was added Na(OAc)₃BH at once and sonicated for 5 min to bring everything in to solution and allowed to stirred for overnight. The solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was diluted with a mixture of MeCN/H₂O/(2:1, with 0.1% TFA), solids were removed by filtration and purified by reverse phase HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) providing the final compound as the bis-TFA salt.

Example 1: ((6-(((1S,1′S)-1′-((5-(((carboxymethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chloro-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biinden]-1-yl)oxy)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)glycine

A solution of Intermediate 6 (65 mg, 0.11 mmol) was treated using Method E, substituting glycine for (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. Purification by prep RP-HPLC (10-75% acetonitrile in water, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) furnished 5-(2-(4-morpholinophenyl)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-4-yl)-2-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl)oxy)benzonitrile. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.09 (s, 4H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.72 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 7.36-7.27 (m, 4H), 6.59 (dd, J=6.8, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 6.53 (dd, J=6.9, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 6.45 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (s, 4H), 3.97 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 6H), 3.84 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 4H), 2.95-2.85 (m, 2H), 2.81-2.54 (m, 4H), 2.15-2.00 (m, 2H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₃₆H₃₇ClN₄O₈: 688.2; found: 688.0.

Example 2: 2,2′-((((((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))diacetic acid (or 2,2′-(((6,6′-(((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))diacetic acid)

A solution of Intermediate 5 (65 mg, 0.11 mmol) was treated using general reductive amination procedure E, substituting glycine for(S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. Purification by prep RP-HPLC (10-75% acetonitrile in water, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) furnished 2,2′-((((((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))diacetic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.16 (s, 4H), 7.92 (s, 2H), 7.43 (dd, J=6.8, 1.9 Hz, 2H), 7.38-7.29 (m, 4H), 6.60 (dd, J=6.9, 5.0 Hz, 2H), 4.09 (s, 4H), 3.98 (s, 6H), 3.84 (s, 4H), 2.91 (ddd, J=15.6, 8.4, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 2.78 (dt, J=15.7, 7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.71-2.63 (m, 2H), 2.10 (dt, J=10.9, 5.6 Hz, 2H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₃₆H₃₆Cl₂N₄O₈: 722.12; found: 721.99.

Example 3: (3R,3′R)-4,4′-((((((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3R,3′R)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

A solution of Intermediate 4 (17 mg, 0.025 mmol) was treated using general reductive amination procedure B, substituting (R)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid for (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. Purification by prep RP-HPLC (10-75% acetonitrile in water, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) furnished (3R,3′R)-4,4′-((((((1 S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.09 (s, 4H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.72 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 7.36-7.27 (m, 4H), 6.59 (dd, J=6.8, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 6.53 (dd, J=6.9, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 6.45 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (s, 4H), 3.97 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 6H), 3.84 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 4H), 2.95-2.85 (m, 2H), 2.81-2.54 (m, 4H), 2.15-2.00 (m, 2H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₀H₄₄Br₂N₄O₁₀: 900.14; found: 900.975.

Example 4: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

A solution of Intermediate 2 (100 mg, 0.11 mmol) was treated using general reductive amination procedure B. Purification by prep RP-HPLC (10-75% acetonitrile in water, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) furnished (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetonitrile-d₃/D₂O-d₂) δ 8.88 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 8.78 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 2H), 8.24 (s, 2H), 7.95 (s, 2H), 7.26-7.24 (m, 4H), 6.42 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 5.57 (s, 4H), 4.26-4.23 (m, 4H), 4.21 (s, 4H), 3.16 (dd, J=12.8, 3.1 Hz, 4H), 3.02-2.95 m, 2H), 2.76-2.69 (m, 2H), 2.67-2.58 (m, 5H), 2.56-2.41 (m, 4H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₅₂H₄₈Br₂N₈O₁₀: 1104.18; found: 1105.1.

Example 5: ((2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid)

A solution of Intermediate 4 (30 mg, 0.043 mmol) was treated using general reductive amination procedure B, substituting (S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid for (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. Purification by prep RP-HPLC (10-75% acetonitrile in water, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) furnished (2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((1 S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetonitrile-d₃/D₂O-d₂) δ 7.86 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 2H), 7.46 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.35-7.22 (m, 4H), 6.63-6.55 (m, 2H), 4.09 (d, J=4.2 Hz, 4H), 3.99 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 6H), 3.80-3.72 (m, 2H), 2.88 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.80-2.59 (m, 2H), 2.10 (s, 2H), 1.48 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 6H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₀H₄₄Br₂N₄O₁₀: 900.1; found: 900.2.

Example 6: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

A solution of Intermediate 5 (75 mg, 0.124 mmol) was treated using general reductive amination procedure B. Purification by prep RP-HPLC (10-75% acetonitrile in water, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) furnished (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.35 (s, 2H), 8.70 (s, 4H), 7.96 (s, 2H), 7.42 (dd, J=6.7, 1.9 Hz, 2H), 7.39-7.28 (m, 4H), 6.59 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 2H), 4.16 (s, 2H), 4.07 (s, 4H), 3.98 (s, 6H), 3.03 (s, 2H), 2.93-2.84 (m, 4H), 2.85-2.64 (m, 2H), 2.48-2.32 (m, 2H), 2.07 (dd, J=16.8, 5.6 Hz, 2H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₀H₄₄Cl₂N₄O₁₀: 810.2; found: 810.2.

Example 7: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

A solution of Intermediate 4 (40 mg, 0.043 mmol) was treated using general reductive amination procedure B. Purification by prep RP-HPLC (10-75% acetonitrile in water, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) furnished (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.35 (s, 2H), 8.64 (s, 4H), 8.08 (s, 2H), 7.46-7.39 (m, 2H), 7.39-7.27 (m, 4H), 6.57 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 5.57 (s, 2H), 4.16 (s, 2H), 4.07 (s, 4H), 3.98 (s, 6H), 3.03 (m, 2H), 2.89 (m, 2H), 2.78 (m, 2H), 2.68 (m, 2H), 2.48-2.32 (m, 2H), 2.13-2.00 (m, 2H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₀H₄₄Br₂N₄O₁₀: 900.14; found: 900.0.

Example 8: (S)-4-(((5-bromo-6-(((1S,1′S)-1′-((3-bromo-5-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1¹H-[4,4′-biinden]-1-yl)oxy)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

A solution of Intermediate 4 (126 mg, 0.181 mmol) in 2 mL DCM and 5 mL DMSO was treated with ethanolamine (111 mg, 1.81 mmol) and stirred for 2 h. Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (385 mg, 1.81 mmol) was added and the reaction stirred an additional hour. Purification by prep RP-HPLC (10-75% acetonitrile in water, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid buffer) furnished the intermediate 5-bromo-6-(((1S,1′S)-1′-((3-bromo-5-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biinden]-1-yl)oxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde as a solid. This intermediate was treated using general reductive amination procedure D and purified by RP-HPLC (10-75% acetonitrile in water, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) furnished (S)-4-(((5-bromo-6-(((1S,1′S)-1′-((3-bromo-5-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biinden]-1-yl)oxy)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.66 (s, 4H), 8.07 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 2H), 7.42 (dd, J=7.1, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 7.39-7.28 (m, 4H), 6.57 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 4.16 (s, 1H), 4.07 (s, 4H), 3.65 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 2H), 3.06-2.95 (m, 2H), 2.95-2.84 (m, 2H), 2.84-2.74 (m, 2H), 2.74-2.64 (m, 2H), 2.42-2.29 (m, 2H), 2.11-2.00 (m, 2H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₃₈H₄₂Br₂N₄O₈: 842.13; found: 842.01.

Example 9: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((((2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

A solution of Intermediate 6 (17 mg, 0.28 mmol) was treated using general reductive amination procedure B. Purification by prep RP-HPLC (10-75% acetonitrile in water, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) furnished (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((((2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetonitrile-d₃/D₂O) δ 7.75 (s, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.38-7.24 (m, 4H), 6.63 (dd, J=6.8, 4.4 Hz, 2H), 4.24 (t, J=8.5 Hz, 3H), 4.13 (s, 4H), 4.09-3.91 (m, 9H), 3.96 (s, 23H), 3.12 (dd, J=13.0, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.01-2.92 (m, 2H), 2.92 (s, 2H), 2.71 (ddt, J=36.6, 13.4, 7.0 Hz, 4H), 2.50 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 4H), 2.16 (ddd, J=13.4, 8.8, 4.4 Hz, 2H), 1.96 (t, J=2.5 Hz, 5H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₀H₄₄Cl₂N₄O₁₀: 810.2; found: 810.1.

Example 10: 2,2′-((((((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(ethan-1-ol) (or 2,2′-(((6,6′-(((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(ethan-1-ol))

A solution of Intermediate 4 (33 mg, 0.045 mmol) was treated using general reductive amination procedure B, substituting ethanolamine for(S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. Purification by prep RP-HPLC (10-75% acetonitrile in water, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) furnished 2,2′-((((((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(ethan-1-ol). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.65 (s, 4H), 8.07 (s, 2H), 7.42 (dd, J=6.8, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 7.37-7.29 (m, 4H), 6.57 (dd, J=6.9, 5.3 Hz, 2H), 5.23 (s, 2H), 4.06 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 4H), 3.98 (s, 6H), 3.65 (s, 4H), 2.99 (s, 4H), 2.94-2.63 (m, 6H), 2.07 (dq, J=13.8, 7.6, 7.1 Hz, 2H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₃₆H₄₀Br₂N₄O₆: 784.1; found: 783.0.

Example 11: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

A solution of Intermediate 3 (15 mg, 0.028 mmol) was treated using general reductive amination procedure B. Purification by prep RP-HPLC (10-75% acetonitrile in water, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) furnished the titled product. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.35 (s, 2H), 8.61 (s, 4H), 7.75 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.41 (dd, J=7.0, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 7.36-7.24 (m, 4H), 6.52 (dd, J=6.7, 4.9 Hz, 2H), 6.46 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 5.58 (s, 2H), 4.17 (s, 2H), 4.10-4.04 (m, 4H), 3.97 (s, 6H), 3.01 (m, 2H), 2.88 (m, 4H), 2.78-2.67 (m, 2H), 2.61 (dt, J=13.7, 7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.53-2.33 (m, 4H) 2.06 (m, 2H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₀H₄₆N₄O₁₀: 742.3; found: 742.2.

Example 12: 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-6-((ethylamino)methyl)-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile (or 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-2-((ethylamino)methyl)-5,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile)

A solution of Intermediate 12 (55 mg, 0.075 mmol) was treated using general reductive amination procedure E substituting ethylamine for(S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. Purification by prep RP-HPLC (10-75% acetonitrile in water, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) furnished 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-6-((ethylamino)methyl)-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.04 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H), 9.03 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 8.49 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (s, 2H), 7.49 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (s, 2H), 7.11 (dd, J=7.7, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 5.37 (s, 4H), 5.32 (d, J=2.9 Hz, 4H), 4.09 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 4H), 2.93 (h, J=7.0 Hz, 5H), 2.02 (s, 6H), 1.15 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₈H₄₆Cl₂N₆O₄: 840.3; found: 840.1.

Example 13: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((((2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-((2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

A solution of 6,6′-((2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (35 mg, 0.065 mmol) was treated using general reductive amination procedure E. Purification by prep RP-HPLC (10-75% acetonitrile in water, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) furnished (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((((2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.56 (s, 4H), 7.70 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.42-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.30-7.19 (m, 4H), 6.47 (dd, J=6.8, 4.7 Hz, 2H), 6.41 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 5.54 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.12 (s, 2H), 4.02 (s, 4H), 3.92 (s, 6H), 2.95 (s, 2H), 2.91-2.75 (m, 4H), 2.69 (dd, J=16.1, 5.1 Hz, 2H), 2.62-2.47 (m, 2H), 2.38-2.23 (m, 2H), 2.10-1.92 (m, 2H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₀H₄₆N₄O₁₀: 742.3; found: 742.2.

Example 14: (2R,2′R)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxypropanoic acid (or (2R,2′R)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxypropanoic acid))

A solution of Intermediate 10 (50 mg, 0.0975 mmol) was treated using general reductive amination procedure E. Purification by prep RP-HPLC (10-75% acetonitrile in water, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) furnished (2R,2′R)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxypropanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.69 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 6.46 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 5.38 (s, 4H), 4.12-3.98 (m, 4H), 3.87-3.71 (m, 6H), 3.83 (s, 6H), 1.95 (s, 6H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₃₆H₄₂N₄O₁₀: 690.3; found: 690.1.

Example 15: 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-6-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile (or 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-2-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)-5,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile)

A solution of Intermediate 12 (100 mg, 0.128 mmol) was treated using general reductive amination procedure E, substituting piperidine for(S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid and THF for DMF. Purification by prep RP-HPLC (10-75% acetonitrile in water, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) furnished 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-6-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.04 (dd, J=6.6, 2.1 Hz, 4H), 8.50 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.61 (s, 2H), 7.52 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (s, 2H), 7.12 (dd, J=7.6, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 5.40-5.27 (m, 8H), 4.19 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 4H), 3.29 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 4H), 2.87 (q, J=10.7 Hz, 4H), 2.03 (s, 6H), 1.76 (d, J=14.1 Hz, 4H), 1.59 (d, J=15.5 Hz, 6H), 1.33 (d, J=12.4 Hz, 2H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₅₄H₅₄Cl₂N₆O₄: 920.4; found: 920.3.

Example 16: (S)-4-((4-((4″-(2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

To a clear solution of (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid (120 mg, 1 mmol) in 1N NaOH (1 mL) and EtOH (3 mL) was added a solution of 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(2-oxoethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (62 mg, 0.1 mmol, intermediate 16) in EtOH (1 mL) and dioxane (1 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, which became cloudy. The mixture was then heated up to make a clear solution. After cooling, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (280 mg, 1.3 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. A diluted HCl (1N, 1 mL) was added and concentrated. Acetonitrile and methanol were added and concentrated again. DMSO (˜3 mL) was then added followed by a few drops of water, which was filtered. The filtrate was loaded onto reverse-phase HPLC and purified, affording (S)-4-((4-((4″-(2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid as the bis-TFA salt. [M+H] 823.1, ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.95 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.92 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.37 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.45 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.22 (m, 4H), 7.16 (ddd, J=17.3, 7.6, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (td, J=7.9, 7.5, 1.8 Hz, 4H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 4.35 (dd, J=5.8, 4.3 Hz, 3H), 4.23 (s, 3H), 3.54 (dd, J=6.0, 4.1 Hz, 2H), 3.36 (dd, J=12.7, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.25-3.08 (m, 2H), 3.05-2.93 (m, 1H), 2.58 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (dd, J=6.3, 1.0 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.87 (s, 3H).

Example 17: (S)-4-((4-((3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

To a solution of (3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)methanol (2.0 g, 10 mmol) and triethylamine (2.0 g, 20 mmol) in THF (80 mL) was dropwise added methanesulfonyl chloride (1.38 g, 12 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The mixture was then partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The ethyl acetate layer was washed with water, 5% sodium bicarbonate, and then brine. After drying over sodium sulfate, the solution was concentrated to dryness affording 3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl methanesulfonate, which was used for the next reaction without further purification.

To a solution of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (400 mg, 3.3 mmol) and 3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl methanesulfonate (920 mg, 3.3 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added cesium carbonate (1.4 g, 4.3 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The mixture was then partitioned between ethyl acetate and 3% LiCl in water. The ethyl acetate layer was taken and concentrated. The residue was purified by Combiflash, affording 4-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)benzaldehyde. [M+H]⁺ 305.1.

A mixture of 4-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)benzaldehyde (31 mg, 0.1 mmol), 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (52 mg, 0.1 mmol), DMF (1.5 mL) and 2N potassium carbonate (0.2 mL) was purged with argon for 10 min. [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) complex with dichloromethane (8 mg, 0.01 mmol) was then added. The resulting mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 20 min. After cooling, the mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and 3% LiCl in water. The ethyl acetate layer was taken and concentrated. The residue was purified by Combiflash, affording 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-((4-formylphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile. [M+H]⁺ 617.0.

Following general reductive amination procedure A, 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(2-oxoethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (44 mg, 0.071 mmol) was converted to (S)-4-((4-((3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid as the bis-TFA salt. [M+H] 823.1, ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.96 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.92 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.38 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.50-7.37 (m, 4H), 7.26 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.16-7.04 (m, 5H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 5.17 (s, 2H), 4.36-4.18 (m, 2H), 4.24 (s, 2H), 4.18 (s, 2H), 3.18 (ddd, J=12.6, 11.3, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.04-2.92 (m, 2H), 2.52 (dd, J=6.3, 4.2 Hz, 4H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 2.03 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 4H).

Example 18: N,N′-(((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl))diacetamide (or N,N′-((((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl))diacetamide)

To a solution of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (80 mg, 0.16 mmol) in DMF (3.0 mL) was added the N-(2-aminoethyl)acetamide (128 mg, 1.25 mmol), sodium cyanoborohydride (78 mg, 1.25 mmol) and acetic acid (0.30 mL) and the mixture was stirred at rt. After 18 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by reverse phase chromatography to give the title compound as TFA salt. LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₃₈H₄₈N₆O₆: 685.3; found: 685.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.61 (brs), 8.08 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 7.74 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (dd, J=7.7, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (dd, J=7.6, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 6.53 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 5.44 (s, 4H), 4.04-4.02 (m, 4H), 3.92 (s, 6H), 3.41-3.33 (m, 4H), 3.34-3.25 (m, 4H), 2.96-2.92 (m, 4H), 2.00 (s, 6H), 1.82 (s, 6H).

Example 19: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

To a solution of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (36 mg, 0.07 mmol) in DMF (2.0 mL) was added the (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid (67 mg, 0.56 mmol), sodium cyanoborohydride (35 mg, 0.56 mmol) and acetic acid (0.20 mL) and the mixture was stirred at rt. After 18 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by reverse phase chromatography to give the title compound as TFA salt. LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₃₈H₄₆N₄O₁₀: 719.3; found: 719.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.65-8.52 (m, 4H), 7.75 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (dd, J=7.5, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (dd, J=7.4, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 6.52 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 5.57 (brs, 2H), 5.43 (s, 4H), 4.20-3.97 (m, 6H), 3.91 (s, 6H), 2.98-2.86 (m, 4H), 2.39-2.26 (m, 4H), 2.00 (s, 6H).

Example 20: 5,5′-((((((2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-6-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile (or 5,5′-((((((2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-2-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-5,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile)

Step 1: To a solution of 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (227 mg, 1.32 mmol) in DMF (6 mL) and NaHCO₃ (109 mg, 1.76 mmol), a separate solution of 1-bromo-3-(chloromethyl)benzene (180 mg, 0.87 mmol) in THF (6 mL) was added after 15 min at rt, followed by the addition of NaI (131 mg, 0.87 mmol) at once. After 16 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc and brine solution. The organic layer was then separated and the aqueous layer was back extracted with EtOAc and the combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄). Filtration, concentration and followed by purification by column chromatography (SiO₂, 0% EtOAc/hexanes to 50% EtOAc/hexanes) gave 4-((3-bromobenzyl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde.

Step 2: To a solution of 4-((3-bromobenzyl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (800 mg, 2.34 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) and Cs₂CO₃ (2.3 g, 7.02 mmol), a separate solution of 3-(chloromethyl)pyridine hydrogen chloride (885 mg, 4.68 mmol) in DMF (7 mL) was added followed by the addition of NaI (351 mg, 2.34 mmol) at once. The reaction mixture was heated at 75° C. After 16 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and brine solution. The organic layer was then separated and the aqueous layer was back extracted with CH₂Cl₂ and the combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄). Filtration, concentration and followed by purification by column chromatography (SiO₂, 0% EtOAc/hexanes to 100% EtOAc/hexanes) gave 5-((5-((3-bromobenzyl)oxy)-4-chloro-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

Step 3: To a mixture 5-((5-((3-bromobenzyl)oxy)-4-chloro-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (53 mg, 0.12 mmol) and 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (50 mg, 0.10 mmol) in 1,4-Dioxane/water (3 mL, 2:1) was added K₂CO₃ (20 mg, 0.20 mmol) and Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (8 mg, 0.01 mmol) and the reaction mixture was heated at 85° C. for 16 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc and water. The organic layer was then separated and the aqueous layer was back extracted with EtOAc and the combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄). Filtration, concentration and followed by purification by column chromatography (SiO₂, 0% MeOH/EtOAc to 5% MeOH/EtOAc) gave 5,5′-((((((2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-6-formyl-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile.

Step 4: To a solution of 5,5′-((((((2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-6-formyl-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile (36 mg, 0.05 mmol) in DMF (2.0 mL) was added ethanolamine (17 mg, 0.28 mmol), sodium cyanoborohydride (35 mg, 0.56 mmol) and acetic acid (0.20 mL) and the mixture was stirred at 45° C. After 18 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by reverse phase chromatography to give the title compound as TFA salt. LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₇H₄₄Cl₂N₆O₆: 859.2; found: 859.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.05 (dd, J=5.1, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 9.00 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.56 (s, 2H), 8.48 (d, J=13.7 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=9.7 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (d, J=14.9 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 5.38 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 5.33 (s, 2H), 5.22 (s, 1H), 4.14 (s, 2H), 3.63 (s, 2H), 2.95 (s, 2H), 2.69-2.65 (m, 1H), 2.35-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.25 (s, 1H).

Example 21: 2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(ethan-1-ol) (or 2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(ethan-1-ol))

To a solution of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (39 mg, 0.08 mmol) in DMF (2.0 mL) was added ethanolamine (0.04 mL, 0.61 mmol), sodium cyanoborohydride (38 mg, 0.61 mmol) and acetic acid (0.20 mL) and the mixture was stirred at rt. After 45 min, the reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by reverse phase chromatography to give the title compound as TFA salt. LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₃₄H₄₂N₄O₆: 603.3; found: 603.1. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.68-8.62 (s, 4H), 7.75 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (dd, J=7.7, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 6.53 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 5.44 (s, 4H), 4.12-4.05 (m, 4H), 3.92 (s, 6H), 3.68-3.60 (m, 4H), 2.99-2.92 (m, 4H), 2.00 (s, 6H).

Example 22: 2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-(pyridin-3-ylmethoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(ethan-1-ol)

Step 1: To a solution of 4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde) (85 mg, 0.15 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) and Cs₂CO₃ (121 mg, 0.37 mmol), a separate solution of 3-(chloromethyl)pyridine (47 mg, 0.15 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added followed by the addition of NaI (277 mg, 1.85 mmol) at once. The reaction mixture was heated at 75° C. After 16 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and brine solution. The organic layer was then separated and the aqueous layer was back extracted with CH₂Cl₂ and the combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄). Filtration, concentration and followed by purification by column chromatography (SiO₂, 1% EtOAc/hexanes to 100% EtOAc/hexanes) gave 4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-(pyridin-3-ylmethoxy)benzaldehyde).

Step 2: To a solution of 4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-(pyridin-3-ylmethoxy)benzaldehyde) (42 mg, 0.05 mmol) in DMF (2.0 mL) was added ethanolamine (21 mg, 0.34 mmol), sodium cyanoborohydride (43 mg, 0.6 mmol) and acetic acid (0.20 mL) and the mixture was stirred at 45° C. After 18 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by reverse phase chromatography to give the title compound as TFA salt. LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₆H₄₈Cl₂N₄O₆: 823.2; found: 823.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.78 (s, 1H), 8.60 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=10.9 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (s, 1H), 7.13 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 5.33 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 4H), 3.62 (s, 1H), 2.93 (s, 2H), 2.67 (t, J=1.8 Hz, 2H), 2.35-2.29 (m, 2H), 2.05 (s, 3H).

Example 23: (2S,2′S)-1,1′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(propan-2-ol) (or (2S,2′S)-1,1′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(propan-2-ol))

To a solution of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (39 mg, 0.08 mmol) in DMF (2.0 mL) was added (S)-1-aminopropan-2-ol (46 mg, 0.61 mmol), sodium cyanoborohydride (38 mg, 0.61 mmol) and acetic acid (0.20 mL) and the mixture was stirred at 45° C. After 4 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by reverse phase chromatography to give the title compound as TFA salt. LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₃₄H₄₆N₄O₆: 631.3; found: 631.1. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.53 (brs, 4H), 7.75 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.47-7.39 (m, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 6.52 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 5.43 (s, 4H), 5.32 (brs), 4.10-3.98 (m, 4H), 3.93 (s, 6H), 2.90-2.80 (m, 2H), 2.75-2.62 (m, 4H), 2.88 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 2H), 2.75-2.61 (m, 4H), 2.00 (s, 6H), 1.09 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 6H).

Example 24: (2R,2′R)-1,1′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(propan-2-ol) (or (2R,2′R)-1,1′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl)bis(propan-2-ol))

To a solution of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (39 mg, 0.08 mmol) in DMF (2.0 mL) was added (R)-1-aminopropan-2-ol (46 mg, 0.61 mmol), sodium cyanoborohydride (38 mg, 0.61 mmol) and acetic acid (0.20 mL) and the mixture was stirred at 45° C. After 4 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by reverse phase chromatography to give the title compound as TFA salt. LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₃₄H₄₆N₄O₆: 631.3; found: 631.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.53 (brs, 4H), 7.75 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 6.52 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 5.43 (s, 4H), 5.31 (brs), 4.08-3.99 (m, 4H), 3.91 (s, 6H), 2.90-2.80 (m, 2H), 2.75-2.62 (m, 4H), 2.00 (s, 6H), 1.09 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 6H).

Example 25: 5,5′-((((([1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diylbis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-6-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile (or 5,5′-((((([1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diylbis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-2-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-5,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile)

Step 1: To a mixture of 5-((5-((3-bromobenzyl)oxy)-4-chloro-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (100 mg, 0.22 mmol), potassium acetate (32 mg, 0.33 mmol), 4,4,5,5,-tetramethyl-2-(4,4,5,5,-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (72 mg, 0.28 mmol) and 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene palladium(II) chloride dichloromethane adduct (20 mg, 0.03 mmol) was added 1,4-dioxane (2 mL). The mixture was heated in a heating block in microwave vial at 95° C. for 1 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc and water. The organic layer was then separated and the aqueous layer was back extracted with EtOAc and the combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄). Filtration, concentration gave 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile which was used further without purification.

Step 2: To a mixture 5,5′-((((([1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diylbis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-6-formyl-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile (75 mg, 0.15 mmol) and 5-((5-((3-bromobenzyl)oxy)-4-chloro-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (113 mg, 0.25 mmol) in 1,4-Dioxane/water (6 mL, 2:1) was added Cs₂CO₃ (96 mg, 0.30 mmol) and PEPSI-iPr (5 mg, 0.007 mmol) and the reaction mixture was heated at 95° C. for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc and water. The organic layer was then separated and the aqueous layer was back extracted with EtOAc and the combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄). Filtration, concentration and followed by purification by column chromatography (SiO₂, 0% MeOH/EtOAc to 5% MeOH/EtOAc) gave 5,5′-((((([1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diylbis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-6-formyl-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene)) dinicotinonitrile.

Step 3: To a solution of 5,5′-((5-((((([1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diylbis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-6-formyl-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene)) dinicotinonitrile (29 mg, 0.04 mmol) in DMF (2.0 mL) was added ethanolamine (14 mg, 0.23 mmol), sodium cyanoborohydride (30 mg, 0.46 mmol) and acetic acid (0.20 mL) and the mixture was stirred at 45° C. After 18 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by reverse phase chromatography to give the title compound as TFA salt. LCMS-ESI+(m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₆H₄₂Cl₂N₆O₆: 845.2; found: 845.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.02 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.99 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.44 (s, 1H), 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.65 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.52 (s, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.34 (s, 2H), 4.13 (s, 2H), 2.68-2.65 (m, 3H), 2.35-2.29 (m, 3H), 2.08 (s, 1H).

Example 26: (S)-3-hydroxy-4-(((6-((3′-(((5-(((S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)butanoic acid

To a solution of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (28 mg, 0.06 mmol) in DMF (2.0 mL) was added (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid (52 mg, 0.43 mmol), sodium cyanoborohydride (27 mg, 0.44 mmol) and acetic acid (0.20 mL) and the mixture was stirred at rt. After 36 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by reverse phase chromatography to give the title compound as TFA salt. LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₃₈H₄₄N₄O₉: 701.3; found: 701.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.19 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.07-7.96 (m, 3H), 7.81 (td, J=7.6, 3.9 Hz, 2H), 7.63 (td, J=7.5, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 6.99 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.08-5.98 (m, 4H), 4.94-4.75 (m, 4H), 4.68 (s, 2H), 4.54 (s, 3H), 4.48 (s, 3H), 4.09-4.04 (m, 1H), 3.72-3.67 (m, 3H), 3.55-3.49 (m, 2H), 3.17-2.90 (m, 4H), 2.59 (s, 6H).

Example 27: (S)-4-(((6-((3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-3-methoxyphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

Step 1: To a solution of 4-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzaldehyde (341 mg, 2.24 mmol), (3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)methanol (410 mg, 2.04 mmol), PPh₃ (801 mg, 3.06 mmol) in 2-MeTHF (7.0 mL) at 0° C. was added Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (0.6 mL, 3.06 mmol). The ice bath was removed and the reaction mixture was then stirred at rt. After 4 h, the reaction mixture was directly purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 1% EtOAc/hexanes to 50% EtOAc/hexanes) to give 4-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-methoxybenzaldehyde

Step 2: To a mixture 2-methoxy-6-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)nicotinaldehyde (70 mg, 0.18 mmol) and 4-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-methoxybenzaldehyde (70 mg, 0.21 mmol) in DME/water (3 mL, 2:1) was added Cs₂CO₃ (94 mg, 0.29 mmol), KOAc (11 mg, 0.19 mmol) and PEPSI-iPr (7 mg, 0.01 mmol) and the reaction mixture was heated in microwave at 110° C. for 20 min. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was directly purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 1% EtOAc/hexanes to 50% EtOAc/hexanes) to give 6-((3′-((4-formyl-3-methoxyphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde

Step 3: To a solution of 6-((3′-((4-formyl-3-methoxyphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (15 mg, 0.03 mmol) in DMF (2.0 mL) was added (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid (40 mg, 0.34 mmol), sodium cyanoborohydride (30 mg, 0.48 mmol) and acetic acid (0.20 mL) and the mixture was stirred at rt. After 18 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by reverse phase chromatography to give the title compound as TFA salt. LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₃₉H₄₇N₃O₁₀: 718.3; found: 718.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.68 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (dt, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.35-7.19 (m, 3H), 7.07 (ddd, J=7.7, 5.1, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 6.75 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (dd, J=8.4, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.48 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.49 (s, 2H), 5.18 (s, 2H), 4.32-4.28 (m, 2H), 4.19-4.17 (m, 5H), 4.03 (s, 3H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.22-3.08 (m, 3H), 3.02-2.83 (m, 3H), 2.57-2.50 (m, 6H), 2.07 (s, 3H), 2.05 (s, 3H).

Example 28: 2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-(2-morpholinoethoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(ethan-1-ol)

Step 1: To a solution of 4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde) (86 mg, 0.16 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was added Cs₂CO₃ (254 mg, 0.78 mmol), 4-(2-chloroethyl)morpholine (93 mg, 0.62 mmol) and NaI (47 mg, 0.31 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 75° C. After 16 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc and brine solution. The organic layer was then separated and the aqueous layer was back extracted with EtOAc and the combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄). Filtration, concentration gave 4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-(2-morpholinoethoxy)benzaldehyde) which was used further without purification.

Step 2: To a solution of 4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-(pyridin-3-ylmethoxy)benzaldehyde) in DMF (2.0 mL) was added ethanolamine (21 mg, 0.34 mmol), sodium cyanoborohydride (43 mg, 0.6 mmol) and acetic acid (0.20 mL) and the mixture was stirred at 45° C. After 1 h, 2 more equiv. of ethanolamine and sodium cyanoborohydride was added and heated at 45° C. After 16 h, Sodium triacetoxyborohydride was added and heated at 45° C. for 3 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by reverse phase chromatography to give the title compound as TFA salt. LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₆H₆₀Cl₂N₄O₈: 868.2; found: 868.3.

Example 29: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (6 mg, 0.01 mmol) was converted to the title compound using general reductive amination procedure F. LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₃₈H₄₄Cl₂N₄O₁₀: 787.3; found: 787.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.81 (s, 2H), 7.47 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (dd, J=7.7, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.29 (dtd, J=9.4, 6.2, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 4.16 (s, 4H), 4.05 (s, 6H), 3.21 (dd, J=12.8, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 3.00 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.09 (s, 6H).

Example 30: 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-3-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-2-methoxypyridine)

To a stirred solution of Intermediate 18 (1 equiv) and ethylenediamine (2.5 equiv) at 0° C., was added NBS (2.5 equiv) in a single portion. The reaction was allowed to slowly warm to room temperature. After 18 hours at room temperature full conversion was observed by LCMS. The reaction mixture was then diluted with 5:1 DMF/H₂O to a total volume of 4.5 mL and purified by reverse phase HPLC to afford after lyophilization 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-3-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-2-methoxypyridine) as the bis TFA salt. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.25 (s, 1H), 7.51 (dd, J=7.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.70 (s, 2H), 4.19 (s, 3H), 4.03 (s, 4H), 2.11 (s, 3H). LCMS found 661.276.

Example 31: (S)-4-(((6-(3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)naphthalen-2-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

A vial was charged with 6-bromo-2-naphthaldehyde (500 mg, 2.12 mmol, 1 equiv), bis(pinacolato)diboron (648 mg, 2.55 mmol, 1.2 equiv), [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (87 mg, 0.1 mmol) 5 mol %), and KOAc (420 mg, 4.24 mmol, 2 equiv). The vial was sealed and dry dioxane was added via syringe. The mixture was then degassed by sparging with argon for 10 minutes. The vessel was then heated to 100 C for 2 hours. The reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate and filtered through celites. The filter cake was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×3 mL). The filtrate was concentrate in vacuo. The crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography (Hex/EtOAc, 100:0 to 0:100) to afford 6-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2-naphthaldehyde.

A vial was charged with Intermediate 19 (1 equiv), 6-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2-naphthaldehyde (1.5 equiv), [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (5 mol %), and K₂CO₃ (2 equiv). After the vial was sealed dry dioxane (2 mL) and water (0.4 mL) were added via syringe. The mixture was then degassed by sparging with argon for 10 minutes. The vessel was then heated to 100 C for 2 hours. The reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate and filtered through celites. The filter cake was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×3 mL). The filtrate was concentrate in vacuo. The crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography (Hex/EtOAc, 100:0 to 0:100) to afford 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-(6-formylnaphthalen-2-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-(6-formylnaphthalen-2-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (1 equiv) was suspended in DMF (0.025 M) and to this was added (3 S)-4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid (6 equiv) followed by triethylamine (6 equiv) and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 90 minutes. To this was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (6 equiv) and the reaction stirred an additional 4 hours. At this point TFA was added slowly dropwise to the reaction until the solution went clear. The reaction mixture was then diluted with DMF to a total volume of 4.5 mL and purified by reverse phase HPLC to afford after lyophilization (S)-4-(((6-(3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)naphthalen-2-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid as the bis TFA salt. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.96 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.93 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 8.03 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.62 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.60-7.56 (m, 1H), 7.52 (s, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.40-7.25 (m, 4H), 7.19 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.17-7.14 (m, 1H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 5.39 (s, 2H), 5.33 (s, 2H), 4.45 (s, 2H), 4.34 (dt, J=6.8, 3.3 Hz, 0H), 4.24 (s, 3H), 3.27-3.16 (m, 2H), 3.07 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 3.02-2.94 (m, 1H), 2.56 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.54-2.51 (m, 2H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 1.94 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 4H). LCMS found 843.231.

Example 32: (3R,3′R)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3R,3′R)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

To a stirred mixture of Intermediate 20 (1 equiv) and (S)-3-aminobutanoic acid (5 equiv) in a 6:1 mixture of DMF/AcOH (0.02 M) at room temperature was added sequentially sodium cyanoborohydride (9 equiv) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (9 equiv). After 4 hours at room temperature the reaction mixture was diluted with DMF/H₂O (5:1) to a total volumne of 4.5 mL. The resulting mixture was purified by reverse phase HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) providing the title compound upon lyophilization as the bis-TFA salt. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.94 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.87 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.39 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.11-7.06 (m, 1H), 5.60 (s, 2H), 5.49 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 2H), 4.31-4.21 (m, 3H), 3.24 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.03 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.54 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.03 (s, 3H). LCMS found 991.141 (M+1).

Example 33: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

To a stirred mixture of Intermediate 21 (1 equiv) and (S)-3-aminobutanoic acid (5 equiv) in a 6:1 mixture of DMF/AcOH (0.02 M) at room temperature was added sequentially sodium cyanoborohydride (9 equiv) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (9 equiv). After 4 hours at room temperature the reaction mixture was diluted with DMF/H₂O (5:1) to a total volumne of 4.5 mL. The resulting mixture was purified by reverse phase HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) providing the title compound upon lyophilization as the bis-TFA salt. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.04 (dd, J=5.1, 2.0 Hz, 4H), 8.58 (s, 4H), 8.48 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.72 (s, 2H), 7.53 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.17 (s, 2H), 7.12 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 5.39 (s, 4H), 5.33 (s, 4H), 4.15 (s, 6H), 2.85 (s, 2H), 2.44 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 2H), 2.37 (dd, J=15.9, 7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.05 (s, 6H). LCMS found 1077.1 (M+1).

Example 34: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

To a stirred mixture of Intermediate 20 (1 equiv) and (S)-3-aminobutanoic acid (5 equiv) in a 6:1 mixture of DMF/AcOH (0.02 M) at room temperature was added sequentially sodium cyanoborohydride (9 equiv) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (9 equiv). After 4 hours at room temperature the reaction mixture was diluted with DMF/H₂O (5:1) to a total volumne of 4.5 mL. The resulting mixture was purified by reverse phase HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) providing the title compound upon lyophilization as the bis-TFA salt. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.95 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.88 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.34 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.42-7.38 (m, 1H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.11-7.06 (m, 1H), 5.61 (t, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 5.52-5.48 (m, 1H), 4.25 (s, 3H), 3.25 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.04 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.55 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.04 (s, 3H). LCMS found 991.178 (M+1).

Example 35: 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-3-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)pyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile (or 5,5′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-3-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)pyridine-6,2 diyl))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile)

To a stirred mixture of Intermediate 20 (1 equiv) and ethanolamine (5 equiv) in a 6:1 mixture of DMF/AcOH (0.02 M) at room temperature was added sequentially sodium cyanoborohydride (9 equiv) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (9 equiv). After 4 hours at room temperature the reaction mixture was diluted with DMF/H₂O (5:1) to a total volumne of 4.5 mL. The resulting mixture was purified by reverse phase HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) providing the title compound upon lyophilization as the bis-TFA salt. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.95 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.88 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.34 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=7.3, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.13-7.05 (m, 1H), 5.50 (d, J=3.8 Hz, 2H), 4.25 (s, 2H), 3.85-3.77 (m, 2H), 3.20-3.13 (m, 2H), 2.04 (s, 3H). LCMS found 875.120 (M+1).

Example 36: 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(6-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-4-vinyl-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile (or 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-4-vinyl-5,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile)

A vial was charged with Intermediate 23 (1 equiv), vinyl potassium trifluoroborate (4.0 equiv), Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (10 mol %), and K₂CO₃ (3 equiv). After the vial was sealed dry DMF (2 mL) and water (0.2 mL) were added via syringe. The mixture was then degassed by sparging with argon for 10 minutes. The vessel was then heated to 100 C for 2 hours. The reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate and filtered through celites. The filter cake was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×3 mL). The filtrate was concentrate in vacuo. The crude material was used without further purification. LCMS found 767.076 (M+1).

To a stirred mixture of bis-aldehyde (1 equiv) and ethanolamine (5 equiv) in a 6:1 mixture of DMF/AcOH (0.02 M) at room temperature was added sequentially sodium cyanoborohydride (9 equiv) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (9 equiv). After 4 hours at room temperature the reaction mixture was diluted with DMF/H₂O (5:1) to a total volumne of 4.5 mL. The resulting mixture was purified by reverse phase HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) providing the title compound upon lyophilization as the bis-TFA salt. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.04 (t, J=1.9 Hz, 2H), 8.56 (s, 2H), 8.50 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 7.31 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 6.89 (dd, J=17.7, 11.2 Hz, 1H), 5.69 (dd, J=17.7, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 5.27 (s, 2H), 5.24-5.14 (m, 2H), 4.16 (s, 2H), 3.65 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 2.97 (s, 2H), 2.55 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 5H), 2.02 (s, 3H). LCMS found 857.083 (M+1).

Example 37: N,N′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azetidine-1,3-diyl))diacetamide (or N,N′-(1,1′-((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azetidine-3,1-diyl))diacetamide)

Intermediate 18 (1 equiv) was suspended in DMF (0.025 M) and to this was added (3S)-4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid (6 equiv) followed by triethylamine (6 equiv) and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 90 minutes. To this was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (6 equiv) and the reaction stirred an additional 4 hours. At this point TFA was added slowly dropwise to the reaction until the solution went clear. The reaction mixture was then diluted with DMF to a total volume of 4.5 mL and purified by reverse phase HPLC to afford, after lyophilization, N,N′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azetidine-1,3-diyl))diacetamide as the bis TFA salt. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.48 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.60 (s, 2H), 4.53 (d, J=9.8 Hz, 1H), 4.41-4.33 (m, 4H), 4.28-4.20 (m, 2H), 4.06 (s, 3H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 1.99 (s, 3H). LCMS found 777.178 (M+1).

Example 38: (S)-4-((5-bromo-4-((3′-((2-bromo-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-(((S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

To a stirred mixture of Intermediate 23 (1 equiv) and ethanolamine (5 equiv) in a 6:1 mixture of DMF/AcOH (0.02 M) at room temperature was added sequentially sodium cyanoborohydride (9 equiv) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (9 equiv). After 4 hours at room temperature the reaction mixture was diluted with DMF/H₂O (5:1) to a total volumne of 4.5 mL. The resulting mixture was purified by reverse phase HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) providing the title compound upon lyophilization as the bis-TFA salt. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.05-8.94 (m, 3H), 8.55 (s, 1H), 8.51-8.39 (m, 2H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.64-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.39-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.18-7.06 (m, 3H), 5.31 (t, J=19.1 Hz, 6H), 4.39 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H), 4.25 (d, J=15.4 Hz, 1H), 4.13 (dq, J=10.7, 6.5 Hz, 2H), 4.03 (s, 1H), 3.01 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 2.98 (s, 1H), 2.83 (s, 1H), 2.48-2.30 (m, 2H), 2.02 (d, J=11.1 Hz, 7H). LCMS found 1059.0 (M+1).

Example 39: 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(6-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-4-propyl-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile (or 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-4-propyl-5,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile)

A vial was charged with Intermediate 23 (1 equiv), n-propylboronic acid (10.0 equiv), SPhos Pd G3 (10 mol %), and K₃PO₄ (6 equiv). After the vial was sealed dry toluene (2 mL) and water (0.2 mL) were added via syringe. The mixture was then degassed by sparging with argon for 10 minutes. The vessel was then heated to 100° C. for 1 hour. The reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate and filtered through celites. The filter cake was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×3 mL). The filtrate was concentrate in vacuo. The crude material was used without further purification.

To a stirred mixture of bis-aldehyde (1 equiv) and ethanolamine (5 equiv) in a 6:1 mixture of DMF/AcOH (0.02 M) at room temperature was added sequentially sodium cyanoborohydride (9 equiv) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (9 equiv). After 4 hours at room temperature the reaction mixture was diluted with DMF/H₂O (5:1) to a total volumne of 4.5 mL. The resulting mixture was purified by reverse phase HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) providing the title compound upon lyophilization as the bis-TFA salt. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.04 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 2H), 8.49 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 3H), 7.50-7.45 (m, 1H), 7.31 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 7.13-7.09 (m, 1H), 7.02 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H), 5.34 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 2H), 5.22 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 2H), 4.12 (s, 2H), 3.64 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 3H), 3.00-2.89 (m, 2H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.51 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 0.90-0.81 (m, 4H). LCMS found 889.059 (M+1).

Example 40 (2R,2′R)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid) (or (2R,2′R)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid))

Step-1: To a mix of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-hydroxynicotinaldehyde) (20 mg, 0.031 mmol), (5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methanol (14.6 mg, 0.078 mmol), PPh3 (20.4 mg, 0.078 mmol), in THF (2 mL) under argon was added DIAD (15.8 mg, 0.078 mmol) at once and stirred at RT for 3 h. The solvent was concentrated and purified by column chromatography to afford product 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)nicotinaldehyde). LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 980.8, found: 980.7.

Step-2: Fine powder of NaOH (4.08 mg, 0.1 mmol), (R)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid (12.1 mg, 0.102 mmol) were taken in a 8 mL Vial, added Ethanol (1 mL), flushed with argon and sonicated for 10 min. To well stirred mix was added solution of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)nicotinaldehyde) (10 mg, 0.01 mmol) in DCM (0.25 mL) at once and stirred at RT for 1 h. The reaction mixture was added NaBH(OAc)₃ (21.6 mg, 0.102 mmol) at once followed by AcOH (20 uL), sonicated to mix well and stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was concentrated and purified by reverse phase HPLC to afford (2R,2′R)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 9.04 (dd, J=4.7, 2.0 Hz, 4H), 8.53 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 8.06 (s, 2H), 7.42 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.12-7.04 (m, 2H), 5.64 (t, J=3.1 Hz, 4H), 5.52 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 4H), 4.27 (s, 4H), 4.04 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 2H), 3.83 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 2H), 3.20 (s, 6H), 2.04 (s, 6H), 1.56 (s, 6H). LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 1185.1, found: 1187.3.

Example 41: (2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid) (or (2S,2′S)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid))

(2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid) was synthesized following the procedure shown in the Example 40. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 9.04 (dd, J=4.7, 2.0 Hz, 4H), 8.53 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 8.06 (s, 2H), 7.42 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.12-7.04 (m, 2H), 5.64 (t, J=3.1 Hz, 4H), 5.52 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 4H), 4.27 (s, 4H), 4.04 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 2H), 3.83 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 2H), 3.20 (s, 6H), 2.04 (s, 6H), 1.56 (s, 6H). LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 1185.1, found: 1187.3.

Example 42: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3 diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

(3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3 diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) was synthesized following procedure shown in Example 40. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.33 (s, 2H), 9.05 (dd, J=6.1, 2.0 Hz, 4H), 8.67 (s, 4H), 8.47 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 2H), 8.12 (s, 2H), 7.42 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 5.58 (d, J=22.6 Hz, 6H), 5.47 (d, J=4.2 Hz, 4H), 4.12 (s, 8H), 3.94 (s, 2H), 3.15 (s, 2H), 3.04 (s, 2H), 2.88 (s, 2H), 2.47-2.25 (m, 6H), 1.99 (s, 6H). LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 1185.1, found: 1187.3.

Example 43: (2R,2′R)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid) (or (2R,2′R)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid))

(2R,2′R)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid) was synthesized following the procedure shown in Example 40. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.83 (s, 2H), 7.51-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.26-4.13 (m, 4H), 4.04 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 7H), 4.03-3.95 (m, 2H), 3.83 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 2H), 2.08 (s, 6H), 1.58 (s, 6H). LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 787.2, found: 788.3.

Example 44: (2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid) (or (2S,2′S)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid))

(2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid) was synthesized following the procedure shown in Example 40. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.83 (s, 2H), 7.47 (dd, J=7.9, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.24-4.10 (m, 4H), 4.02 (d, J=14.9 Hz, 8H), 3.81 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 2H), 2.08 (s, 5H), 1.56 (s, 6H). LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 787.2, found: 788.0.

Example 45: (2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid)

(2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid) was synthesized following the procedure shown in Example 40. LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 875.1, found: 877.1.

Example 46: (2R,2′R)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid)

(2R,2′R)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid) was synthesized following the procedure shown in Example 40. LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 875.1, found: 877.1.

Example 47: (2S,2′S,4R,4′R)-1,1′-(((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(4-hydroxypiperidine-2-carboxylic acid) (or (2S,2′S,4R,4′R)-1,1′-((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(4-hydroxypiperidine-2-carboxylic acid))

(2S,2′S,4R,4′R)-1,1′-(((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(4-hydroxypiperidine-2-carboxylic acid) was synthesized following the general reductive amination procedure H. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.85 (s, 2H), 7.48 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (dd, J=7.7, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 5.60 (s, 4H), 4.52-4.21 (m, 4H), 4.02 (s, 6H), 3.93-3.39 (m, 4H), 3.22-3.04 (m, 2H), 2.98 (s, 2H), 2.85 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 2H), 2.46 (d, J=13.5 Hz, 2H), 2.09 (s, 8H), 1.88-1.15 (m, 5H). LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 839.3, found: 839.5.

Example 48: (2S,2′S,4S,4′S)-1,1′-(((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid) (or (2S,2′S,4S,4′S)-1,1′-((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid))

(2S,2′S,4S,4′S)-1,1′-(((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid) was synthesized following the procedure shown in Example 40. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.87 (s, 2H), 7.52-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.56-4.25 (m, 8H), 4.06 (s, 6H), 3.56 (d, J=11.7 Hz, 2H), 3.35 (dd, J=11.8, 3.8 Hz, 2H), 2.71 (ddd, J=13.9, 10.9, 4.7 Hz, 2H), 2.28-2.18 (m, 2H), 2.09 (s, 6H). LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 811.2, found: 812.2.

Example 49: (3R,3′R)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3R,3′R)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

(3R,3′R)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) was synthesized following the procedure shown in Example 40. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.34 (s, 2H), 8.62 (s, 4H), 7.95 (s, 2H), 7.46 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 5.56 (s, 4H), 4.14 (s, 2H), 4.03 (s, 4H), 3.94 (s, 6H), 3.01 (s, 2H), 2.86 (s, 2H), 2.47-2.28 (m, 4H), 2.02 (s, 6H). LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 787.3, found: 787.2.

Example 50: (2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxypropanoic acid) (or (2S,2′S)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxypropanoic acid))

(2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxypropanoic acid) was synthesized following the procedure shown in Example 40. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.90 (s, 2H), 7.46 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.55 (s, 4H), 4.00 (s, 4H), 3.90 (s, 6H), 3.79 (s, 4H), 3.72 (d, J=19.1 Hz, 2H), 2.01 (s, 6H). LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 759.3, found: 759.2.

Example 51: (2S,2′S,3R,3′R)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (2S,2′S,3R,3′R)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

(2S,2′S,3R,3′R)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) was synthesized following the procedure shown in Example 40. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.92 (s, 2H), 7.46 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.55 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 4H), 3.98 (d, J=14.1 Hz, 6H), 3.90 (s, 6H), 3.42 (s, 2H), 2.01 (s, 6H), 1.17 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 6H). LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 787.2, found: 787.2.

Example 52: 2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)ethan-1-ol) (or 2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)ethan-1-ol))

2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)ethan-1-ol) was synthesized following the procedure shown in Example 40. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.74 (s, 2H), 7.45 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.57 (s, 4H), 4.85 (s, 2H), 4.24 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 4H), 4.10 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 4H), 3.96 (s, 6H), 2.07 (s, 6H). LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 807.3, found: 807.2.

Example 53: (2S,2′S)-1,1′-(((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(piperidine-2-carboxylic acid)

(2S,2′S)-1,1′-(((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(piperidine-2-carboxylic acid) was synthesized following the procedure shown in Example 40. LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 1009.3, found: 1009.6.

Example 54: (3R,3′R)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-cyclopropyl-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3R,3′R)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-cyclopropyl-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

Step-1: To a mixture of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (100 mg, 0.15 mmol) cyclopropylboronic acid (51.4 mg, 0.59 mmol), potassium phosphate (140.4 mg, 1.04 mmol), and tricyclohexylphosphine (33.5 mg, 0.12 mmol) in toluene (5 mL) and water (0.25 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere was added palladium acetate (6.4 mg, 0.06 mmol). The mixture was heated to 100° C. for 3 h and then cooled to room temperature. Water (10 mL) was added and the mixture extracted with EtOAc (2×15 mL), the combined organics were washed with brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by column chromatography (10% EtOAc in hexanes) afforded the desired compound 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-cyclopropyl-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.18 (s, 2H), 7.65 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 2H), 7.49 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.32-7.21 (m, 2H), 7.14 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.57 (s, 4H), 4.04 (s, 6H), 2.11 (s, 6H), 1.95 (ttd, J=8.4, 5.3, 0.7 Hz, 2H), 0.92-0.80 (m, 4H), 0.67-0.53 (m, 4H).

Step-2: (3R,3′R)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-cyclopropyl-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) was synthesized following the procedure shown in Example 40. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.47 (dd, J=7.7, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (s, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.55 (s, 4H), 4.27 (dq, J=9.7, 3.3 Hz, 2H), 4.12 (s, 4H), 4.01 (s, 7H), 3.16 (dd, J=12.8, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 2.95 (dd, J=12.8, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.53 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.10 (s, 6H), 1.97 (td, J=8.5, 4.3 Hz, 2H), 0.95-0.79 (m, 4H), 0.69-0.51 (m, 4H). LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 799.4, found: 799.2.

Example 55: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-cyclopropyl-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-cyclopropyl-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

(3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-cyclopropyl-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) was synthesized following the procedure shown in Example 40. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.47 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (s, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.55 (s, 4H), 4.27 (dq, J=9.7, 3.3 Hz, 2H), 4.12 (s, 4H), 4.01 (s, 6H), 3.33 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 2H), 3.16 (dd, J=12.7, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 2.95 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.53 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 4H), 2.10 (s, 6H), 1.97 (tq, J=10.4, 5.1 Hz, 2H), 0.87 (dt, J=8.6, 3.1 Hz, 4H), 0.75-0.45 (m, 4H). LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 799.4, found: 799.2.

Example 56: (S)-4-(((5-cyclopropyl-6-((3′-(((3-cyclopropyl-5-((((S)-4-ethoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxobutyl)amino)methyl)-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

(S)-4-(((5-cyclopropyl-6-((3′-(((3-cyclopropyl-5-((((S)-4-ethoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxobutyl)amino)methyl)-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was isolated as byproduct from Example 55. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.47 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (s, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.55 (s, 4H), 4.28 (dp, J=9.6, 2.8 Hz, 2H), 4.14 (d, J=9.7 Hz, 6H), 4.01 (s, 6H), 3.15 (ddd, J=12.9, 10.0, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 2.96 (dd, J=12.8, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 4H), 2.10 (s, 6H), 1.97 (ddt, J=12.6, 9.5, 4.7 Hz, 2H), 1.24 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.95-0.76 (m, 4H), 0.67-0.53 (m, 4H). LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 827.4, found: 827.2.

Example 57: (2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((3-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl)oxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid)

(2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((3-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl)oxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid) was synthesized following the procedure shown in Example 40. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.14 (s, 2H), 7.93 (dd, J=18.1, 7.8 Hz, 4H), 7.67 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.52 (s, 2H), 7.44 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (s, 2H), 5.33 (d, J=27.2 Hz, 8H), 4.34-4.17 (m, 4H), 3.98 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 2H), 3.79 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 2H), 3.14 (s, 6H), 3.02 (s, 2H), 2.06 (s, 6H), 1.48 (s, 6H). LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 1093.3, found: 1093.2.

Example 58: (2S,2′S,4S,4′S)-1,1′-(((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid)

(2S,2′S,4S,4′S)-1,1′-(((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid) was synthesized following the procedure shown in Example 40. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetonitrile-d₃) δ 8.98-8.85 (m, 4H), 8.31 (s, 2H), 7.53 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (s, 2H), 7.33 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H), 7.18 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 6.97 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 5.45-5.12 (m, 10H), 4.44 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 4H), 4.32 (td, J=8.6, 7.4, 4.3 Hz, 4H), 3.57-3.14 (m, 4H), 2.57 (d, J=10.7 Hz, 0H), 2.25 (d, J=14.2 Hz, 2H), 2.05 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 6H). LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 1013.3, found: 1013.4.

Example 59: (2S,2′S)-1,1′-(((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azetidine-2-carboxylic acid) (or (2S,2′S)-1,1′-((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azetidine-2-carboxylic acid))

(2S,2′S)-1,1′-(((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azetidine-2-carboxylic acid) was synthesized following the procedure shown in Example 40. LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 841.6, found: 841.2.

Example 60: (S)-1-((6-((3′-(((3-bromo-5-(((S)-2-carboxyazetidin-1-yl)methyl)-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)azetidine-2-carboxylic acid

(S)-1-((6-((3′-(((3-bromo-5-(((S)-2-carboxyazetidin-1-yl)methyl)-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)azetidine-2-carboxylic acid was isolated as side product of Example 59. LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 761.2, found: 760.1.

Example 61: (2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid) (or (2S,2′S)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid)

(2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid) was synthesized following the procedure shown in Example 40. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.72 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.43 (dd, J=7.8, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.04 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 6.47 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 5.49 (s, 4H), 4.31-4.09 (m, 4H), 4.02 (s, 8H), 3.91-3.70 (m, 2H), 2.84 (s, 1H), 2.06 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 6H), 1.59 (s, 6H). LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 719.3, found: 719.0.

Example 62: 5,5′-(((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-4-carboxylic acid) (or 5,5′-((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-4-carboxylic acid))

5,5′-(((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-4-carboxylic acid) was synthesized following the procedure shown in Example 40. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.78 (s, 2H), 7.86 (s, 2H), 7.54-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.56 (s, 4H), 4.68 (s, 2H), 4.03 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 4H), 3.96 (s, 6H), 3.46 (ddd, J=13.7, 9.1, 5.3 Hz, 2H), 3.29 (s, 10H), 2.96 (dt, J=15.6, 6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.87-2.70 (m, 2H), 2.09 (s, 6H). LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 883.4, found: 883.3.

Example 63: 5,5′-(((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(methylene))bis(isoxazol-3-ol) (or 5,5′-((((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(methylene))bis(isoxazol-3-ol))

5,5′-(((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(methylene))bis(isoxazol-3-ol) was synthesized following the procedure shown in Example 40. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.78 (s, 2H), 7.47 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 6.18 (s, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.35 (s, 4H), 4.17 (s, 4H), 4.04 (s, 6H), 2.08 (s, 6H). LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 777.2, found: 779.9.

Example 64: (2R,2′R)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-cyclopropyl-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid) (or (2R,2′R)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-cyclopropyl-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid))

(2R,2′R)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-cyclopropyl-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid) was synthesized following the procedure shown in Example 40. LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 799.4, found: 799.2.

Example 65: 1,1′-(((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azetidine-2-carboxamide) (or 1,1′-((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azetidine-2-carboxamide))

1,1′-(((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azetidine-2-carboxamide) was synthesized following the reductive amination procedure H. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.78 (s, 2H), 7.46 (dd, J=7.4, 1.1 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.57 (s, 4H), 5.07 (t, J=9.4 Hz, 2H), 4.39-4.20 (m, 4H), 4.15 (q, J=9.6 Hz, 2H), 4.04 (s, 6H), 3.97 (td, J=9.6, 3.8 Hz, 2H), 2.80-2.63 (m, 2H), 2.50 (dq, J=11.5, 9.5 Hz, 2H), 2.08 (s, 6H). LC/MS calculated for (M+H)⁺: 749.3, found: 749.2.

Example 66: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

The title compound was prepared from Intermediate 12 following reductive amination procedure C using sodium cyanoborohydride as the reducing agent. purified via prep HPLC (5-95% acetonitrile in water, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid buffer)¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆)¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.94 (dd, J=16.2, 2.0 Hz, 4H), 8.39 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 2H), 7.56-7.42 (m, 4H), 7.27 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.16-7.05 (m, 4H), 5.38 (s, 4H), 5.31 (s, 4H), 4.30-4.15 (m, 6H), 3.20 (dd, J=12.8, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.03-2.92 (m, 2H), 2.52 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.08 (s, 6H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₅₂H₅₀Cl₂N₆O₁₀: 989.3; found: 989.3.

Example 67: (S)-4-((4-((3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was isolated as a by-product of the synthesis of Example 66. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.95 (dd, J=12.8, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.4 (s, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.47 (dt, J=7.7, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (s, 1H), 7.27 (td, J=7.6, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 7.16-7.05 (m, 3H), 6.76 (s, 1H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 5.20 (s, 2H), 4.34-4.06 (m, 6H), 3.19 (ddd, J=12.7, 4.7, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 2.97 (dd, J=12.7, 9.9 Hz, 2H), 2.52 (dd, J=6.4, 4.1 Hz, 4H), 2.08 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 6H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₅H₄₆Cl₂N₄O₁₀: 873.3; found: 873.4.

Example 68: 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-6-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile (or 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-2-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-5,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile)

The title compound was prepared from Intermediate 12 following reductive amination procedure C using sodium cyanoborohydride as the reducing agent. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetonitrile-d₃) δ 8.93 (dd, J=8.3, 2.0 Hz, 4H), 8.30 (s, 2H), 8.17 (s, 4H), 7.52 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (s, 2H), 7.33 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.18 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (s, 2H), 5.29 (s, 8H), 4.19 (s, 4H), 3.76-3.65 (m, 4H), 3.08 (s, 4H), 2.06 (s, 6H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₈H₄₆Cl₂N₆O₆: 873.3; found: 873.4.

Example 69: 5-((4-chloro-2-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-5-((3′-((4-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

The title compound was prepared from Intermediate 26 using reductive amination procedure C. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetonitrile-d₃) δ 9.00 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 8.31 (s, 1H), 7.57-7.39 (m, 5H), 7.31 (td, J=7.6, 5.0 Hz, 2H), 7.15 (ddd, J=7.7, 6.3, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.12-7.05 (m, 2H), 6.96 (s, 1H), 5.30 (d, J=4.6 Hz, 4H), 5.18 (s, 2H), 4.28-4.10 (m, 4H), 3.82-3.67 (m, 4H), 3.09 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.64 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.06 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₁H₄₃ClN₄O₅: 707.3; found: 707.2.

Example 70: N,N′-(((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl))diacetamide

The title compound was prepared from Intermediate 12 following reductive amination procedure C using sodium cyanoborohydride as the only reducing agent. ¹H NMR 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetonitrile-d3) δ 8.94 (dd, J=15.8, 2.0 Hz, 4H), 8.59 (s, 2H), 8.33 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (s, 2H), 7.32 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 4H), 7.17 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 6.94 (s, 2H), 5.30 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 8H), 4.15 (s, 4H), 3.34 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 4H), 3.10 (s, 4H), 2.06 (s, 6H), 1.85 (s, 6H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₅₂H₅₂Cl₂N₈O₆: 955.3; found: 955.4.

Example 71: 5-((4-chloro-5-((3′-((2-chloro-4-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

The title compound was prepared following the procedure described in Example 69 using 3-chloro-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetonitrile-d₃) δ 8.95 (s, 1H), 8.3 (s, 1H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (dt, J=7.6, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 7.48-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.33 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (s, 1H), 5.29 (d, J=11.4 Hz, 6H), 4.18 (d, J=14.1 Hz, 4H), 3.75 (dt, J=22.9, 5.1 Hz, 4H), 3.10 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 4H), 2.07 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 6H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₁H₄₂Cl₂N₄O₅: 741.3; found: 741.2.

Example 72: 3,3′-bis(((5-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-carbonitrile

The title compound was prepared from Intermediate 27 following general reductive amination procedure E. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.77-7.65 (m, 4H), 7.57-7.50 (m, 1H), 7.38 (dd, J=6.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.52 (dd, J=21.1, 8.0 Hz, 2H), 5.66 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 5.60-5.46 (m, 2H), 4.16 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 4H), 4.01 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 6H), 3.83-3.70 (m, 6H), 3.15-3.07 (m, 5H), 3.02 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 2H), 2.19 (s, 3H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₃₄H₃₉N₅O₆: 614.3; found: 614.3.

Example 73: 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-6-(((3-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile (or 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-2-(((3-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-5,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile)

5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-6-formyl-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile (Intermediate 12, 500 mg, 0.64 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of THF and methanol (2:1) 12 mL and then sodium borohydride (48 mg, 0.001 mol) was slowly added. Reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 min, quenched by the addition of water and then extracted with EtOAc. Organic layers were dried over Mg₂SO₄ and evaporated under reduced pressure to yield 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile.

To a solution of 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile (2.4 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL), kept at 0° C., was added methanesulfonyl chloride (4.8 mmol) over a period of 10 min. Mixture warmed up to room temperature and stirred for 4 hrs. Reaction mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel and was successively washed with water and dichloromethane. The organic phase was dried with sodium sulfate and evaporated to obtain ((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene) dimethanesulfonate.

To a solution of ((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene) dimethanesulfonate (752 mg, 1.36 mmol) in DMF was added 3-aminopropan-1-ol (1.6 gr, 5.4 mmol) under argon atmosphere and stirred at room temperature for 1 hr. and purified via prep HPLC (5-95% acetonitrile in water, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.94 (dd, J=10.8, 2.1 Hz, 4H), 8.42-8.30 (m, 2H), 7.58-7.42 (m, 4H), 7.26 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.12 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 5.34 (dd, J=31.2, 3.2 Hz, 8H), 4.20 (s, 2H), 3.52-3.48 (m, 4H), 3.15 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.05 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H), 2.86 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 2H), 2.07 (s, 6H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₅₀H₅₀Cl₂N₆O₆: 901.3; found: 901.4.

Example 74: (3S,3′S)-3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))dibutyric acid ((3S,3′S)-3,3′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))dibutyric acid)

Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (9 equiv) and sodium cyanoborohydride (9 equiv) were added sequentially to a stirred mixture of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) and (S)-3-aminobutanoic acid (15 equiv) in N,N-dimethylformamide (40 mL per mmol substrate) and acetic acid (7 mL per mmol substrate) at room temperature. After 15 min, trifluoroacetic acid (0.2 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) to give (3S,3′S)-3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))dibutyric acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.82 (s, 2H), 7.47 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.20 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 2H), 4.14 (d, J=13.3 Hz, 2H), 4.06 (s, 6H), 3.64 (h, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.75 (d, J=6.3, 4H), 2.08 (s, 6H), 1.42 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 6H); LRMS: 755.2.

Example 75: (1R,1′R,2R,2′R)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid) (or (1R,1′R,2R,2′R)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid)

Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (9 equiv) was added to a stirred mixture of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) and (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid (15 equiv) in dimethylsulfoxide (100 mL per mmol substrate) and acetic acid (20 mL per mmol substrate) at room temperature. After 60 min, trifluoroacetic acid (0.2 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) to give (1R,1′R,2R,2′R)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.82 (s, 2H), 7.47 (dd, J=7.5, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.15 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 4H), 4.06 (s, 6H), 3.91 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.94 (dt, J=9.4, 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.32-2.13 (m, 4H), 2.08 (s, 6H), 2.02-1.67 (m, 8H); LRMS: 807.2.

Example 76: 2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(methylazanediyl))diacetic acid (or 2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(methylazanediyl))diacetic acid)

2,2′-((((((2,2′-Dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(methylazanediyl))diacetic acid was synthesized in a manner similar to Procedure D using sarcosine in place of (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid and with a reaction temperature of 60° C. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.86 (s, 2H), 7.49 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.60 (s, 4H), 4.35 (s, 4H), 4.05 (s, 6H), 4.04 (s, 4H), 2.89 (s, 6H), 2.10 (s, 6H); LRMS: 727.3.

Example 77: 3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid) (or 3,3′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid))

3,3′-((((((2,2′-Dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid) was synthesized in a manner similar to Procedure D using 3-amino-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid in place of (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.80 (s, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.16 (s, 4H), 4.07 (s, 6H), 3.09 (s, 4H), 2.09 (s, 6H), 1.29 (s, 12H); LRMS: 783.3.

Example 78: 1,1′-((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(N-(carboxymethyl)-N,N-dimethylmethanaminium) (or 1,1′-(6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(N-(carboxymethyl)-N,N-dimethylmethanaminium))

Iodomethane (0.029 mL, 0.47 mmol) was added via syringe to a stirred solution of 2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(methylazanediyl))diacetic acid (17 mg, 0.023 mmol) in dimethylsulfoxide and aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (2.0 M, 0.47 mL) at room temperature. After 30 min, trifluoroacetic acid (0.1 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) to give 1,1′-((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(N-(carboxymethyl)-N,N-dimethylmethanaminium). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.87 (s, 2H), 7.49 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 5.62 (s, 4H), 4.67 (s, 4H), 4.11 (s, 4H), 4.04 (s, 6H), 3.24 (s, 12H), 2.10 (s, 6H). LRMS: 378.1 ([M]²⁺).

Example 79: (1S,1′S,2R,2′R)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid) (or (1S,1′S,2R,2′R)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid))

(1S,1′S,2R,2′R)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-Dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid) was synthesized using general reductive amination procedure D using (1S,2R)-2-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid in place of (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.81 (s, 2H), 7.52-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.11-7.03 (m, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.23-4.19 (m, 4H), 4.06 (s, 6H), 3.66 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.17 (q, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.26-1.64 (m, 12H), 2.09 (s, 6H); LRMS: 807.2.

Example 80: (1S,1′S,2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid) (or (1S,1′S,2S,2′S)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid))

(1S,1′S,2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,12′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid) was synthesized using general reductive amination procedure D using (1S,2S)-2-aminocyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid in place of (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.81 (s, 2H), 7.47 (dd, J=7.3, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.12-7.01 (m, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.24 (d, J=13.3 Hz, 2H), 4.15 (d, J=13.3 Hz, 2H), 4.07 (s, 6H), 3.38-3.28 (m, 2H), 2.54 (td, J=11.3, 4.0 Hz, 2H), 2.35-2.25 (m, 4H), 2.09 (s, 6H), 1.95-1.87 (m, 2H), 1.85-1.77 (m, 2H), 1.58-1.30 (m, 8H); LRMS: 835.3.

Example 81: (±)-(1R,1′R,2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid) (or (1R,1′R,2S,2′S)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid)) and (1S,1′R,2R,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid)

A stereoisomeric mixture of (±)-(1R,1′R,2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid) and (1S,1′R,2R,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid) was synthesized using general reductive amination procedure D using (±)-(1R,2S)-2-aminocyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid in place of (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.79 (s, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.14-7.00 (m, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.21 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 2H), 4.13 (d, J=13.3 Hz, 2H), 4.05 (s, 6H), 3.38-3.28 (m, 2H), 3.18 (q, J=4.4 Hz, 2H), 2.35-2.25 (m, 2H), 2.09 (s, 6H), 2.04-1.94 (m, 2H), 1.93-1.80 (m, 4H), 1.70-1.57 (m, 4H), 1.55-1.20 (m, 4H); LRMS: 835.3.

Example 82: 3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-methylbutanoic acid) (or 3,3′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-methylbutanoic acid))

3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-methylbutanoic acid) was synthesized using general reductive amination procedure D using 3-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid in place of (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.81 (s, 2H), 7.46 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (dd, J=7.5, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.14 (s, 4H), 4.06 (s, 6H), 2.82 (s, 4H), 2.09 (s, 6H), 1.50 (s, 12H); LRMS: 783.3.

Example 83: 2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(N,N-dimethylpropanamide) (or 2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(N,N-dimethylpropanamide))

2,2′-((((((2,2′-Dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(N,N-dimethylpropanamide) was synthesized using general reductive amination procedure D using (+)-2-amino-N,N-dimethylpropanamide hydrochloride (15 equiv) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (17 equiv) in place of (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.77 (s, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 5.60 (s, 4H), 4.38 (q, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 4.11 (d, J=13.3 Hz, 2H), 4.05 (s, 6H), 4.03 (d, J=14.0 Hz, 2H), 3.02 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 6H), 2.92 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 6H), 2.09 (s, 6H), 1.46 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H); LRMS: 781.3.

Example 84: 4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2,2-difluoro-3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or 4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2,2-difluoro-3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2,2-difluoro-3-hydroxybutanoic acid) was synthesized using general reductive amination procedure C using 3-carboxy-3,3-difluoro-2-hydroxypropan-1-aminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate (5 equiv) and triethylamine (10 equiv) in place of (S)-3-aminobutanoic acid and using 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) in place of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.68 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.43 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 6.47 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 5.49 (s, 4H), 4.42-4.28 (m, 2H), 4.18 (s, 4H), 4.03 (s, 6H), 3.33-3.19 (m, 4H), 2.05 (S, 6H); LRMS: 791.1.

Example 85: 3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1-carboxylic acid) (or 3,3′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1-carboxylic acid))

Trifluoroacetic acid (0.8 mL) was added to a stirred solution of 3-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1-carboxylic acid (87.9 mg, 0.387 mmol) in dichloromethane (2.0 mL) at room temperature. After 25 min, the resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. 6,6′-(((2,2′-Dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (15 mg, 0.026 mmol), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.135 mL, 0.774 mmol), N,N-dimethylformamide (1.5 mL), and acetic acid (0.2 mL) were added sequentially, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature. After 5 min, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (54.7, 0.258 mmol) was added. After 7 min, trifluoroacetic acid (0.2 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) to give 3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1-carboxylic acid). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.82 (s, 2H), 7.53-7.39 (m, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.09 (s, 4H), 4.05 (s, 6H), 2.37 (s, 12H), 2.08 (s, 6H); LRMS: 803.1.

Example 86: (2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2-phenylacetic acid) (or (2S,2′S)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2-phenylacetic acid))

A solution of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (7.0 mg, 0.012 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (1.0 mL) was added via syringe to a stirred mixture of (S)-2-amino-2-phenylacetic acid (18.2 mg, 0.120 mmol) and aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (0.120 mL, 0.120 mmol) at room temperature. After 30 min, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (25.5 mg, 0.120 mmol) was added. After 40 min, the resulting mixture was heated to 85° C. After 180 min, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and trifluoroacetic acid (0.2 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) to give (2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2-phenylacetic acid). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.70 (s, 2H), 7.47 (s, 14H), 7.23 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 5.57 (s, 4H), 4.87 (s, 2H), 4.12 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 2H), 4.09 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 2H), 3.98 (s, 6H), 2.08 (s, 6H); LRMS: 851.0.

Example 87: 3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(oxetane-3-carboxylic acid) (or 3,3′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(oxetane-3-carboxylic acid))

3,3′-((((((2,2′-Dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(oxetane-3-carboxylic acid) was synthesized using general reductive amination procedure C using 3-aminooxetane-3-carboxylic acid (6 equiv) and triethylamine (10 equiv) in place of (S)-3-aminobutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.83 (s, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.60 (s, 4H), 5.03 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 4H), 4.78 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 4H), 4.21 (s, 4H), 4.06 (s, 6H), 2.08 (s, 6H); LRMS: 805.2 ([M+Na]⁺).

Example 88: (2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(N-methylpropanamide) (or (2R,2′R)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(N-methylpropanamide))

(2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-Dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(N-methylpropanamide) was synthesized using general reductive amination procedure D using (S)-2-amino-N-methylpropanamide hydrochloride (15 equiv) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (17 equiv) in place of (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.77 (s, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.08 (d, J=3.4 Hz, 4H), 4.05 (s, 6H), 3.82 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.76 (s, 6H), 2.09 (s, 6H), 1.50 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 6H); LRMS: 753.3.

Example 89: Dimethyl 2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))(2R,2′R)-dipropionate (or (2R,2′R)-dimethyl 2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))dipropionate)

Dimethyl 2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))(2R,2′R)-dipropionate was synthesized using general reductive amination procedure C using methyl D-alaninate hydrochloride (12.5 equiv) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (20 equiv) in place of (S)-3-aminobutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.80 (s, 2H), 7.47 (dd, J=7.5, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.10-7.04 (m, 2H), 5.60 (s, 4H), 4.18 (s, 4H), 4.14 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.05 (s, 6H), 3.84 (s, 6H), 2.09 (s, 6H), 1.58 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 6H); LRMS: 755.3.

Example 90: (2R,2′R)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))dipropionic acid (or (2R,2′R)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))dipropionic acid)

Aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1 M, 0.55 mL) was added via syringe to a stirred solution of dimethyl 2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))(2R,2′R)-dipropionate (17 mg, 0.023 mmol) in dimethylsulfoxide at room temperature. After 120 min, trifluoroacetic acid (0.2 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) to give (2R,2′R)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))dipropionic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.80 (s, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.15 (s, 4H), 4.04 (s, 6H), 3.88 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.08 (s, 6H), 1.56 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 6H); LRMS: 727.1.

Example 91: 1,1′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) (or 1,1′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid))

1,1′-((((((2,2′-Dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) was synthesized as in Example 89 using methyl 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (12.5 equiv) in place of methyl D-alaninate hydrochloride (12.5 equiv) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (20 equiv). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.80 (s, 2H), 7.46 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.32 (s, 4H), 4.04 (s, 6H), 2.07 (s, 6H), 1.62-1.45 (m, 4H), 1.38-1.27 (m, 4H); LRMS: 749.3 ([M−H]⁻).

Example 92: (S)-4-((4-((4″-(2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-3′-nitro-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

(S)-4-((4-((4″-(2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-3″-nitro-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was synthesized using general reductive amination procedure D using 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3″-nitro-4″-(2-oxoethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile in place of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) and using (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid in place (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.95 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.93 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (dd, J=8.6, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.19-7.12 (m, 2H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 4.55 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 4.38-4.30 (m, 1H), 4.26-4.18 (m, 3H), 3.60 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.53-3.36 (m, 1H), 3.20 (ddd, J=12.6, 6.5, 3.4 Hz, 2H), 3.06-2.92 (m, 1H), 2.59 (dd, J=6.2, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 2.55-2.49 (m, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.91 (s, 3H); LRMS: 868.3.

Example 93: (4-((4″-(2-(((S)-1-carboxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-3″-nitro-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)-L-alanine

(4-((4″-(2-(((S)-1-carboxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-3″-nitro-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)-L-alanine was synthesized using general reductive amination procedure D using 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3″-nitro-4″-(2-oxoethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile in place of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) and using L-alanine in place (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.97 (s, 1H), 8.92 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.40 (s, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.70-7.63 (m, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.31-7.21 (m, 2H), 7.16 (s, 1H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.54 (t, J=4.9 Hz, 2H), 4.36-4.15 (m, 3H), 4.01 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 3.62 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.92 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 3H), 1.65 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.54 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H); LRMS: 808.3.

Example 94: (S)-4-((4-((4″-(2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

(S)-4-((4-((4″-(2-(((S)-3-Carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-3″-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was synthesized using general reductive amination procedure D using 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3″-(trifluoromethyl)-4″-(2-oxoethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile in place of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) and using (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid in place (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.95 (s, 1H), 8.93 (s, 1H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.53-7.44 (m, 3H), 7.41-7.06 (m, 6H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.33 (d, J=14.4 Hz, 2H), 4.49 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 4.37-4.27 (m, 1H), 4.26-4.17 (m, 3H), 3.60 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.44-3.37 (m, 1H), 3.29-3.14 (m, 2H), 3.05-2.89 (m, 1H), 2.56 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.88 (s, 3H); LRMS: 891.2.

Example 95: (4-((4″-(2-(((S)-1-carboxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-3″-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)-L-alanine

(4-((4″-(2-(((S)-1-Carboxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-3″-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)-L-alanine was synthesized using general reductive amination procedure D using 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3″-(trifluoromethyl)-4″-(2-oxoethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile in place of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) and using L-alanine in place (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.97 (s, 1H), 8.92 (s, 1H), 8.40 (s, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.42-7.06 (m, 6H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.33 (d, J=10.9 Hz, 2H), 4.49 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 4.38-4.16 (m, 3H), 4.01 (q, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.62 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.88 (s, 3H), 1.65 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.55 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 3H); LRMS: 831.3.

Example 96: 2-(((6-((3′-(((5-(aminomethyl)-3-chloro-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-2-methylpropanoic acid

Trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (0.037 mL, 0.21 mmol) was added via syringe to a stirred mixture of 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid (18.6 mg, 0.181 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.052 mL, 0.30 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (1.0 mL) at room temperature. After 50 min, 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (7.0 mg, 0.012 mmol) was added, and the resulting mixture was heated to reflux over 30 seconds and allowed to cool to room temperature. After 10 min, acetic acid (0.15 mL), sodium cyanoborohydride (6.81 mg, 0.108 mmol), and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (23.0 mg, 0.108 mmol) were added sequentially. After 90 min, trifluoroacetic acid (0.2 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) to give 2-(((6-((3′-(((5-(aminomethyl)-3-chloro-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-2-methylpropanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.81 (s, 1H), 7.53-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.11-7.04 (m, 2H), 5.60 (s, 4H), 4.21 (s, 2H), 4.13 (s, 2H), 4.06 (s, 3H), 4.05 (s, 3H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 1.65 (s, 6H); LRMS: 755.3.

Example 97: 2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2-methylpropanoic acid) (or 2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2-methylpropanoic acid))

2,2′-((((((2,2′-Dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2-methylpropanoic acid) was synthesized as described in Example 89 using methyl 2-amino-2-methylpropanoate hydrochloride in place of methyl D-alaninate hydrochloride. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.82 (s, 2H), 7.46 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 5.60 (s, 4H), 4.10 (s, 4H), 4.04 (s, 6H), 2.08 (s, 6H), 1.60 (s, 12H); LRMS: 755.2.

Example 98: (2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))dipropionic acid (or (2S,2′S)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))dipropionic acid)

(2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-Dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))dipropionic acid was synthesized as shown in Example 89 using methyl L-alaninate hydrochloride in place of methyl D-alaninate hydrochloride. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.80 (s, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.15 (s, 4H), 4.04 (s, 6H), 3.86 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.08 (s, 6H), 1.55 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 6H); LRMS: 727.0.

Example 99: (2R,2′R)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))dibutyric acid (or (2R,2′R)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))dibutyric acid)

(2R,2′R)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-Dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))dibutyric acid was synthesized using general reductive amination procedure D using (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid in place of (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.79 (s, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.14 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 4H), 4.04 (s, 6H), 3.72 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 2.08 (s, 6H), 2.06-1.83 (m, 4H), 1.03 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 6H); LRMS: 755.2.

Example 100: Dimethyl 2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))(2S,2′S)-dipropionate (or (2S,2′S)-dimethyl 2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))dipropionate)

Dimethyl 2,2′-((((((2,2′-Dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))(2S,2′S)-dipropionate was synthesized using general reductive amination procedure C using methyl L-alaninate hydrochloride in place of methyl D-alaninate hydrochloride. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.77 (s, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.12-3.97 (m, 6H), 4.08 (s, 4H), 4.04 (s, 6H), 3.80 (s, 6H), 2.09 (s, 6H), 1.53 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 6H); LRMS: 755.2.

Example 101: (2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))dipropanamide

(2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-Dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))dipropanamide was synthesized using general reductive amination procedure D using (S)-2-amino-propanamide hydrochloride (15 equiv) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (17 equiv) in place of (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.76 (s, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 5.58 (s, 4H), 4.04 (s, 10H), 3.83-3.73 (m, 2H), 2.08 (s, 6H), 1.50 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 6H); LRMS: 725.3.

Example 102: (S)-((6-((4-(4′-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)glycine

Lithium tetrafluoroborate (38.4 mg, 0.410 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of tert-butyl (S)-((6-((4-(4′-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)glycinate (28 mg, 0.041 mmol) in acetonitrile (1.5 mL) and water (0.1 mL) at room temperature, and the resulting mixture was heated to 60° C. After 65 min, the reaction mixture was heated to 79° C. After 75 min, the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. Dimethylsulfoxide (0.5 mL), ethanolamine (0.025 mL, 0.41 mmol), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.071 mL, 0.41 mmol), and acetic acid (0.15 mL) were added sequentially. After 15 min, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (212 mg, 0.41 mmol) was added. After 30 min, trifluoroacetic acid (0.1 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) to give tert-butyl (S)-((6-((4-(4′-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)glycinate, which was immediately dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (1.5 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature, and aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1 M, 0.5 mL) was added. After 30 min, trifluoroacetic acid (0.1 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) to give (S)-((6-((4-(4′-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)glycine. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.67 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.49-7.21 (m, 5H), 7.21-7.01 (m, 5H), 6.59 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 6.42 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 4.22 (s, 2H), 4.08 (s, 3H), 3.91-3.79 (m, 2H), 3.87 (s, 2H), 3.53 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.26 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 2H), 3.00-2.53 (m, 3H), 2.65 (s, 3H), 2.21-2.07 (m, 1H); LRMS: 620.2 ([M+Na]⁺).

Example 103: (S)-4-((2-((3′-((S)-1-((5-(((carboxymethyl)amino)methyl)-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)oxy)ethyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

(S)-4-((2-((3′-((S)-1-((5-(((Carboxymethyl)amino)methyl)-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)oxy)ethyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was synthesized in a manner similar to Example 102 using (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid in place of ethanolamine. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.68 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (t, J=9.7 Hz, 1H), 7.36-6.96 (m, 9H), 6.59 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 6.42 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.39-4.31 (m, 3H), 4.22 (s, 2H), 4.08 (s, 3H), 3.89 (s, 2H), 3.57-3.51 (m, 2H), 3.39-3.29 (m, 1H), 3.20-3.02 (m, 1H), 3.02-2.42 (m, 8H), 2.25-2.06 (m, 1H); LRMS: 656.2.

Example 104: (2R,2′R,3S,3′S)-2,2′-((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid) (or (2R,2′R,3S,3′S)-2,2′-(6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid))

Example 105: (2R,3S)-2-(6-((3′-(((5-((2R,3S)-3-((allyloxy)carbonyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)-3-chloro-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid

Step 1: 4-Bromobutanoyl chloride (2.00 mL, 17.3 mmol) was added via syringe to a stirred mixture of allyl alcohol (2.94 mL, 43.2 mmol) and 2,6-lutidine (3.02 mL, 25.9 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (35 mL) at 0° C., and the resulting mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After 90 min, diethyl ether (250 mL) was added, and the organic layer was washed sequentially with aqueous hydrogen chloride solution (2×150 mL), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (100 mL), and water (100 mL), was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure to give allyl 4-bromobutanoate, which was used in the next step without further purification.

Step 2: A stirred mixture of allyl 4-bromobutanoate (3.58 g, 17.3 mmol) and sodium azide (1.69 g, 25.9 mmol) in dimethylsulfoxide (30 mL) was heated to 65° C. After 20 h, the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, and diethyl ether (600 mL) was added. The organic layer was washed with water (2×500 mL), was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0 to 5% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give allyl 4-azidobutanoate.

Step 3: Allyl 4-azidobutanoate (0.086 mL, 0.516 mmol) was added dropwise via syringe over 2 min to a solution of lithium diisopropyl amide (2.0 M in tetrahydrofuran/heptane/ethylbenzene, 0.318 mL, 0.64 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (3.0 mL) at −78° C. After 40 min, a solution of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (100 mg, 0.172 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (3.0 mL). After 40 min, a mixture of acetic acid (0.5 mL) and tetrahydrofuran (1.0) mL was added, and the resulting mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. Ethyl acetate (60 mL) was added, and the organic layer was washed sequentially with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (40 mL) and a 1:1 mixture of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and brine (1:1 v:v, 30 mL), was dried over sodium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0 to 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give diallyl 2,2′-(((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(hydroxymethylene))bis(4-azidobutanoate).

Step 4: Dess-Martin periodinane (219 mg, 0.516 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of diallyl 2,2′-(((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(hydroxymethylene))bis(4-azidobutanoate) (158 mg, 0.172 mmol) in dichloromethane (2.0 mL) at room temperature. After 150 min, aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution (1 M, 1 mL), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (10 mL), and ethyl acetate (60 mL) were added sequentially. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (2×30 mL), was dried over sodium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0 to 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give diallyl 2,2′-(6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinoyl))bis(4-azidobutanoate).

Step 5: Triphenylphosphine (99.2 mg, 0.378 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of diallyl 2,2′-(6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinoyl))bis(4-azidobutanoate) (158 mg, 0.172 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL) and water (0.015 mL) at room temperature, and the resulting mixture was heated to 65° C. After 50 min, the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. over 5 min. Acetonitrile (6.0 mL) and acetic acid (0.4 mL) were added sequentially. After 5 min, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (365 mg, 1.72 mmol) was added, and the resulting mixture was allowed to warm slowly to room temperature over 14 h. Ethyl acetate (80 mL) was added, and the organic layer was washed sequentially with a mixture of water and saturated aqueous sodium carbonate solution (5:1 v:v, 60 mL), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (50 mL), and brine (50 mL), was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0 to 100% ethyl acetate in hexanes, then 0 to 10% methanol in dichloromethane) to give di-allyl 2,2′-((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))(2R,2′R,3S,3′S)-bis(pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate) as a mixture of stereoisomers in which the relative stereochemistry of vicinal substituents on all pyrrolidine rings were cis.

Step 6: Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (20 mg, 0.017 mmol) was added to a stirred mixture of di-allyl 2,2′-((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))(2R,2′R,3S,3′S)-bis(pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate) (mixture of stereoisomers in which the relative stereochemistry of vicinal substituents on all pyrrolidine rings were cis, 143 mg, 0.172 mmol), triphenylphosphine (9.0 mg, 0.034 mmol), and pyrrolidine (0.287 mL, 3.44 mmol) in acetonitrile (5.0 mL) at 0 C. After 24 min, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After 136 min, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (60 mg, 0.051 mmol) was added. After 45 min, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (60 mg, 0.051 mmol) was added. After 12 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. N,N-dimethylformamide (1.0 mL), water (0.2 mL), and trifluoroacetic acid (0.2 mL) were added sequentially, and the resulting mixture was purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) to give (2R,2′R,3S,3′S)-2,2′-((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid) as a mixture of stereoisomers in which the relative stereochemistry of vicinal substituents on all pyrrolidine rings were cis (¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.77 (s, H), 7.46 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 5.57 (s, 4H), 4.93 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.03 (s, 6H), 3.68 (dt, J=11.6, 7.8 Hz, 2H), 3.63-3.55 (m, 2H), 3.55-3.43 (m, 2H), 2.46 (q, J=7.8 Hz, 4H), 2.08 (s, 6H); LRMS: 751.2) and (2R,3S)-2-(6-((3′-(((5-((2R,3S)-3-((allyloxy)carbonyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)-3-chloro-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid as a mixture of stereoisomers in which the relative stereochemistry of vicinal substituents on all pyrrolidine rings were cis. (¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.76 (d, J=1.1 Hz, 2H), 7.72-6.89 (m, 6H), 6.26-6.15 (m, 1H), 5.68-5.53 (m, 6H), 4.93 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 4.05-3.97 (m, 7H), 3.80-3.38 (m, 6H), 2.54-2.40 (m, 2H), 2.09 (s, 6H); LRMS: 791.2).

Example 106: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″:3″,1′″-quaterphenyl]-4,4′″-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

3-Bromo-4′-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl (50 mg, 0.132 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (1 mL), treated with bis(pinacolato)diboron (54 mg, 0.211 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂-DCM (9.6 mg, 0.013 mmol) and potassium acetate (38.8 mg, 0.395 mmol). The mixture was purged with argon and then heated at 85° C. for 1.5 h. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc and water. The organic layer was concentrated and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hexanes/EtOAc as the eluent to afford 2-(4′-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane.

3-Bromo-4′-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl (30 mg, 0.079 mmol) and 2-(4′-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (33 mg, 0.079 mmol) were suspended in 1,4-dioxane and H₂O (1.8 mL, 5:1), added potassium carbonate (55 mg, 0.395 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (18 mg, 0.015 mmol). The mixture was purged with argon and then heated at 85° C. After 1 h, the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. EtOAc and water were added to the mixture. The organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hexanes/EtOAc as the eluent to afford 4,4′″-bis(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2′,2″-dimethyl-1,1′:3′,1″:3″,1′″-quaterphenyl.

4,4′″-bis (2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2′,2″-dimethyl-1,1′:3′,1″:3″,1′″-quaterphenyl (21 mg, 0.035 mmol) was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (1.8 mL). 37% hydrochloric acid (0.2 mL) was added dropwise to the mixture. After stirring at room temperature for 1 h, the reaction was quenched by adding saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to afford 2,2′-((2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″:3″,1′″-quaterphenyl]-4,4′″-diyl)bis(oxy))diacetaldehyde as the crude.

(3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″:3″,1′″-quaterphenyl]-4,4′″-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) was synthesized from 2,2′-((2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″:3″,1′″-quaterphenyl]-4,4′″-diyl)bis(oxy))diacetaldehyde and (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid using reductive amination procedure G as the bis-TFA salt. MS (m/z) 657.402 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.39-7.22 (m, 6H), 7.17 (dd, J=7.3, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.04 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 4H), 5.60 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.29 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 4H), 4.20 (s, 2H), 3.39 (s, 2H), 3.21 (s, 2H), 2.99 (s, 2H), 2.45-2.23 (m, 4H), 1.90 (s, 6H).

Example 107: (3R,3′R)-4,4′-((((2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″:3″,1′″-quaterphenyl]-4,4′″-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

(3R,3′R)-4,4′-((((2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″:3″,1′″-quaterphenyl]-4,4′″-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) was synthesized from 2,2′-((2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″:3″,1′″-quaterphenyl]-4,4′″-diyl)bis(oxy))diacetaldehyde and (R)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid using reductive amination procedure G as the bis-TFA salt. MS (m/z) 657.329 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.38-7.23 (m, 6H), 7.17 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.04 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 4H), 5.60 (s, 2H), 4.29 (s, 4H), 4.19 (s, 2H), 3.38 (s, 2H), 3.16 (s, 2H), 2.99 (s, 2H), 2.45-2.24 (m, 4H), 1.90 (s, 6H).

Example 108: (3S)-4-((4-((3-(3-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

(7-bromo-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-2-yl)methanol (synthesized using Ref. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 120 (2016) 227e243) (100 mg, 0.408 mmol) and 2-(4′-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (275 mg, 0.53 mmol) were suspended in 1,4-dioxane and H₂O (4.8 mL, 5:1), added potassium carbonate (282 mg, 2.04 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (94 mg, 0.082 mmol). The mixture was purged with argon and then heated at 85° C. After 1.5 h, the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. EtOAc and water were added to the mixture. The organic layer was concentrated and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hexanes/EtOAc as the eluent to afford 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((4-(3-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((4-(3-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (140 mg, 251 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (5 mL), added Dess-Martin periodinane (213 mg, 503 mmol). The mixture was left stirring at room temperature for 40 min and then filtered through a short bed of Celite. The filtrated was diluted with EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, followed by aqueous sodium thiosulfate. The organic layer was evaporated under reduced pressure to give 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((4-(3-formyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile as the crude.

(3S)-4-((4-((3-(3-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was synthesized from 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((4-(3-formyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (used crude) and (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid using reductive amination procedure G as the bis-TFA salt. MS (m/z) 761.068 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.02 (dd, J=6.0, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 8.81 (s, 2H), 8.56 (s, 2H), 8.45 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 6.98 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.90-6.69 (m, 2H), 5.36 (s, 2H), 5.28 (s, 2H), 4.68-4.38 (d, J=11.4 Hz, 1H), 4.13-4.02 (m, 6H), 3.12-2.72 (m, 6H), 2.45-2.31 (m, 4H), 2.23 (s, 3H).

Example 109: (S)-4-(((6-((4″-(2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

3-Bromo-4′-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl (70 mg, 0.185 mmol) and 2-methoxy-6-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)nicotinaldehyde (99 mg, 0.258 mmol) were suspended in 1,4-dioxane and H₂O (2.4 mL, 5:1), added potassium carbonate (138 mg, 0.923 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (43 mg, 0.037 mmol). The mixture was purged with argon and then heated at 85° C. After 1 h, the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. EtOAc and water were added to the mixture. The organic layer was concentrated and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hexanes/EtOAc as the eluent to afford 6-((4″-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde. 6-((4″-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (41 mg, 0.074 mmol) was dissolved in DMF/chloroform (2 mL, 1:1), added palau'chlor (29 mg, 0.139 mmol) in one portion. 4 N HCl in 1,4-dioxane (0.031 mL, 0.124 mmol) was added dropwise. Complete conversion was observed after 30 min stirring at room temperature. The mixture was then diluted with EtOAc, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The organic layer was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hexanes/EtOAc as the eluent to afford 5-chloro-6-((4″-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde.

5-chloro-6-((4″-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (35 mg, 0.059 mmol) was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL). 37% hydrochloric acid (0.2 mL) was added dropwise to the mixture. After stirring at room temperature for 2 h, the reaction was quenched by adding saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to afford 5-chloro-6-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(2-oxoethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde as the crude.

(S)-4-(((6-((4″-(2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was synthesized from 5-chloro-6-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(2-oxoethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (crude) and (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid using reductive amination procedure G as the bis-TFA salt. MS (m/z) 722.115 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.81 (s, 1H), 7.46 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.38-6.97 (m, 9H), 5.59 (s, 2H), 4.43-4.21 (m, 4H), 4.16 (s, 2H), 4.05 (s, 3H), 3.58-3.47 (m, 2H), 3.35 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.24-3.09 (m, 2H), 3.00 (dd, J=12.8, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.56 (dd, J=16.1, 6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.87 (s, 3H).

Example 110: (R)-4-(((6-((4″-(2-(((R)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

(R)-4-(((6-((4″-(2-(((R)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was synthesized from 5-chloro-6-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(2-oxoethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (crude) and (R)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid using reductive amination procedure G as the bis-TFA salt. MS (m/z) 722.066 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.81 (s, 1H), 7.46 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.36-6.96 (m, 9H), 5.59 (s, 2H), 4.44-4.22 (m, 4H), 4.16 (s, 2H), 4.05 (s, 3H), 3.54 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.35 (dd, J=12.7, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.26-3.05 (m, 2H), 3.00 (dd, J=12.8, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.56 (dd, J=16.2, 6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.87 (s, 3H).

Example 111: (S)-4-((4-((4″-(2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethoxy)-2″-fluoro-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid (or (S)-4-((4-((4″-(2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethoxy)-2″-fluoro-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

4-bromo-3-fluorophenol (200 mg, 1.05 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (2 mL), added 2-bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane (495 mg, 2.5 mmol), followed by addition of cesium carbonate (1.70 g, 5.25 mmol). The mixture was heated to 85° C. Clean complete conversion was observed after 3 h, EtOAc and water were added to the mixture, and the organic layer was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hexanes/EtOAc as the eluent to afford 1-bromo-4-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-fluorobenzene.

1-bromo-4-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-fluorobenzene (38 mg, 0.128 mmol) and 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (25 mg, 0.041 mmol) were suspended in 1,4-dioxane and H₂O (1.44 mL, 5:1), added potassium carbonate (22.7 mg, 0.164 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (9 mg, 0.008 mmol). The mixture was purged with argon and then heated at 85° C. After 1 h, the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. EtOAc and water were added to the mixture. The organic layer was concentrated and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hexanes/EtOAc as the eluent to afford 5-((4-chloro-5-((4″-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2″-fluoro-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

5-((4-chloro-5-((4″-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2″-fluoro-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (18 mg, 0.025 mmol) was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (1 mL). 37% hydrochloric acid (0.1 mL) was added dropwise to the mixture. After stirring at room temperature for 18 h, the reaction was quenched by adding saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to afford 5-((4-chloro-5-((2″-fluoro-2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(2-oxoethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile as the crude.

(S)-4-((4-((4″-(2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethoxy)-2″-fluoro-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was synthesized from 5-((4-chloro-5-((2″-fluoro-2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(2-oxoethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (crude) and (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid using reductive amination procedure G as the bis-TFA salt. MS (m/z) 841.044 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.94 (dd, J=12.0, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 8.37 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.37-7.02 (m, 7H), 6.99-6.80 (m, 2H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 4.36 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 3H), 4.23 (s, 3H), 3.54 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.41-3.32 (m, 1H), 3.26-3.07 (m, 2H), 2.97 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.58 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.56-2.46 (m, 2H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 1.81 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 3H).

Example 112: (S)-4-((4-((3′-(5-(2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethoxy)pyridin-2-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

6-Bromopyridin-3-ol (200 mg, 1.15 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (2 mL), added 2-bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane (566 mg, 2.87 mmol), and followed by addition of cesium carbonate (1.87 g, 5.75 mmol). The mixture was heated to 85° C. Clean complete conversion was observed after 1 h. EtOAc and water were added to the mixture, and the organic layer was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hexanes/EtOAc as the eluent to afford 2-bromo-5-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)pyridine.

2-bromo-5-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)pyridine (43 mg, 0.148 mmol) and 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (30 mg, 0.049 mmol) were suspended in 1,4-dioxane and H₂O (1.44 mL, 5:1), added potassium carbonate (27 mg, 0.197 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (11 mg, 0.01 mmol). The mixture was purged with argon and then heated at 85° C. After 1 h, the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. EtOAc and water were added to the mixture. The organic layer was concentrated and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hexanes/EtOAc as the eluent to afford 5-((4-chloro-5-((3′-(5-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)pyridin-2-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

5-((4-chloro-5-((3′-(5-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)pyridin-2-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (15.9 mg, 0.023 mmol) was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (1 mL). 37% hydrochloric acid (0.1 mL) was added dropwise to the mixture. After stirring at room temperature for 18 h, the reaction was quenched by adding saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure to afford 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(5-(2-oxoethoxy)pyridin-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile as the crude.

(S)-4-((4-((3′-(5-(2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethoxy)pyridin-2-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was synthesized from 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(5-(2-oxoethoxy)pyridin-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (crude) and (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid using reductive amination procedure G as the bis-TFA salt. MS (m/z) 824.129 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.94 (dd, J=13.2, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.48-8.26 (m, 2H), 7.72 (dd, J=8.7, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.52-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.27 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (dd, J=7.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 4.48 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 4.35 (dp, J=9.4, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 4.27-4.12 (m, 3H), 3.59 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.37 (dd, J=12.7, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.25-3.08 (m, 2H), 2.97 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.59 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (dd, J=6.3, 1.1 Hz, 2H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.91 (s, 3H).

Example 113: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was prepared from Intermediate 25 following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d) δ 7.95 (s, 2H), 7.49 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.38-4.23 (m, 2H), 4.16 (s, 4H), 4.07 (s, 6H), 3.21 (dd, J=12.8, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.01 (dd, J=12.8, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.55 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.11 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 876.890 (M+H)+.

Example 114: (3R,3′R)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3R,3′R)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was prepared from Intermediate 25 following reductive amination procedure G using (3R)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid in place of (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.94 (s, 2H), 7.48 (dd, J=7.5, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (dd, J=7.8, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.58 (s, 4H), 4.28 (dtd, J=9.4, 6.3, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 4.15 (s, 4H), 4.05 (s, 6H), 3.20 (dd, J=12.8, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.00 (dd, J=12.8, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (d J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.09 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 876.849 (M+H)+.

Example 115: (2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(5-amino-5-oxopentanoic acid) (or (2S,2′S)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(5-amino-5-oxopentanoic acid))

The title compound was prepared from Intermediate 25 following reductive amination procedure G using L-glutamine in place of (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.92 (s, 2H), 7.52-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.23 (q, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 5.58 (s, 4H), 4.16 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 4H), 4.05 (s, 6H), 3.93-3.87 (m, 2H), 2.63-2.50 (m, 4H), 2.31-2.04 (m, 10H). MS (m/z) 930.8887 (M+H)+.

Example 116: 4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))dibutanamide (or 4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))dibutanamide)

The title compound was prepared from Intermediate 25 following reductive amination procedure G using 4-aminobutanoic acid hydrochloride in place of (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.93 (s, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.11-7.04 (m, 2H), 5.58 (s, 4H), 4.10 (s, 4H), 4.05 (s, 6H), 3.08 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 4H), 2.41 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 4H), 2.09 (s, 6H), 2.00-1.88 (m, 4H). MS (m/z) 842.933 (M+H)+.

Example 117: 2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis((4-amino-4-oxobutyl)azanediyl))diacetic acid (or 2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis((4-amino-4-oxobutyl)azanediyl))diacetic acid)

To Intermediate 25 (50 mg, 0.075 mmol) in methylene chloride (1.5 mL) was added a 3 mL solution of ethanol containing 4-aminobutanoic acid hydrochloride (62 mg, 0.45 mmol) and potassium hydroxide (25 mg, 0.45 mmol). The reaction was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature before Na(OAc)₃BH (156 mg, 0.75 mmol) and AcOH (45 mg, 0.75 mmol) were added. The cloudy reaction was sonicated for 1 min and stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Glyoxalic acid monohydrate (137 mg, 1.5 mmol) was added, and the reaction was stirred for an additional 0.5 h before additional Na(OAc)₃BH (156 mg, 0.75 mmol) was added. After 1 h, the reaction was quenched with the addition of 1M HCl until the solution clears. The solution was concentrated in vacuo, diluted with a mixture of MeCN/H₂O/DMF (1:1:1), and purified by purified by reverse phase HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) providing 9 mg of the title compound upon lyophilization as the bis-TFA salt. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.03 (s, 2H), 7.55-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.16-7.00 (m, 2H), 5.58 (s, 4H), 4.39 (s, 4H), 4.05 (s, 6H), 3.98 (s, 4H), 2.46 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 4H), 2.10 (s, 6H), 2.05 (q, J=6.6 Hz, 4H). MS (m/z) 958.931 (M+H)+.

Example 118: N-(4-amino-4-oxobutyl)-N-((6-((3′-(((5-(((4-amino-4-oxobutyl)amino)methyl)-3-bromo-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-bromo-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)glycine

6 mg of the title compound was isolated as a byproduct from Example 117. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.03 (s, 1H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.55-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.15 (m, 2H), 7.15-7.00 (m, 2H), 5.58 (s, 4H), 4.38 (s, 2H), 4.10 (s, 2H), 4.05 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 6H), 3.95 (d, J=3.8 Hz, 2H), 3.08 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.50-2.34 (m, 4H), 2.16-2.06 (m, 6H), 2.08-1.98 (m, 2H), 2.01-1.86 (m, 2H). MS (m/z) 900.996 (M+H)+.

Example 119: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxy-5-methylpyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

Intermediate 25 (25 mg, 0.037 mmol), potassium carbonate (20.6 mg, 0.15 mmol), trimethylboroxine (18.7 mg, 0.15 mmol), and [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (6 mg, 0.007 mmol) were suspended in dioxane (1 mL) and water (0.1 mL) in a 2 dram vial. The suspension was sparged with nitrogen gas for 5 minutes, sealed, and heated to 90° C. for 1 h. The reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with brine. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated to provide the crude product which was used directly in the next step following reductive amination procedure G to provide 6 mg of the title compound as the bis-TFA salt. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.51 (s, 2H), 7.44 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 5.53 (s, 4H), 4.28 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 4.14 (s, 4H), 4.01 (s, 6H), 3.18 (dd, J=12.8, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 2.97 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.53 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.16 (s, 6H), 2.08 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 747.073 (M+H)+.

Example 120: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxy-5-vinylpyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxy-5-vinylpyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 119 using potassium vinyltrifluoroborate in place of trimethylboroxine, and following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.89 (s, 2H), 7.44 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 6.83 (dd, J=17.8, 11.3 Hz, 2H), 5.76 (dd, J=17.8, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 5.57 (s, 4H), 5.31-5.14 (m, 2H), 4.35-4.23 (m, 2H), 4.18 (s, 4H), 4.05 (s, 4H), 3.20 (dd, J=12.8, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 2.99 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.07 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 771.103 (M+H)+.

Example 121: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((3,5-dicyanobenzyl)oxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((3,5-dicyanobenzyl)oxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

Intermediate 24 (24 mg, 0.037 mmol), 5-(hydroxymethyl)isophthalonitrile (17.7 mg, 0.11 mmol), and triphenylphosphine (29.4 mg, 0.11 mmol) were charged into a 2 dram vial. The contents was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (1 mL) and stirred, while diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (22.7 mg, 0.11 mmol) in THF (0.3 mL) was added dropwise. After stirring for 2 h at room temperature, the reaction was concentrated in vacuo, and the crude product was used directly in the next step following reductive amination procedure G to provide 11 mg of the title compound as the bis-TFA salt. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.19-8.15 (m, 4H), 8.16-8.12 (m, 2H), 8.04 (s, 2H), 7.38 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (dd, J=7.5, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 5.58 (t, J=2.7 Hz, 4H), 5.51-5.37 (m, 4H), 4.36-4.21 (m, 6H), 3.26 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.04 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.55 (dd, J=6.2, 0.8 Hz, 4H), 2.02 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 1128.910 (M+H)+.

Example 122: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((3,5-dicyanobenzyl)oxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((3,5-dicyanobenzyl)oxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 121 using intermediate 32 in place of intermediate 24. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.17 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 4H), 8.15 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 2H), 7.90 (s, 2H), 7.45-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.16-7.02 (m, 2H), 5.58 (s, 4H), 5.51-5.41 (m, 4H), 4.33-4.19 (m, 6H), 3.26 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.04 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.55 (dd, J=6.3, 1.0 Hz, 4H), 2.02 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 1038.8985 (M+H)+.

Example 123: (2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((3,5-dicyanobenzyl)oxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid) (or (2S,2′S)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((3,5-dicyanobenzyl)oxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 121 using intermediate 32 in place of intermediate 24 and following reductive amination procedure G using (S)-2-methylserine in place of (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.20 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 4H), 8.14 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 2H), 7.93 (s, 2H), 7.38 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 5.62-5.53 (m, 4H), 5.53-5.43 (m, 4H), 4.29 (s, 4H), 4.06 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 2H), 3.84 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 2H), 2.02 (s, 6H), 1.58 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 1039.058 (M+H)+.

Example 124: (2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((3,5-dicyanobenzyl)oxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxypropanoic acid)

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 121 using intermediate 32 in place of intermediate 24 and following reductive amination procedure G using (L)-serine in place of (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.18 (s, 4H), 8.14 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 2H), 7.91 (s, 2H), 7.38 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.65-5.51 (m, 4H), 5.47 (d, J=3.1 Hz, 4H), 4.33 (q, J=13.5 Hz, 4H), 4.09-3.93 (m, 6H), 2.02 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 1010.992 (M+H)+.

Example 125: 2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((3,5-dicyanobenzyl)oxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))diacetic acid (or 2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((3,5-dicyanobenzyl)oxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))diacetic acid)

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 121 using intermediate 32 in place of intermediate 24 and following reductive amination procedure G using glycine in place of (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.18 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 4H), 8.14 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 2H), 7.89 (s, 2H), 7.45-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.14-7.03 (m, 2H), 5.65-5.53 (m, 4H), 5.53-5.42 (m, 4H), 4.28 (s, 4H), 3.92 (s, 4H), 2.02 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 950.991 (M+H)+.

Example 126: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(pyrimidin-5-ylmethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(pyrimidin-5-ylmethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 121 using pyrimidin-5-ylmethanol in place of 5-(hydroxymethyl)isophthalonitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 9.13 (s, 2H), 8.94 (s, 4H), 8.03 (s, 2H), 7.43 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 5.55 (m, 8H), 4.36-4.18 (m, 6H), 3.23 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.01 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.53 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.06 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 517.059 (M+2H)2+.

Example 127: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(2-(pyrimidin-5-yl)ethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(2-(pyrimidin-5-yl)ethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 121 using 2-(pyrimidin-5-yl)ethan-1-ol in place of 5-(hydroxymethyl)isophthalonitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 9.03 (s, 2H), 8.77 (s, 4H), 7.96 (s, 2H), 7.44 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.54 (s, 4H), 4.71 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 4H), 4.24 (dtd, J=9.4, 6.3, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 4.18-4.04 (m, 6H), 3.25-3.13 (m, 6H), 2.97 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.55 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.06 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 1060.991 (M+H)+.

Example 128: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(2-(4-cyanopyridin-2-yl)ethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(2-(4-cyanopyridin-2-yl)ethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 121 using 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)isonicotinonitrile in place of 5-(hydroxymethyl)isophthalonitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.76-8.68 (m, 2H), 7.94 (s, 2H), 7.76 (s, 2H), 7.59 (dd, J=5.1, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.04 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.57-5.50 (m, 4H), 4.26 (dd, J=9.3, 6.6 Hz, 2H), 4.09 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 4H), 3.38 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 5H), 3.20 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 2.99 (dd, J=12.7, 9.9 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.06 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 1108.987 (M+H)+.

Example 129: 2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(((R)-5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))diacetic acid

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 121 using (S)-5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one in place of 5-(hydroxymethyl)isophthalonitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G using glycine in place of (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.98 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.57 (m, 4H), 4.60-4.43 (m, 2H), 4.35-4.26 (m, 2H), 4.26-4.10 (m, 6H), 3.93 (s, 4H), 2.55-2.29 (m, 6H), 2.09 (s, 6H), 2.00-1.89 (m, 2H). MS (m/z) 954.980 (M+H)+.

Example 130: 2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(((S)-5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))diacetic acid

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 121 using (R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one in place of 5-(hydroxymethyl)isophthalonitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G using glycine in place of (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.98 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 5.61-5.51 (m, 4H), 4.55-4.46 (m, 2H), 4.39-4.26 (m, 2H), 4.26-4.09 (m, 6H), 3.91 (s, 4H), 2.50-2.26 (m, 6H), 2.09 (s, 6H), 1.95 (m, 2H). MS (m/z) 955.025 (M+H)+.

Example 131: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(oxetan-2-ylmethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(oxetan-2-ylmethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 121 using oxetan-2-ylmethanol in place of 5-(hydroxymethyl)isophthalonitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.99 (s, 2H), 7.46 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.68-5.49 (m, 4H), 5.33-5.14 (m, 2H), 4.80-4.72 (m, 2H), 4.69-4.60 (m, 4H), 4.56 (dt, J=11.9, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 4.33-4.23 (m, 2H), 4.23-4.12 (m, 4H), 3.23 (dd, J=12.7, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 3.02 (dd, J=12.7, 10.0 Hz, 2H), 2.78 (q, J=8.5, 6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.65 (p, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 4H), 2.10 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 988.919 (M+H)+.

Example 132: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(oxetan-3-ylmethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(oxetan-3-ylmethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 121 using oxetan-3-ylmethanolin place of 5-(hydroxymethyl)isophthalonitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.98 (s, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 5.57 (s, 4H), 4.94-4.87 (m, 4H), 4.72-4.63 (m, 4H), 4.58 (q, J=6.4 Hz, 4H), 4.35-4.21 (m, 2H), 4.19 (s, 4H), 3.54-3.40 (m, 2H), 3.24 (dd, J=12.6, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 3.02 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.09 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 988.93 (M+H)+.

Example 133: 2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-(2-(pyrimidin-5-yl)ethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))diacetic acid (or 2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-(2-(pyrimidin-5-yl)ethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))diacetic acid)

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 121 using intermediate 32 in place of intermediate 24, using 2-(pyrimidin-5-yl)ethan-1-ol in place of 5-(hydroxymethyl)isophthalonitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G using glycine in place of (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 9.02 (s, 2H), 8.77 (s, 4H), 7.82 (s, 2H), 7.44 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 5.55 (s, 4H), 4.70 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 4H), 4.14 (s, 4H), 3.84 (s, 4H), 3.20 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.05 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 883.010 (M+H)+.

Example 134: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-(3-(methylamino)-3-oxopropoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-(3-(methylamino)-3-oxopropoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 121 using intermediate 32 in place of intermediate 24, using 3-hydroxy-N-methylpropanamide in place of 5-(hydroxymethyl)isophthalonitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.81 (s, 2H), 7.46 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.57 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 4H), 4.67 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 4H), 4.36 (dtd, J=9.4, 6.3, 2.9 Hz, 2H), 4.14 (s, 4H), 3.20 (dd, J=12.8, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 3.00 (dd, J=12.7, 9.9 Hz, 2H), 2.74 (s, 6H), 2.69 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 4H), 2.55 (dd, J=6.3, 2.2 Hz, 4H), 2.08 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 929.116 (M+H)+.

Example 135: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(3-(dimethylamino)-3-oxopropoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(3-(dimethylamino)-3-oxopropoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 121 using 3-hydroxy-N,N-dimethylpropanamide in place of 5-(hydroxymethyl)isophthalonitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.94 (s, 2H), 7.52-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 5.62-5.50 (m, 4H), 4.72-4.62 (m, 4H), 4.40-4.26 (m, 2H), 4.13 (s, 4H), 3.19 (dd, J=12.7, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 3.08 (s, 6H), 3.03-2.98 (m, 2H), 2.96 (s, 6H), 2.92 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 4H), 2.54 (dd, J=6.3, 1.8 Hz, 4H), 2.09 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 524.252 (M+2H)2+.

Example 136: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 121 using intermediate 32 in place of intermediate 24, using (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methanolin place of 5-(hydroxymethyl)isophthalonitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.83 (s, 2H), 7.59 (s, 2H), 7.51 (s, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 5.72-5.53 (m, 4H), 5.50-5.31 (m, 4H), 4.20 (dp, J=9.6, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 4.12 (s, 4H), 3.83 (s, 6H), 3.13 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 2.92 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.47 (dd, J=6.3, 2.6 Hz, 4H), 2.07 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 947.046 (M+H)+.

Example 137: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(pyridin-3-ylmethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(pyridin-3-ylmethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 121 using pyridin-3-ylmethanol in place of 5-(hydroxymethyl)isophthalonitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.74 (s, 2H), 8.60-8.50 (m, 2H), 8.07 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 8.02 (s, 2H), 7.54 (dd, J=8.0, 5.0 Hz, 2H), 7.41 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 5.60 (s, 4H), 5.50 (s, 4H), 4.33-4.13 (m, 6H), 3.22 (dd, J=12.7, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 3.01 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.52 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.05 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 1030.966 (M+H)+.

Example 138: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 121 using thiazol-5-ylmethanol in place of 5-(hydroxymethyl)isophthalonitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 9.00 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 2H), 8.07-7.91 (m, 4H), 7.49-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.26 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (dd, J=7.8, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.96-5.72 (m, 4H), 5.62 (s, 4H), 4.35-3.88 (m, 6H), 3.17 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 2.96 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.49 (dd, J=6.3, 1.7 Hz, 4H), 2.08 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 1042.936 (M+H)+.

Example 139: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-((1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-5-yl)methoxy)-5-bromopyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-((1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-5-yl)methoxy)-5-bromopyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 121 using (1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-5-yl)methanol in place of 5-(hydroxymethyl)isophthalonitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.98 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 4H), 7.40 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.35-7.25 (m, 10H), 7.20 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08-6.98 (m, 2H), 5.57 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 8H), 5.47 (s, 4H), 4.27 (dtd, J=9.5, 6.3, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 4.16 (s, 4H), 3.17 (dd, J=12.8, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 2.97 (dd, J=12.7, 9.9 Hz, 2H), 2.50 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 4H), 2.00 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 1191.132 (M+H)+.

Example 140: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((3-cyano-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((3-cyano-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 121 using 2-fluoro-5-(hydroxymethyl)benzonitrile in place of 5-(hydroxymethyl)isophthalonitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.01 (s, 2H), 7.89 (dd, J=6.0, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 7.83 (ddd, J=7.9, 5.1, 2.3 Hz, 2H), 7.44-7.29 (m, 4H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.13-7.01 (m, 2H), 5.62-5.37 (m, 8H), 4.34-4.11 (m, 6H), 3.22 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.01 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.53 (dd, J=6.3, 1.4 Hz, 4H), 2.04 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 1114.939 (M+H)+.

Example 141: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 121 using cyclopropylmethanol in place of 5-(hydroxymethyl)isophthalonitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.95 (s, 2H), 7.42 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 5.54 (s, 4H), 4.34-4.21 (m, 6H), 4.18 (s, 4H), 3.24 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.02 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.55 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.08 (s, 6H), 1.32 (td, J=7.8, 4.3 Hz, 2H), 0.67-0.49 (m, 4H), 0.45-0.30 (m, 4H). MS (m/z) 956.889 (M+H)+.

Example 142: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(2-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)ethoxy)-5-bromopyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(2-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)ethoxy)-5-bromopyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 121 using 2-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)ethan-1-ol in place of 5-(hydroxymethyl)isophthalonitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.94 (s, 2H), 7.57 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.09-6.97 (m, 2H), 6.23 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 2H), 5.54 (s, 4H), 4.74-4.59 (m, 4H), 4.41-4.20 (m, 2H), 4.12 (s, 4H), 3.20-3.12 (m, 6H), 2.99 (dd, J=12.8, 9.9 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.07 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 1037.019 (M+H)+.

Example 143: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(4-cyanobutoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(4-cyanobutoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

Intermediate 24 (24 mg, 0.037 mmol), 5-bromopentanenitrile (24.2 mg, 0.15 mmol), and potassium carbonate (20.7 mg, 0.15 mmol) were charged into a 2 dram vial. The contents were suspended in N,N-dimethylformamide (0.5 mL) and stirred at 70° C. After 4 h, the reaction was concentrated in vacuo, diluted with methylene chloride, filtered to remove insoluble salts, and concentrated to provide the crude product which was used directly in the next step following reductive amination procedure G to provide 15 mg of the title compound as the bis-TFA salt. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.96 (s, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.56 (s, 4H), 4.60-4.38 (m, 4H), 4.27 (dtd, J=9.4, 6.3, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 4.17 (s, 4H), 3.24 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.03 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.59-2.50 (m, 8H), 2.09 (s, 6H), 2.06-1.91 (m, 4H), 1.91-1.71 (m, 4H). MS (m/z) 1011.002 (M+H)+.

Example 144: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(3-cyanopropoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(3-cyanopropoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 143 using 4-bromobutanenitrile in place of 5-bromopentanenitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.98 (s, 2H), 7.46 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.57 (s, 4H), 4.56 (td, J=5.6, 5.0, 2.8 Hz, 4H), 4.28 (dtd, J=9.5, 6.3, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 4.21 (s, 4H), 3.25 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.04 (dd, J=12.7, 9.7 Hz, 2H), 2.66 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 4H), 2.17 (p, J=6.4 Hz, 4H), 2.09 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 982.991 (M+H)+.

Example 145: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(3-amino-3-oxopropoxy)-5-bromopyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(3-amino-3-oxopropoxy)-5-bromopyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 143 using 3-bromopropanamide in place of 5-bromopentanenitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.95 (s, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.56 (s, 4H), 4.68 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 4H), 4.32 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.14 (s, 4H), 3.19 (dd, J=12.8, 2.9 Hz, 2H), 3.00 (dd, J=12.8, 9.9 Hz, 2H), 2.74 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 4H), 2.55 (dd, J=6.4, 2.5 Hz, 4H), 2.10 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 990.943 (M+H)+.

Example 146: 2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(3-amino-3-oxopropoxy)-5-chloropyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))diacetic acid (or 2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(3-amino-3-oxopropoxy)-5-chloropyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))diacetic acid)

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 143 using intermediate 32 in place of intermediate 24, using 3-bromopropanamide in place of 5-bromopentanenitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G using glycine in place of (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.80 (s, 2H), 7.54-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.11-7.03 (m, 2H), 5.58 (m, 4H), 4.68 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 4H), 4.17 (s, 4H), 3.87 (s, 4H), 2.74 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 4H), 2.09 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 813.011 (M+H)+.

Example 147: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 143 using 2-bromo-N-methylacetamide in place of 5-bromopentanenitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.02 (s, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 5.55-5.40 (m, 4H), 4.96 (s, 4H), 4.40-4.29 (m, 2H), 4.23 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 4H), 3.28-3.23 (m, 2H), 3.07 (dd, J=12.7, 9.9 Hz, 2H), 2.77 (s, 6H), 2.56 (dd, J=6.3, 2.3 Hz, 4H), 2.07 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 510.251 (M+2H)2+

Example 148: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((4-cyanopyridin-2-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((4-cyanopyridin-2-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 143 using 2-(bromomethyl)isonicotinonitrile in place of 5-bromopentanenitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.76 (dd, J=5.1, 0.9 Hz, 2H), 7.97 (s, 2H), 7.93-7.89 (m, 2H), 7.67 (dd, J=5.2, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 7.39-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.19 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.78-5.57 (m, 4H), 5.44-5.23 (m, 4H), 4.40-4.19 (m, 6H), 3.32-3.28 (m, 2H), 3.10 (dd, J=12.7, 9.9 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 1.99 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 541.107 (M+2H)2+.

Example 149: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(3-methoxypropoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(3-methoxypropoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 143 using 1-bromo-3-methoxypropane in place of 5-bromopentanenitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.94 (s, 2H), 7.56-7.34 (m, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.56 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 4H), 4.57-4.44 (m, 4H), 4.27 (dtd, J=9.4, 6.3, 2.9 Hz, 2H), 4.16 (s, 4H), 3.57 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 4H), 3.33 (s, 6H), 3.23 (dd, J=12.7, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 3.01 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.55 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.09 (m, 10H). MS (m/z) 993.001 (M+H)+.

Example 150: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 143 using methyl 2-bromoacetate in place of 5-bromopentanenitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.04 (s, 2H), 7.41 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (dd, J=7.6, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 5.67-5.34 (m, 4H), 5.19-4.97 (m, 4H), 4.42-4.16 (m, 6H), 3.75 (s, 6H), 3.26 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.05 (dd, J=12.7, 9.9 Hz, 2H), 2.68-2.46 (m, 4H), 2.07 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 992.861 (M+H)+.

Example 151: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(allyloxy)-5-bromopyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(allyloxy)-5-bromopyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 143 using 3-bromoprop-1-ene in place of 5-bromopentanenitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.97 (s, 2H), 7.51-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.16-6.99 (m, 2H), 6.22-5.96 (m, 2H), 5.55 (s, 4H), 5.50-5.34 (m, 2H), 5.28 (dd, J=10.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 4.95 (dd, J=5.9, 1.5 Hz, 4H), 4.33-4.21 (m, 2H), 4.18 (s, 4H), 3.22 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.01 (dd, J=12.8, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.09 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 928.882 (M+H)+.

Example 152: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((6-cyanopyridin-2-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((6-cyanopyridin-2-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 143 using 6-(bromomethyl)picolinonitrile in place of 5-bromopentanenitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.07-7.93 (m, 6H), 7.81 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 4H), 7.31 (dd, J=7.7, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.10-6.95 (m, 2H), 5.63 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 4H), 5.35 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 4H), 4.47-4.18 (m, 6H), 3.09 (dd, J=12.8, 9.9 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 1.99 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 541.155 (M+2H)2+

Example 153: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((3-cyanobenzyl)oxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((3-cyanobenzyl)oxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 143 using intermediate 32 in place of intermediate 24, using 3-(bromomethyl)benzonitrile in place of 5-bromopentanenitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.87 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 4H), 7.78 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.68 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.40-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.22 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 5.63-5.41 (m, 8H), 4.34-4.19 (m, 6H), 3.23 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.01 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.53 (dd, J=6.3, 1.2 Hz, 4H), 2.01 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 989.001 (M+H)+.

Example 154: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 143 using 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate in place of 5-bromopentanenitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.08 (s, 2H), 7.45 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.57 (s, 4H), 5.02-4.94 (m, 4H), 4.41-4.08 (m, 6H), 3.23 (dd, J=12.7, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 3.02 (dd, J=12.7, 9.9 Hz, 2H), 2.53 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.09 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 507.070 (M+2H)2+.

Example 155: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(2-amino-2-oxoethoxy)-5-bromopyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(2-amino-2-oxoethoxy)-5-bromopyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 143 using 2-bromoacetamide in place of 5-bromopentanenitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.01 (s, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 5.51 (s, 4H), 5.00 (d, J=3.5 Hz, 4H), 4.32 (s, 2H), 4.28-4.17 (m, 4H), 3.27-3.22 (m, 2H), 3.06 (dd, J=12.7, 9.9 Hz, 2H), 2.55 (dd, J=6.3, 3.0 Hz, 4H), 2.08 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 962.931 (M+H)+.

Example 156: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methylpyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methylpyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

(2,2′-Dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)dimethanol (60.6 mg, 0.25 mmol) and 6-chloro-2-methylnicotinaldehyde (86 mg, 0.55 mmol) were reacted according to the general palladium arylation reaction using t-ButylXantphos in place of t-ButylXPhos to provide 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methylnicotinaldehyde). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 10.24-10.01 (m, 2H), 8.14-7.99 (m, 2H), 7.52-7.34 (m, 2H), 7.34-7.19 (m, 2H), 7.14-7.00 (m, 2H), 6.90-6.71 (m, 2H), 5.64-5.43 (m, 4H), 2.85-2.69 (m, 6H), 2.15-1.94 (m, 6H).

6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methylnicotinaldehyde) (12 mg, 0.025 mmol) was reacted according to reductive amination procedure E to provide the title compound as the bis-TFA salt. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.72 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.47-7.39 (m, 2H), 7.22 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (dd, J=7.8, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 6.77 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.45 (d, J=1.3 Hz, 4H), 4.33 (dtd, J=9.3, 6.3, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 4.27 (s, 4H), 3.28-3.24 (m, 2H), 3.08 (dd, J=12.8, 10.0 Hz, 2H), 2.60-2.52 (m, 10H), 2.06 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 687.157 (M+H)+

Example 157: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(pyrimidin-5-ylmethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(pyrimidin-5-ylmethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

2-Chloro-6-hydroxynicotinic acid (2.3 g, 12 mmol) was pulverized into a fine powder and charged into 200 mL flask. Borane-dimethyl sulfide in THF (2M, 50 mL) was added dropwise and the resulting suspension was stirred for 16 h. The reaction was quenched by slow addition of methanol (50 mL) and refluxed for 1 h. The solution was cooled to room temperature, concentrated, and triturated with diethyl ether. The solids were filtered to provide 6-chloro-5-(hydroxymethyl)pyridin-2-ol. A second batch was obtained from the mother liquor. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.23 (s, 1H), 7.72 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.27 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 2H).

6-Chloro-5-(hydroxymethyl)pyridin-2-ol (1.22 g, 7.63 mmol), 3,3′-bis(chloromethyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl (888 mg, 3.18 mmol), potassium carbonate (879 mg, 6.36 mmol), and sodium iodide (45 mg, 0.3 mmol) were suspended in acetone (20 mL). The suspension was heated to 65° C. for 4 h. The resulting purple suspension was diluted with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and extracted with methylene chloride (3×). The organic layer was separated, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrated, and to provide ((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-chloropyridine-6,3-diyl))dimethanol. The crude material was suspended in methylene chloride (25 mL) and stirred vigorously at room temperature. Dess-Martin periodinane (2.7 g, 6.36 mmol) was added in one portion and allowed to stir for 10 minutes before water (114 mg, 6.36 mmol) was added dropwise. After 14 h, 1M aqueous sodium hydroxide (30 mL) was added and the reaction was stirred vigorously for 30 min. The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrated, and purified by column chromatography to provide 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-chloronicotinaldehyde). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.16 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 2H), 8.15 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (dd, J=7.5, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (ddd, J=8.5, 7.1, 1.1 Hz, 4H), 5.50 (s, 4H), 2.02 (s, 6H).

Pyrimidin-5-ylmethanol (19.4 mg, 0.176 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (0.5 mL) was treated with sodium hydride (7 mg, 0.176 mmol) at room temperature. After stirring for 15 min, the cloudy alkoxide solution was added dropwise to a suspension of (6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-chloronicotinaldehyde) (40 mg, 0.077 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (0.5 mL). After stirring for 15 min at room temperature, the reaction with diluted with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated to provide the crude product which as used directly in the next step following reductive amination procedure A to provide the title compound as the bis-TFA salt. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 9.11 (s, 2H), 8.93 (s, 4H), 7.76 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 6.56 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 5.58 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 4H), 5.50-5.36 (m, 4H), 4.23 (s, 6H), 3.22 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.00 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.53 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.01 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 875.153 (M+H)+.

Example 158: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(2-morpholinoethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(2-morpholinoethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

Sodium hydride (300 mg, 7.5 mmol) was charged in a 200 mL RB and THF was added (40 mL). 2-morpholinoethan-1-ol (0.911 mL, 7.5 mmol) was added dropwise, and allowed to stir for 15 min. 2,6-dichloronicotinic acid (576 mg, 3 mmol) was added dropwise as a solution in THF (10 mL) and stirred for 2 h. Borane dimethyl sulfide complex in THF (10.5 mL, 21 mmol, 2M) added dropwise at room temperature. After stirring for 16 h, the reaction was quenched by slow addition of methanol (20 mL) and refluxed for 1 h. The solution was cooled to room temperature, concentrated, and purified by column chromatography to provide (6-chloro-2-(2-morpholinoethoxy)pyridin-3-yl)methanol. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.70 (dt, J=7.7, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 2H), 4.50 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.75-3.64 (m, 4H), 2.79 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.65-2.49 (m, 4H).

(6-Chloro-2-(2-morpholinoethoxy)pyridin-3-yl)methanol (200 mg, 0.73 mmol) was dissolved in methylene chloride and Dess-Martin periodinane (373 mg, 0.88 mmol) was added in one portion. After stirring for 5 minutes, water (12 mg, 0.88 mmol.) was added. After 1.5 h, the reaction was poured into 15 mL of 1N aqueous sodium hydroxide, and extracted with methylene chloride (3×). The combined organics were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrated, and purified by column chromatography to provide 6-chloro-2-(2-morpholinoethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (184 mg, 93%) as an orange oil. ¹H NMR displayed as a mixture of aldehyde to acetal in methanol-d₄ ¹H NMR for aldehyde: (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 10.27 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (dd, J=7.9, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 4.70-4.55 (m, 2H), 3.69 (m, 4H), 2.86 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.61 (m, 4H).

(2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)dimethanol (72.5 mg, 0.30 mmol) and 6-chloro-2-(2-morpholinoethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (180 mg, 0.66 mmol) were reacted according to the general palladium arylation reaction to provide 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(2-morpholinoethoxy)nicotinaldehyde) (120 mg, 25%) as an oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 10.16 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 2H), 8.07 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.49-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 6.53 (dd, J=8.4, 0.9 Hz, 2H), 5.56 (s, 4H), 4.71-4.55 (m, 4H), 3.73-3.62 (m, 8H), 2.84 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 4H), 2.57 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 8H).

6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(2-morpholinoethoxy)nicotinaldehyde) (30 mg, 0.042 mmol) was reacted according to reductive amination procedure G to provide 17 mg of the title compound as the bis-TFA salt. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.76 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.42 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 6.57 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 5.55-5.31 (m, 4H), 4.33 (dtd, J=9.3, 6.2, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 4.23 (q, J=13.3 Hz, 4H), 3.94 (s, 8H), 3.69 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 4H), 3.45 (s, 8H), 3.26 (d, J=3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.08 (dd, J=12.8, 9.7 Hz, 2H), 2.58 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 4H), 2.05 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 917.263 (M+H)+.

Example 159: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-(2-morpholinoethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-(2-morpholinoethoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(2-morpholinoethoxy)nicotinaldehyde) (46 mg, 0.065 mmol) and N-chlorosuccinimide (60 mg, 0.45 mmol) was dissolved in 1 mL of CDCl₃. The resulting clear solution was heated at 50° C. for 1.5 h. The reaction was cooled to room temperature, and concentrated in vacuo to provide the crude product which was used directly in the next step following reductive amination procedure G to provide the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.88 (s, 2H), 7.47 (dd, J=7.0, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.67-5.42 (m, 4H), 4.43-4.31 (m, 2H), 4.31-4.18 (m, 4H), 4.09-3.82 (m, 8H), 3.80-3.63 (m, 6H), 3.43 (s, 8H), 3.29-3.26 (m, 2H), 3.22 (q, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 3.09 (dd, J=12.8, 9.5 Hz, 2H), 2.61-2.56 (m, 4H), 2.08 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 985.234 (M+H)+.

Example 160: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

To a stirred solution of 2-chloro-6-methoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (255 mg, 1.2 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (3 mL) was added t-BuLi (1.7 M solution in n-heptane, 0.9 mL, 1.57 mmol) at −78° C. After 1 h at this temperature, N,N-dimethylformamide (264 mg, 3.6 mmol) was added dropwise. After stirring for 15 min, the reaction was allowed to warm slowly to room temperature. The resulting mixture was quenched with aqueous 1M HCl, brine, and extracted with diethyl ether (3×). The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, concentrated and purified by column chromatography to provide 6-chloro-2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinaldehyde as a clear oil (183 mg, 63%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.30 (s, 1H), 8.39 (s, 1H), 4.16 (s, 3H).

(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)methanol (184 mg, 0.92 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (0.5 mL) was treated with sodium hydride (37 mg, 0.92 mmol) at room temperature. After stirring for 15 min, the cloudy alkoxide solution was added dropwise to a solution of 6-chloro-2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinaldehyde (183 mg, 0.764 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (0.5 mL). After stirring at room temperature for 30 min, the reaction with diluted with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrated, and purified by column chromatography to provide 6-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinaldehyde (43 mg, 14%) as a solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.20 (s, 1H), 8.40-8.24 (m, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 5.58 (s, 2H), 4.11 (s, 3H), 2.47 (s, 3H).

6-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinaldehyde (15 mg, 0.037 mmol) [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (3 mg, 0.004 mmol), potassium acetate (11 mg, 0.11 mmol), and bis(pinacolato)diboron (9.5 mg, 0.037 mmol) were suspended in dioxane (0.3 mL). The suspension was sparged with nitrogen gas for 1 minute and then heated at 90° C. for 2 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate and water. The organic layer was separated, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrated and used directly in the next step. Crude 2-methoxy-6-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinaldehyde (16 mg, 0.36 mmol), 6-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinaldehyde (15 mg, 0.38 mmol), [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (3 mg, 0.004 mmol), and potassium carbonate (15.6 mg, 0.11 mmol) were suspended in dioxane (0.7 mL) and water (0.07 mL). The suspension was sparged with nitrogen gas for 5 minutes and then heated at 95° C. for 3 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate and water. The organic layer was separated, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrated, and purified by silica gel chromatography to provide 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinaldehyde) (20 mg, 82%).

6,6′-(((2,2′-Dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinaldehyde) (20 mg, 0.031 mmol) was reacted according to reductive amination procedure G to provide 9 mg of the title compound as the bis-TFA salt. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.04 (s, 2H), 7.47 (dd, J=7.8, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.65 (s, 4H), 4.29 (dtd, J=9.4, 6.3, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 4.21 (s, 4H), 4.13 (s, 6H), 3.23 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.02 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.55 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.06 (s, 6H). MS (m/z) 854.996 (M+H)+.

Example 161: (2R,2′R)-3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2-hydroxypropanoic acid)

(2R,2′R)-3,3′-((((((2,2′-Dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2-hydroxypropanoic acid) was prepared using general reductive amination procedure B substituting (R)-3-amino-2-hydroxypropanoic acid for (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.96 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.92 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.37 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (s, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.12 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (s, 2H), 5.38 (s, 4H), 5.31 (s, 4H), 4.40 (dd, J=8.7, 4.0 Hz, 2H), 4.26 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 4H), 3.36 (dd, J=12.9, 4.0 Hz, 2H), 3.17 (dd, J=12.9, 8.7 Hz, 2H), 2.08 (s, 6H). ES/MS (M+1): 961.4

Example 162: (3R,3′R)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

(3R,3′R)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) was prepared using general reductive amination procedure A substituting (R)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid for (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.95 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 8.92 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.37 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (s, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.15-7.09 (m, 2H), 7.07 (s, 2H), 5.37 (s, 4H), 5.31 (s, 4H), 4.23 (m, 5H), 3.20 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 2.97 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.52 (dd, J=6.3, 1.2 Hz, 4H), 2.08 (s, 6H). ES/MS (M+1): 989.1.

Example 163: 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(6-((((1H-tetrazol-5-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)-4-chloro-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile (or 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-((((1H-tetrazol-5-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)-4-chloro-5,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile)

5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(6-((((1H-tetrazol-5-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)-4-chloro-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile was prepared using general reductive amination procedure A substituting (1H-tetrazol-5-yl)methanamine for (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid and omitting triethylamine. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.92 (dd, J=5.8, 2.0 Hz, 4H), 8.34 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H), 7.52 (s, 2H), 7.46 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.12 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (s, 2H), 5.34 (s, 4H), 5.31 (s, 4H), 4.58 (s, 4H), 4.37 (s, 4H), 2.07 (s, 6H). ES/MS (M+1): 948.9.

Example 164: 4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))dibutyric acid

4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))dibutyric acid was prepared using general reductive amination procedure G substituting 4-aminobutanoic acid for (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.96 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 8.92 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.36 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.50 (s, 2H), 7.46 (dd, J=7.6, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.12 (dd, J=7.6, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (s, 2H), 5.38 (s, 4H), 5.31 (s, 4H), 4.20 (s, 4H), 3.12-3.03 (m, 4H), 2.41 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 4H), 2.07 (s, 6H), 1.97-1.86 (m, 4H). ES/MS (M+1): 957.2.

Example 165: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanamide)

(3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanamide) was prepared using general reductive amination procedure G substituting (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanamide for (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.96 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 8.92 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.39 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.50 (s, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.30-7.23 (m, 2H), 7.12 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (s, 2H), 5.37 (s, 43H), 5.31 (s, 4H), 4.28-4.14 (m, 6H), 3.22-3.17 (m, 1H), 3.04-2.93 (m, 2H), 2.45 (dd, J=6.0, 2.2 Hz, 4H), 2.08 (s, 6H). ES/MS (M+1): 987.1.

Example 166: (2S,2′S)-3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2-hydroxypropanoic acid) (or (2S,2′S)-3,3′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2-hydroxypropanoic acid))

(2S,2′S)-3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2-hydroxypropanoic acid) was prepared using general reductive amination procedure G substituting l-isoserine for (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.81 (s, 2H), 7.51-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.12-7.04 (m, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.42 (dd, J=8.7, 4.0 Hz, 2H), 4.18 (s, 4H), 4.05 (s, 6H), 3.38 (dd, J=12.9, 4.0 Hz, 2H), 3.19 (dd, J=12.9, 8.7 Hz, 2H), 2.09 (s, 6H). ES/MS (M+1): 759.0.

Example 167: (2R,2′R)-3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2-hydroxypropanoic acid) (or (2R,2′R)-3,3′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2-hydroxypropanoic acid))

(2R,2′R)-3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2-hydroxypropanoic acid) was prepared using general reductive amination procedure G substituting d-isoserine for (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.81 (s, 2H), 7.51-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (dd, J=7.7, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.44 (dd, J=8.8, 3.9 Hz, 2H), 4.18 (s, 4H), 4.05 (s, 6H), 3.39 (dd, J=12.9, 3.9 Hz, 2H), 3.19 (dd, J=12.9, 8.8 Hz, 2H), 2.09 (s, 6H). ES/MS (M+1): 758.9.

Example 168: 2,2′-((((((2,2′-Dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(N-(methylsulfonyl)acetamide) (or 2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(N-(methylsulfonyl)acetamide))

Benzyl (2-(methylsulfonamido)-2-oxoethyl)carbamate: Carbonyldiimidazole (1.55 g, 956 mmol) was added to a solution of ((benzyloxy)carbonyl)glycine (2.00 g, 9.56 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (40 mL). Mild gas evolution was observed. After 30 min the solution was heated at reflux for 1.5 h. The solution was cooled to RT and methylsulfonamide (0.909 g, 9.56 mmol) was added. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 15 min. A solution of 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene in tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) was added. After 22 h the reaction was poured into ice cold 0.75 N hydrochloric acid (100 mL). A solid gradually formed. The solid was isolated by filtration with water washing. The solid was dried under vacuum, providing benzyl (2-(methylsulfonamido)-2-oxoethyl)carbamate.

2-Amino-N-(methylsulfonyl)acetamide: 10% Palladium on carbon (746 mg, 0.701 mmol) was added to a solution of benzyl (2-(methylsulfonamido)-2-oxoethyl)carbamate (2.008 g, 7.01 mmol) in ethanol (30 mL). The atmosphere was exchanged with hydrogen (balloon). After stirring for 1 h a solid had precipitated. The hydrogen was removed. The solid was removed by filtration through celite (along with the catalyst). The solid was washed with water (30 mL). The aqueous phase was filtered through a syringe filter and subjected to lyophilization providing 2-amino-N-(methylsulfonyl)acetamide.

2,2′-((((((2,2′-Dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(N-(methylsulfonyl)acetamide) was prepared using general reductive amination procedure G substituting 2-amino-N-(methylsulfonyl)acetamide for (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.80 (s, 2H), 7.47 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.60 (s, 4H), 4.19 (s, 4H), 4.06 (s, 6H), 3.90 (s, 4H), 3.24 (s, 6H), 2.09 (s, 6H). ES/MS (M+1): 853.1.

Example 169: 1,1′-((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(N-((1H-tetrazol-5-yl)methyl)methanamine) (or 1,1′-(6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(N-((1H-tetrazol-5-yl)methyl)methanamine))

1,1′-((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(N-((1H-tetrazol-5-yl)methyl)methanamine) was prepared using general reductive amination procedure A substituting (1H-tetrazol-5-yl)methanamine for (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, omitting triethylamine and adding dichloromethane in equal proportion to dimethylformamide (0.0125 M). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.81 (s, 2H), 7.50-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.24 (td, J=7.6, 0.7 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.57 (s, 4H), 4.27 (s, 4H), 4.03 (s, 6H), 2.08 (s, 6H). ES/MS (M+1): 747.3.

Example 170: 1,1′-((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(N-((5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methyl)methanamine) (or 1,1′-(6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(N-((5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methyl)methanamine))

1,1′-((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(N-((5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methyl)methanamine) was prepared using general reductive amination procedure A substituting (5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methanamine for (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.81 (s, 2H), 7.47 (dd, J=7.5, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.60 (s, 4H), 4.56 (s, 4H), 4.30 (s, 4H), 4.05 (s, 6H), 2.56 (s, 6H), 2.09 (s, 6H). ES/MS (M+1): 775.2.

Example 171: 1,1′-((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(N-((1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)methanamine) (or 1,1′-(6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(N-((1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)methanamine))

1,1′-((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(N-((1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)methanamine) was prepared using general reductive amination procedure A substituting (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methanamine hydrochloride for (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, and adding dichloromethane in equal proportion to dimethylformamide (0.0125 M). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.79 (s, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.39 (s, 4H), 4.18 (s, 4H), 4.03 (s, 6H), 2.08 (s, 6H). ES/MS (M+1): 745.0.

Example 172: 3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))dipropionic acid

3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))dipropionic acid was prepared using general reductive amination procedure G substituting 3-aminopropanoic acid for (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.81 (s, 2H), 7.47 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.15 (s, 4H), 4.06 (s, 6H), 3.27 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 4H), 2.75 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 4H), 2.09 (s, 6H). ES/MS (M+1): 726.9.

Example 173: (4R,4′R)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(isoxazolidin-3-one) (or (4R,4′R)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(isoxazolidin-3-one))

(4R,4′R)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(isoxazolidin-3-one) was prepared using general reductive amination procedure A substituting (R)-4-aminoisoxazolidin-3-one for (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, and adding dichloromethane in equal proportion to dimethylformamide (0.0125 M). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.82 (s, 2H), 7.47 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.60 (s, 4H), 4.70 (dd, J=9.7, 8.0 Hz, 2H), 4.51 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 4.45-4.32 (m, 4H), 4.21 (d, J=13.3 Hz, 2H), 4.05 (s, 6H), 2.08 (s, 6H). ES/MS (M+1): 752.8.

Example 174: 2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(N—(N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl)acetamide)-2-amino-N—(N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl)acetamide (or 2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(N—(N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl)acetamide))

Benzyl (2-((N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)carbamate: Carbonyldiimidazole (1.55 g, 956 mmol) was added to a solution of ((benzyloxy)carbonyl)glycine (2.00 g, 9.56 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (40 mL). Mild gas evolution was observed. After 30 min the solution was heated at reflux for 1.5 h. The solution was cooled to RT and N,N-dimethylsulfamide (1.18 g, 9.56 mmol) was added. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 15 min. A solution of 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene in tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) was added. After 22 h the reaction was poured into ice-cold 0.75 N hydrochloric acid (100 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with brine (50 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes). The fractions containing product were combined and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, providing benzyl (2-((N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)carbamate.

2-amino-N—(N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl)acetamide: 10% Palladium on carbon (628 mg, 0.590 mmol) was added to a solution of benzyl (2-(methylsulfonamido)-2-oxoethyl)carbamate (1.86 g, 5.90 mmol) in ethanol (30 mL). The atmosphere was exchanged with hydrogen (balloon). After stirring for 1 h a solid had precipitated. The hydrogen was removed. The solid was removed by filtration through celite (along with the catalyst). The solid was washed with water (30 mL). The aqueous phase was filtered through a syringe filter and subjected to lyophilization providing 2-amino-N—(N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl)acetamide.

2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(N—(N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl)acetamide) was prepared using general reductive amination procedure G substituting 2-amino-N—(N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl)acetamide for (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.80 (s, 2H), 7.51-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.60 (s, 4H), 4.19 (s, 4H), 4.06 (s, 6H), 3.90 (s, 4H), 2.90 (s, 12H), 2.09 (s, 6H). ES/MS (M+1): 910.9.

Example 175: 1,1′-(((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(methylene))bis(cyclopropan-1-ol) (or 1,1′-((((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(methylene))bis(cyclopropan-1-ol))

1,1′-(((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(methylene))bis(cyclopropan-1-ol) was prepared using general reductive amination procedure G substituting 1-(aminomethyl)cyclopropan-1-ol for (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, methanol for ethanol and omitting potassium hydroxide. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.81 (s, 2H), 7.51-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.11-7.04 (m, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.21 (s, 4H), 4.05 (s, 6H), 3.12 (s, 5H), 2.09 (s, 6H), 0.93-0.85 (m, 4H), 0.74-0.66 (m, 4H). ES/MS (M+1): 722.9.

Example 176: 3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(1,1-difluoropropan-2-ol) (or 3,3′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(1,1-difluoropropan-2-ol))

3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(1,1-difluoropropan-2-ol) was prepared using general reductive amination procedure A substituting 3-amino-1,1-difluoropropan-2-ol hydrochloride for (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, diisopropylethylamine for triethylamine and adding ethanol in equal proportion to dimethylformamide (0.0125 M). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.81 (s, 2H), 7.51-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.98-5.66 (m, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.18 (d, J=1.3 Hz, 4H), 4.17-4.05 (m, 2H), 4.05 (s, 6H), 3.24 (dd, J=12.8, 3.3 Hz, 2H), 3.12 (dd, J=13.0, 9.9 Hz, 2H), 2.09 (s, 6H). ES/MS (M+1): 770.8.

Example 177: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(3-cyano-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

A suspension of 3,3′-bis(chloromethyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl (100 mg, 0.358 mmol), 4-hydroxy-3-iodobenzaldehyde (266 mg, 1.07 mmol), cesium carbonate (350 mg, 1.07 mmol), and sodium iodide (161 mg, 1.07 mmol) in dimethylformamide (3 mL) was stirred at 20° C. for 20 h. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (30 mL) and washed with water (2×10 mL) and brine (10 mL). The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography (0-50% ethyl acetate/hexanes). The fractions containing product were combined and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, providing 4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(3-iodobenzaldehyde).

4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(3-iodobenzaldehyde) (75 mg, 0.107 mmol), and copper (I) cyanide (24 mg, 0.267 mmol) were combined with dimethylformamide (2 mL) and heated at 140° C. for 20 min in a microwave reactor. The reaction had mono CN and desired material. The reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate (10 mL) and water (10 mL). A solid formed which was removed by filtration. The organic phase was washed with water (2×10 mL) and brine (10 mL). The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes). The fractions containing product were combined and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, providing 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(3-formylbenzonitrile).

(3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(3-cyano-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) was prepared following reductive amination procedure A substituting glycine (10 equiv) for (3S)-4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid (6 equiv) and using 10 eq trimethylamine rather than 6 eq. for a reaction time of 16 h. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.80 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 2H), 7.77 (dd, J=8.8, 2.3 Hz, 2H), 7.52-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.44 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.16-7.09 (m, 2H), 5.36 (s, 4H), 4.33-4.24 (m, 1H), 4.23 (s, 4H), 3.20 (dd, J=12.6, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.01 (dd, J=12.4, 9.5 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.09 (s, 6H). ES/MS (M+1): 707.1.

Example 178: 2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))diacetic acid (or 2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))diacetic acid)

2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))diacetic acid was prepared following reductive amination procedure G, substituting glycine for (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.80 (s, 2H), 7.51-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (dd, J=7.8, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.18 (s, 4H), 4.05 (s, 6H), 3.87 (s, 4H), 2.09 (s, 6H). ES/MS (M+1): 698.8.

Example 179: (2R,2′R)-3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2-fluoropropanoic acid) (or (2R,2′R)-3,3′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2-fluoropropanoic acid))

Diethyl 3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))(2R,2′R)-bis(2-fluoropropanoate) bis trifluoroacetic acid salt was prepared following reductive amination procedure G, substituting ethyl (R)-3-amino-2-fluoropropanoate hydrochloride for (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid.

A solution of lithium hydroxide (4.57 mg, 0.191 mmol) in water (0.5 mL) was added to a solution of diethyl 3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))(2R,2′R)-bis(2-fluoropropanoate) bis trifluoroacetic acid salt (20 mg, 0.0191 mmol) in methanol. After 1 h trifluoroacetic acid (0.2 mL) was added and ˜ half the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The solution was subjected to preparative HPLC (eluent: 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid/0.1 acetonitrile). The clean fractions containing product were combined and subjected to lyophilization, providing (2R,2′R)-3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2-fluoropropanoic acid). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.82 (s, 2H), 7.50-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.60 (s, 4H), 5.36 (dd, J=8.4, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 5.24 (dd, J=8.3, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (s, 4H), 4.06 (s, 6H), 3.69-3.45 (m, 4H), 2.08 (s, 6H). ¹⁹F NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ −195.66. ES/MS (M+1): 762.9.

Example 180: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((([4,4′-biindoline]-1,1′-dicarbonyl)bis(2-methoxy-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

In a round bottom flask, 4,4′-([4,4′-biindoline]-1,1′-dicarbonyl)bis(2-methoxybenzaldehyde) (27.00 mg, 0.048 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of 12.00 mL of methanol and 1.20 mL of acetic acid. To this solution was added (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid (18.00 mg, 0.151 mmol) at room temperature. The flask was capped and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. To this solution, 2-methylpyridine borane (16.00 mg, 0.150 mmol) was added at room temperature. The flask was capped and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for an additional 2 hours. Reaction was filtered and purified by reverse phase HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) to afford (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((([4,4′-biindoline]-1,1′-dicarbonyl)bis(2-methoxy-4,1-phenylene))bis(azanediyl))bis-(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) upon lyophilization as the bis-TFA salt. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.16 (s, 1H), 7.60-7.46 (m, 1H), 7.36-7.18 (m, 3H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 4.41-4.23 (m, 3H), 4.07 (s, 2H), 4.03-3.87 (m, 3H), 3.26-3.16 (m, 1H), 3.01 (dq, J=22.1, 9.0, 7.1 Hz, 3H), 2.55 (q, J=5.4 Hz, 2H). ES/MS M⁺¹: 767.33.

Example 181: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((([4,4′-biindoline]-1,1′-dicarbonyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

In a round bottom flask, 4,4′-([4,4′-biindoline]-1,1′-dicarbonyl)bis(2-methoxybenzaldehyde) (22.00 mg, 0.044 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of 5.00 mL of methanol and 5.50 mL of acetic acid. To this solution was added (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid (16.00 mg, 0.13 mmol) at room temperature. The flask was capped and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. To this solution, 2-methylpyridine borane (14.00 mg, 0.013 mmol) was added at room temperature. The flask was capped and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for an additional 2 hours. Reaction was filtered and purified by reverse phase HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) to afford (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((([4,4′-biindoline]-1,1′-dicarbonyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) upon lyophilization as the bis-TFA salt. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.65-8.51 (m, 1H), 8.27 (td, J=7.9, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.77-7.57 (m, 5H), 4.25 (s, 3H), 4.03 (s, 2H), 3.17 (dd, J=12.6, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.03-2.90 (m, 3H), 2.52 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H). ES/MS M⁺¹: 707.31.

Example 182: (3S,3′S,4R,4′R)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxypentanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S,4R,4′R)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxypentanoic acid))

In a round bottom flask, (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxy-4-methylbutyric acid HCl salt (183.77 mg, 1.08 mmol) was dissolved in 6.0 mL of DMF at room temperature and the solution was stirred for 5 min at room temperature. To this solution, 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (63.00 mg, 0.108 mmol) was added at room temperature followed by triethylamine (0.100 mL). Flask was capped and solution was stirred at room temperature. After 30 min, sodium cyanoborohydride (68.00 mg, 1.08 mmol) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (230.00 mg, 1.08 mmol) were added to the mixture at room temperature and the solution was stirred for an additional 4 hours. Reaction was filtered and purified by reverse phase HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) to afford (3S,3′S,4R,4′R)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxypentanoic acid) upon lyophilization as the bis-TFA salt. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.47 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.58 (s, 2H), 4.43 (td, J=6.6, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 2H), 4.04 (s, 3H), 3.39 (qd, J=6.7, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 2.53 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.31 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H). ES/MS M⁺¹: 815.28.

Example 183: 4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))dibutyric acid (or 4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))dibutyric acid)

In a round bottom flask, (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxy-4-methylbutyric acid (124.15 mg, 1.20 mmol) was dissolved in 6.0 mL of DMF at room temperature and the solution was stirred for 5 min at room temperature. To this solution, 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (70.00 mg, 0.120 mmol) was added at room temperature. Following general reductive amination procedure C, 4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))dibutyric acid (8.00, 0.01 mmol) was obtained upon lyophilization as the bis-TFA salt. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.80 (s, 1H), 7.47 (dd, J=7.7, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.59 (s, 2H), 4.12 (s, 2H), 4.05 (s, 3H), 3.19-3.03 (m, 2H), 2.98 (s, 1H), 2.85 (t, J=1.1 Hz, 1H), 2.46 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.96 (dt, J=14.8, 7.2 Hz, 2H). ES/MS M⁺¹: 755.26.

Example 184: (1R,1′R,3S,3′S)-3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid) (or (1R,1′R,3S,3′S)-3,3′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid))

In a round bottom flask, (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxy-4-methylbutyric acid (123.15 mg, 0.86 mmol) was dissolved in 3.0 mL of DMF at room temperature and the solution was stirred for 5 min at room temperature. To this solution, 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (50.00 mg, 0.086 mmol) was added at room temperature. Following general reductive amination procedure C, (1R,1′R,3S,3′S)-3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid) (20.00 mg, 0.02 mmol) was obtained upon lyophilization as the bis-TFA salt. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.81 (s, 1H), 7.47 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (dd, J=7.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.60 (s, 2H), 4.15 (s, 2H), 4.05 (s, 3H), 3.30-3.11 (m, 1H), 2.53-2.35 (m, 2H), 2.18 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 2.11-1.87 (m, 5H), 1.67-1.16 (m, 4H). ES/MS M⁺¹: 835.32.

Example 185: (1S,1′S,3R,3′R)-3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid) (or (1S,1′S,3R,3′R)-3,3′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid))

In a round bottom flask, (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxy-4-methylbutyric acid (37.00 mg, 0.28 mmol) was dissolved in 3.0 mL of DMF at room temperature and the solution was stirred for 5 min at room temperature. To this solution, 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (50.00 mg, 0.086 mmol) was added at room temperature. Following general reductive amination procedure C, (1S,1′S,3R,3′R)-3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid) (35.00 mg, 0.04 mmol) was obtained upon lyophilization as the bis-TFA salt. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.81 (s, 1H), 7.47 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.59 (s, 2H), 4.12 (s, 2H), 4.05 (s, 3H), 3.74-3.60 (m, 1H), 2.98 (s, 3H), 2.85 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 2H), 2.38 (dt, J=13.6, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 2.22 (dd, J=13.6, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.12-1.95 (m, 7H), 1.83 (dd, J=13.8, 7.0 Hz, 1H). ES/MS M⁺¹: 807.29.

Example 186: 2,2′-((((((2,2′-Dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(ethan-1-ol) (or 2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(ethan-1-ol))

Step 1: (3-Bromo-2-chlorophenyl)methanol: To a solution of 3-bromo-2-chlorobenzoic acid (4.128 g, 17.5 mmol) in anhydrous THF (30 mL) under nitrogen was added dropwise a borane-dimethyl sulphide complex (1.6 mL) at 0° C. After the addition was complete the mixture was heated to reflux for 3 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and poured slowly into water. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM and the combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄) and the solvent was removed in vacuum to give the product.

Step 2: (2-Chloro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)methanol: Dioxane (30 mL) was charged to a round-bottom flask and nitrogen was bubbled through for 10 minutes. (3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)methanol (2 g, 9.03 mmol) was added and nitrogen was bubbled through for a while. Potassium acetate (2.66 g, 27.1 mmol) was added. Bis(pinacolato)diboron (3.67 g, 23.87 mmol) was added and then PdCl₂(dppf)-CH₂Cl₂ (0.66 g, 1.94 mmol) was added. The reaction was heated at 80° C. overnight. The reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate, filtered through a celite bed and the bed washed with ethyl acetate. The combined organic portions were concentrated under vacuum to provide a black pasty residue. This crude residue was purified by silica gel column with 5-30% EtOAc in hexanes to give the product as a solid.

Step 3: (2,2′-Dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)dimethanol: A solution of (3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)methanol (600 mg, 2.71 mmol), (2-chloro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)methanol (728 mg, 2.71 mmol), K₂CO₃ (936 mg, 6.77 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (9 mL) and water (2.3 mL) was purged with nitrogen for 5 min. Pd(dppf)Cl₂.DCM (198 mg, 0.27 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was heated at 100° C. for 12 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of celite and the pad was washed with MeOH. The filtrate was concentrated to dryness and the residue was purified by silica gel column with 0-30% EtOAc in hexanes to give a product.

Step 4: 6,6′-(((2,2′-Dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde): A mixture of cesium carbonate (1.3 g, 4.04 mmol), palladium (II) acetate (46 mg, 0.20 mmol), 2-di-tert-butylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl(t-butyl Xphos)(171 mg, 0.40 mmol), 6-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (434 mg, 2.53 mmol) and (2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)dimethanol (286 mg, 1.01 mmol) in Toluene (6 mL) was heated at 85° C. for 4 h. The reaction mixture was cooled down and purified by column chromatography (1% ethyl acetate/hexanes-50% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to give the product as a solid.

Step 5: 2,2′-((((((2,2′-Dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(ethan-1-ol): The compound was prepared using reductive amination procedure E. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.83-8.59 (m, 4H), 7.77 (d, 2H), 7.61 (dd, 2H), 7.44 (t, 2H), 7.30 (dd, 2H), 6.56 (d, 2H), 5.58-5.44 (m, 4H), 4.04 (d, 4H), 3.87 (s, 6H), 3.64 (t, 4H), 2.95 (t, 4H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₃₂H₃₆Cl₂N₄O₆: 643.2; found: 643.1.

Example 187: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-Dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

Reductive amination of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde with (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid using reductive amination procedure E gave the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.77-8.49 (m, 4H), 7.77 (d, 2H), 7.71-7.53 (m, 4H), 7.45 (t, 2H), 7.30 (dd, 2H), 6.56 (d, 2H), 5.65-5.40 (m, 4H), 4.15 (d, 2H), 4.04 (d, 4H), 3.87 (s, 6H), 2.98 (s, 2H), 2.86 (d, 2H), 2.60 (s, 2H), 2.46-2.27 (m, 4H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₃₆H₄₀Cl₂N₄O₁₀: 759.2.2; found: 759.1.

Example 188: (3R,3′R)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-Dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3R,3′R)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

Reductive amination of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde with (R)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid using reductive amination procedure E gave the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.71 (d, 2H), 7.58 (dd, 2H), 7.38 (t, 2H), 7.23 (dd, 2H), 6.55 (d, 2H), 5.59 (d, 4H), 4.28 (m, 2H), 4.17 (s, 4H), 3.97 (d, 6H), 3.19 (dd, 2H), 2.98 (dd, 2H), 2.54 (d, 4H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₃₆H₄₀Cl₂N₄O₁₀: 759.2; found: 759.0.

Example 189: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-Dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

Step 1. 6,6′-(((2,2′-Dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (60 mg, 0.11 mmol), was weighted into a small flask and DCM (1.5 mL) added until all solid dissolved. The reaction mixture was diluted with 1.5 mL DMF and treated with NBS (43 mg, 0.24 mmol) and 10 mol % TFA (0.085 mL, 1% solution in DMF). After 5 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with DCM and washed with 5% sodium thiosulfate. The organic layer was dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was used as crude in next step without further purification.

Step 2: Reductive amination of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde with (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid using reductive amination procedure G gave the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.99 (s, 2H), 7.63 (dd, 2H), 7.41 (t, 2H), 7.26 (dd, 2H), 5.67 (d, 4H), 4.28 (m, 2H), 4.16 (s, 4H), 3.99 (s, 6H), 3.21 (dd, 2H), 3.00 (dd, 2H), 2.54 (d, 4H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₃₆H₃₈Br₂Cl₂N₄O₁₀: 915.0; found: 916.7.

Example 190: (S)-4-(((6-((3′-(((3-Bromo-5-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was isolated as a by-product from Example 189. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.71 (d, 1H), 7.66-7.55 (m, 2H), 7.40 (m, 2H), 7.30-7.20 (m, 2H), 6.55 (d, 1H), 5.67 (d, 2H), 5.63-5.54 (m, 2H), 4.37-4.22 (m, 2H), 4.16 (d, 4H), 3.98 (d, 6H), 3.20 (m, 2H), 2.99 (m, 2H), 2.54 (m, 4H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₃₆H₃₉BrCl₂N₄O₁₀: 837.1; found: 838.8.

Example 191: (3R,3′R)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-Dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3R,3′R)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

Reductive amination of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde with (R)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid using reductive amination procedure G gave the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.98 (s, 2H), 7.63 (dd, 2H), 7.41 (t, 2H), 7.26 (dd, 2H), 5.77-5.53 (m, 4H), 4.40-4.23 (m, 2H), 4.16 (s, 4H), 3.21 (dd, 2H), 3.00 (dd, 2H), 2.54 (d, 4H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₃₆H₃₈Br₂Cl₂N₄O₁₀: 915.0; found: 917.0.

Example 192: (R)-4-(((6-((3′-(((3-Bromo-5-((((R)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was isolated as a byproduct from Example 191. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.71 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (m, 2H), 7.40 (dt, 2H), 7.24 (dt, 2H), 6.55 (d, 1H), 5.67 (d, 2H), 5.63-5.53 (m, 2H), 4.28 (m, 2H), 4.16 (d, 4H), 3.98 (d, 6H), 3.20 (m, 2H), 2.99 (m, 2H), 2.54 (dd, 4H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₃₆H₃₉BrCl₂N₄O₁₀: 837.1; found: 839.0.

Example 193: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-Dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

Step 1: 6,6′-(((2,2′-Dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde): A mixture of cesium carbonate (2.75 g, 8.47 mmol), palladium (II) acetate (95 mg, 0.42 mmol), 2-di-tert-butylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl(t-butyl Xphos) (225 mg, 0.53 mmol), 6-chloro-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (1.256 g, 4.87 mmol) and (2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)dimethanol (600 mg, 2.12 mmol) in toluene (6 mL) was heated at 95° C. in a sealed tube. After 3 h, reaction mixture was cooled down and filtered through a pad a celite and rinsed with DCM. The filtrate is concentrated and the residue was purified by column chromatography with 10% to 20% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give the product.

Step 2: 6,6′-(((2,2′-Dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde): 6,6′-(((2,2′-Dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde) (726 mg) was suspended in 4.5 mL AcOH, and sonicated for 10 min. Sodium acetate (205 mg) and bromine (400 mg, 0.13 mL) in 0.6 mL of AcOH were added. After 40 min, the reaction was diluted with 30 mL DCM and 45 mL of 2M NaOH. After stirring for 10 min, the organic layer was separated, and the aqueous layer extracted with DCM (20 mL). The organic layer was dried, and concentrated to afford a crude product.

Step 3: 6,6′-(((2,2′-Dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-hydroxynicotinaldehyde): A mixture of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde) (550 mg) and CsF (390 mg) in DMF (4 mL) was stirred at 60° C. for 90 minutes. The reaction mixture was then quenched with aq. NH₄Cl, and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was used for next step.

Step 4: 5,5′-((((((2,2′-Dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-3-formylpyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile: 6,6′-(((2,2′-Dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-hydroxynicotinaldehyde) (385 mg), 5-(chloromethyl)nicotinonitrile (258 mg) and K₂CO₃ (390 mg) is dissolved in 5 mL DMF. NaI (190 mg) was added. The solution is then heated to 60° C. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM and water. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was used for next step.

Step 5: Reductive amination of 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-3-formylpyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile with (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid using reductive amination procedure G gave the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.86 (dd, 4H), 8.27 (t, 2H), 8.07 (s, 2H), 7.57 (dd, 2H), 7.41 (t, 2H), 7.32-7.24 (m, 2H), 5.71-5.41 (m, 8H), 4.34-4.20 (m, 6H), 3.25 (dd, 2H), 3.03 (dd, 2H), 2.54 (dd, 4H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₈H₄₂Br₂Cl₂N₈O₁₀: 1119.1; found: 1121.1.

Example 194: (S)-4-(((6-((3′-(((3-Bromo-5-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-6-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was isolated as a by-product from Example 193. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.93-8.72 (m, 4H), 8.32-8.18 (m, 2H), 7.84-7.70 (m, 2H), 7.66-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.36 (m, 2H), 7.30-7.13 (m, 2H), 6.68-6.53 (m, 1H), 5.73-5.36 (m, 8H), 4.37-4.09 (m, 6H), 3.27-2.93 (m, 4H), 2.53 (m, 4H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₈H₄₃BrCl₂N₈O₁₀: 1041.2; found: 1042.9.

Example 195: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-Dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

Reductive amination of 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(3-formylpyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile with (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid using reductive amination procedure G gave the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.88 (d, 2H), 8.86-8.75 (m, 2H), 8.25 (t, 2H), 7.80 (d, 2H), 7.60-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.43-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.25 (m, 2H), 6.63 (dd, 2H), 5.53 (m, 8H), 4.26 (d, 6H), 3.23 (dd, 2H), 3.13-2.95 (m, 2H), 2.54 (dd, 4H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₈H₄₄Cl₂N₈O₁₀: 963.3; found: 963.2.

Example 196: (3R,3′R)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-Dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3R,3′R)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

Reductive amination of 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-3-formylpyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile with (R)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid using reductive amination procedure G gave the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.89 (d, 2H), 8.84 (dd, 2H), 8.26 (t, 2H), 8.07 (s, 2H), 7.57 (d, 2H), 7.41 (t, 2H), 7.27 (dd, 2H), 5.71-5.30 (m, 8H), 4.26 (m, 6H), 3.25 (dd, 1H), 3.13-2.93 (m, 2H), 2.54 (dd, 4H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₈H₄₂Br₂Cl₂N₈O₁₀: 1119.1; found: 1120.9.

Example 197: (2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-Dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid) (or (2S,2′S)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid))

Reductive amination of 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-3-formylpyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile with (S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid using reductive amination procedure G gave the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.90 (d, 2H), 8.87-8.76 (m, 2H), 8.29 (t, 2H), 8.15-8.07 (m, 2H), 7.63-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.40 (t, 2H), 7.27 (dd, 2H), 5.66-5.43 (m, 8H), 4.25 (s, 4H), 4.00 (d, 2H), 3.80 (d, 2H), 1.54 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 6H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₈H₄₂Br₂Cl₂N₈O₁₀: 1119.1; found: 1120.8.

Example 198: (2R,2′R)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-Dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid)

Reductive amination of 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-3-formylpyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile with (R)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid using reductive amination procedure G gave the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.90 (s, 2H), 8.81 (d, 2H), 8.29 (t, 2H), 8.10 (s, 2H), 7.62-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.40 (t, 2H), 7.27 (dd, 2H), 5.69-5.41 (m, 8H), 4.25 (s, 4H), 4.01 (d, 2H), 3.80 (d, 2H), 1.54 (d, 6H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₈H₄₂Br₂Cl₂NO₁₀: 1119.1; found: 1120.9.

Example 199: 5-((4-Chloro-5-((3′-((2-chloro-5-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

Step 1: 1-Bromo-3-(((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)methyl-2-methylbenzene: To a stirred solution of (3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)methanol (2 g, 9.95 mmol) in dry DMF (16 mL) was added 60% NaH (418 mg, 10.44 mmol). After the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes, 1-(chloromethyl)-4-methoxybenzene (1.636 g, 10.44 mmol) was added at 0° C. and the reaction mixture was stirred for another 2 h at room temperature. The reaction was then diluted with Et₂O and water. The organic phase was washed with brine and dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via silica gel column chromatography with 0-15% EtOAc in hexanes to give the product.

Step 2: (3′-(((4-Methoxybenzyl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methanol: A solution of 1-bromo-3-(((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)methyl)-2-methylbenzene (400 mg, 1.245 mmol), (2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)methanol (340 mg, 1.37 mmol), K₂CO₃ (516 mg, 3.74 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (6 mL) and water (1.5 mL) was purged with nitrogen for 30 min. Pd(dppf)Cl₂.DCM (102 mg, 0.125 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was heated at 100° C. for 12 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite and the pad was washed with MeOH. The filtrate was concentrated to dryness and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography with 0-30% EtOAc in hexanes to give a product.

Step 3: 5-Chloro-2-hydroxy-4-((3′-(((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde: Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (176 mg, 0.87 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1.4 mL) was added dropwise to a cooled (0° C.) solution of 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (136 mg, 0.79 mmol), triphenylphosphine (217 mg, 0.88 mmol) and (3′-(((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methanol (315 mg, 0.87 mmol) in dry tetrahydrofuran (2.6 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to slowly warm to room temperature with stirring overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography with 0-20% EtOAc in hexanes to give the product.

Step 4: 5-((4-Chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-(((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile: Cesium carbonate (291 mg, 0.89 mmol), 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-4-((3′-(((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde (234 mg, 0.45 mmol) were combined in dimethylformamide (2.2 mL). Added 5-(chloromethyl)nicotinonitrile (138 mg, 0.91 mmol) and stirred at 75° C. overnight. The mixture was treated with CH₂Cl₂ and water. The organic phase was separated, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography with 0-20% EtOAc in hexanes to give the product as a solid.

Step 5: 5-((4-Chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile: 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone (263 mg, 1.16 mM) was added to a vigorously stirring, biphasic solution of 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-(((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (612 mg, 0.967 mM) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) and water (4 mL) at room temperature. The reaction flask was covered with aluminum foil to exclude light. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The crude material was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and water. The organic layer was separated, dried with Na₂SO₄, concentrated. The residue was purified via silica gel column chromatography with 0-5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ to give the product as a solid.

Step 6: 5-((4-Chloro-5-((3′-((2-chloro-4-formyl-5-hydroxyphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile: Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (116 mg, 0.57 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1.1 mL) was added dropwise to a cooled (0° C.) solution of 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (90 mg, 0.522 mmol), triphenylphosphine (143 mg, 0.58 mmol) and 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl) nicotinonitrile (200 mg, 0.39 mmol) in dry tetrahydrofuran (14 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to slowly warm to room temperature with stirring overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by silica gel column with 0-20% EtOAc in hexanes to give the product.

Step 7: 5-((4-Chloro-5-((3′-((2-chloro-5-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-formylphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile: 5-((4-chloro-5-((3′-((2-chloro-4-formyl-5-hydroxyphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (22 mg, 0.033 mmol) was suspended in dimethylformamide (0.3 mL), cesium carbonate (16 mg, 0.042 mmol) was added and the reaction stirred for approximately 5 minutes in which it appeared to exhibit improved solubility. (Bromomethyl)cyclopropane (9 mg, 0.066 mmol) was added to the reaction. The reaction was capped and stirred at 65° C. for 1.5 h. The mixture was treated with CH₂Cl₂ and water. The organic phase was separated, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column with 0-20% EtOAc in hexanes to give the product.

Step 8: 5-((4-Chloro-5-((3′-((2-chloro-5-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile: Reductive amination of 5-((4-chloro-5-((3′-((2-chloro-5-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-formylphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile with 2-aminoethan-1-ol using reductive amination procedure C gave the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.03 (m, 2H), 8.57 (s, 3H), 8.51-8.43 (m, 1H), 7.61-7.53 (m, 1H), 7.49 (m, 3H), 7.35-7.25 (m, 2H), 7.21 (d, 1H), 7.10 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.01 (s, 1H), 5.36 (d, 2H), 5.35-5.22 (m, 4H), 4.10 (d, 4H), 3.96 (d, 2H), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.94 (d, 4H), 2.01 (d, 6H), 1.24 (m, 1H), 0.66-0.50 (m, 2H), 0.42-0.27 (m, 2H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₅H₄₈Cl₂N₄O₆: 811.3; found: 811.2.

Example 200: 5-((4-Chloro-5-((3′-((2-chloro-5-((3-cyano-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-4-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

Step 1: 5-((4-Chloro-5-((3′-((2-chloro-5-((3-cyano-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-4-formylphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile: 5-((4-Chloro-5-((3′-((2-chloro-4-formyl-5-hydroxyphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (22 mg, 0.033 mmol) was suspended in dimethylformamide (0.4 mL), cesium carbonate (13.5 mg, 0.042 mmol) was added and the reaction stirred for approximately 5 minutes in which it appeared to exhibit improved solubility. 5-(Bromomethyl)-2-fluorobenzonitrile (8 mg, 0.036 mmol) was added to the reaction. The reaction was capped and stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was treated with CH₂Cl₂ and water. The organic phase was separated, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography with 0-5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ to give the product.

Step 2: Reductive amination of 5-((4-chloro-5-((3′-((2-chloro-5-((3-cyano-4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-4-formylphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile with 2-aminoethan-1-ol using reductive amination procedure C gave the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.02 (dd, 2H), 8.57 (d, 4H), 8.48 (t, 1H), 8.10 (dd, 1H), 7.93 (m, 1H), 7.62-7.52 (m, 3H), 7.49 (m, 2H), 7.29 (t, m 2H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 7.10 (m, 2H), 5.42-5.22 (m, 8H), 4.12 (m, 4H), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.94 (s, 4H), 2.02 (s, 6H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₉H₄₆Cl₂FN₅O₆: 890.3; found: 890.1.

Example 201: 5-((4-Chloro-2-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-5-((3′-(((5-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)methy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

Step 1: tert-Butyl (2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethyl)((6-((3′-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-formylphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)carbamate: Cesium carbonate (121 mg, 0.37 mmol), palladium (II) acetate (8.4 mg, 0.037 mmol), 2-di-tert-butylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl(t-butyl Xphos) (16 mg, 0.037 mmol), tert-butyl (2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethyl)((6-chloro-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)carbamate (80 mg, 0.186 mmol), and 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (95 mg, 185.6 μmol) were combined. Toluene (1.2 mL) was added. Toluene (2 mL) was added and the mixture purged with a stream of argon for 5 minutes. The reaction was sealed and heated at 80° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified chromatography with 0-60% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give a product.

Step 2: 5-((4-Chloro-2-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-5-((3′-(((5-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile: Reductive amination of with 2-aminoethan-1-ol using reductive amination procedure C, followed by deprotection with trifluoroacetic acid gave the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.01 (m, 2H), 8.57 (s, 4H), 8.51-8.43 (m, 1H), 7.74 (d, 1H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.46 (dd, 2H), 7.27 (m, 2H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 7.07 (t, 2H), 6.52 (d, 1H), 5.44 (s, 2H), 5.40-5.12 (m, 6H), 4.12 (t, 2H), 4.03 (t, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.62 (q, 4H), 2.94 (s, 4H), 2.11-1.90 (m, 6H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₁H₄₄ClN₅O₆: 738.3; found: 738.1.

Example 202: (S)-4-((5-Chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((3′-(((5-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

Step 1: (S)-4-((4-((3′-(((5-(((tert-Butoxycarbonyl)(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethyl)amino)methyl)-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid: Reductive amination of tert-butyl (2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethyl)((6-((3′-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-formylphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)carbamate with (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid using reductive amination procedure C gave the intermediate.

Step 2: (S)-4-((5-Chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((3′-(((5-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid: A solution of tetrabutylammonium fluoride in tetrahydrofuran (1 M, 0.03 mL, 0.03 mmol) was added to the above intermediate in tetrahydrofuran (1.5 mL) at 0° C. The solution was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for one hour. The mixture was then cooled to 0° C. and quenched with water. The mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ and washed with brine. The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The above residue was stirred in a mixture of CH₂Cl₂/TFA (1.25 mL, 4:1) for 2 hrs. Prep-HPLC separation gave the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetonitrile-d₃) δ 8.93 (s, 2H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 8.08 (m, 1H), 7.66 (d, 1H), 7.49 (d, 3H), 7.30 (d, 3H), 7.14 (d, 2H), 6.93 (d, 1H), 6.57-6.28 (m, 1H), 5.50 (s, 2H), 5.28 (d, 4H), 4.17 (m, 4H), 3.99 (m, 3H), 3.77 (s, 2H), 3.08 (d, 4H), 2.50 (m, 2H), 2.05 (d, 6H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₃H₄₆ClN₅O₈: 796.3; found: 796.2.

Example 203: (S)-4-(((6-((3′-((4-((((S)-3-Carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

Step 1: 5-((4-Chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-(((5-formyl-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile: Cesium carbonate (46 mg, 0.14 mmol), palladium (II) acetate (2 mg, 0.007 mmol), 2-di-tert-butylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl(t-butyl Xphos) (6 mg, 0.014 mmol), 6-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (12 mg, 0.07 mmol), and 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (34 mg, 66 □mol) were combined. Toluene (0.4 mL) was added. The reaction was sealed and heated at 80° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified by silica gel column with 0-50 percent ethyl acetate in hexanes to give the product.

Step 2: (S)-4-(((6-((3′-((4-((((S)-3-Carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid: Reductive amination of 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-(((5-formyl-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile with (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid using reductive amination procedure C gave the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.94 (d, 2H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 7.97 (s, 2H), 7.68 (d, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.45 (t, 2H), 7.24 (m, 2H), 7.14-7.01 (m, 3H), 6.48 (d, 1H), 5.49 (s, 2H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 5.30 (s, 2H), 4.36-4.19 (m, 2H), 4.17 (s, 2H), 4.03 (s, 3H), 3.25-2.98 (m, 4H), 2.85 (m, 4H), 2.63-2.41 (m, 4H), 2.07 (d, 6H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₅H₄₈ClN₅O₁₀: 854.3; found: 854.2.

Example 204: 5-((4-Chloro-2-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-5-((3′-((4-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

Step 1: 5-((4-Chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-((4-formyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile: Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (50 mg) in tetrahydrofuran (0.4 mL) was added dropwise to a cooled (0° C.) solution of 4-hydroxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (43 mg), triphenylphosphine (61.5 mg) and (5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (115 mg) in dry tetrahydrofuran (0.75 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to slowly warm to room temperature with stirring overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography with 20-90% EtOAc in hexanes to give the product.

Step 2: 5-((4-Chloro-2-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-5-((3′-((4-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile: Reductive amination of 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-((4-formyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile with 2-aminoethan-1-ol using reductive amination procedure C gave the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetonitrile-d₃) δ 8.95 (s, 2H), 8.45 (s, 2H), 8.29 (s, 1H), 7.93 (s, 2H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.75 (d, 1H), 7.57-7.49 (m, 2H), 7.47 (s, 1H), 7.41-7.28 (m, 3H), 7.17 (d, 2H), 6.96 (s, 1H), 5.30 (d, 6H), 4.21 (d, 4H), 3.75 (m, 4H), 3.10 (m, 4H), 2.07 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₂H₄₂ClF₃N₄O₅: 775.3; found: 775.2.

Example 205: 5-((4-Chloro-5-((3-(1-(3-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)benzoyl)indolin-4-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

Step 1: 4-(4-Bromoindoline-1-carbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde: 4-Formyl-3-hydroxybenzoic acid (830 mg, 5 mmol) was combined with 4-bromoindoline (1089 mg, 5.5 mmol), triethylamine (0.77 mL, 5.5 mmol) and (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP, 2.86 g, 5.5 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, then concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford the product.

Step 2: 5-((4-Chloro-2-formyl-5-((3-(1-(4-formyl-3-hydroxybenzoyl)indolin-4-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile: To a solution of 4-(4-bromoindoline-1-carbonyl)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (150 mg, 0.433 mmol), 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (220 mg, 0.424 mmol), NaHCO₃ (117 mg, 0.85 mmol) in DMF (12 mL) and water (3 mL) was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (61 mg, 0.12 equiv). The reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. for 1 h. Water and EtOAc were added to the reaction mixture. The organic layer was dried, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography with 0-10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ to give the product.

Step 3: 5-((4-Chloro-5-((3-(1-(3-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-formylbenzoyl)indolin-4-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile: Cesium carbonate (248 mg, 0.76 mmol), 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((3-(1-(4-formyl-3-hydroxybenzoyl)indolin-4-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (250 mg, 0.38 mmol) and 5-(chloromethyl)nicotinonitrile (116 mg, 0.76 mmol) and NaI (12 mg) were stirred at 75° C. for 45 minutes in dimethyl formamide (2.5 mL). The reaction was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ and water. The organic phase was dried, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified silica gel column chromatography with 0-10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ to give the product.

Step 4: 5-((4-Chloro-5-((3-(1-(3-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)benzoyl)indolin-4-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile: Reductive amination of 5-((4-chloro-5-((3-(1-(3-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-formylbenzoyl)indolin-4-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile with 2-aminoethan-1-ol using reductive amination procedure E gave the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.06-8.96 (m, 4H), 8.78 (s, 2H), 8.74-8.58 (m, 4H), 8.47 (m, 2H), 8.27 (m, 2H), 7.75 (d, 2H), 7.70 (m, 2H), 7.60-7.53 (m, 2H), 7.49 (d, 2H), 7.27 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.10 (m, 2H), 6.96-6.81 (m, 1H), 5.42-5.24 (m, 6H), 4.27 (s, 2H), 4.13 (s, 2H), 3.89 (s, 2H), 3.63 (m, 4H), 2.97 (d, 4H), 2.64 (s, 4H), 2.12 (s, 3H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₉H₄₆ClN₇O₆: 864.3; found: 864.2.

Example 206: (S)-4-((4-(4-(3-((4-((((S)-3-Carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2-methylphenyl)indoline-1-carbonyl)-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

Reductive amination of 5-((4-chloro-5-((3-(1-(3-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-formylbenzoyl)indolin-4-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile with (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid using reductive amination procedure E gave the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 9.00-8.85 (m, 4H), 8.44-8.34 (m, 2H), 7.60 (d, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.50-7.44 (m, 1H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 7.35-7.23 (m, 2H), 7.18 (dd, 1H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 6.94 (s, 1H), 5.45-5.37 (m, 4H), 5.30 (s, 2H), 4.39 (s, 2H), 4.32-4.12 (m, 4H), 3.99 (s, 2H), 3.26-2.70 (m, 6H), 2.61-2.44 (m, 4H), 2.18 (s, 3H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₅₃H₅₀ClN₇O₁₀: 980.3; found: 980.3.

Example 207: (S)-4-((5-Chloro-4-((3′-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

Step 1: 5-((5-((3-Bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-4-chloro-2-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile: Reductive amination of 5-((5-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-4-chloro-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile with 2-aminoethan-1-ol using reductive amination procedure E gave the product.

Step 2: 5-((4-Chloro-5-((3′-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile: To a solution of 5-((5-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-4-chloro-2-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (86 mg, 0.166 mmol), 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (98 mg, 0.189 mmol), NaHCO₃ (65 mg, 0.47 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) and water (1 mL) was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (40 mg). The reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate purified by prep-HPLC to give the product.

Step 3: (S)-4-((5-Chloro-4-((3′-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid: Reductive amination of 5-((4-chloro-5-((3′-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile with (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid using reductive amination procedure E gave the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 9.01-8.87 (m, 4H), 8.38 (q, 2H), 7.51 (s, 2H), 7.50-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.27 (t, 2H), 7.12 (dd, 2H), 7.08 (s, 2H), 5.37 (s, 4H), 5.31 (s, 4H), 4.23 (m, 5H), 3.86-3.68 (m, 2H), 3.25-2.87 (m, 4H), 2.51 (d, 2H), 2.08 (s, 6H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₅₀H₄₈Cl₂N₆O₈: 931.3; found: 931.2.

Example 208: (S)-4-((4-((5-(3-((4-((((S)-3-Carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2-methylphenyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

Step 1: (5-(3-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-methylphenyl)pyridin-3-yl)methanol: A solution of (3-iodo-2-methylphenyl)methanol (200 mg, 0.806 mmol), (5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridin-3-yl)methanol (199 mg, 0.847 mmol), K₂CO₃ (334 mg, 2.42 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (4 mL) and water (1 mL) was purged with nitrogen for 30 min. Pd(dppf)Cl₂:DCM (66 mg, 0.081 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was heated under microwave at 100° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of celite and the pad was washed with MeOH. The filtrate was concentrated to dryness and the residue was purified by silica gel column with 1-5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ to give a product.

Step 2: 5-Chloro-4-((5-(3-((2-chloro-4-formyl-5-hydroxyphenoxy)methyl)-2-methylphenyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde: Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (387 mg, 1.9 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (3.7 mL) was added dropwise to a cooled (0° C.) solution of 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (300 mg, 1.738 mmol), triphenylphosphine (477 mg, 1.93 mmol) and (5-(3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylphenyl)pyridin-3-yl)methanol (200 mg, 0.86 mmol) in dry tetrahydrofuran (7.5 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to slowly warm to room temperature with stirring overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by silica gel column with 20-60% EtOAc in hexanes to give the product.

Step 3: 5-((4-Chloro-5-((3-(5-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-formylphenoxy)methyl)pyridin-3-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile: Cesium carbonate (138 mg, 0.42 mmol), 5-chloro-4-((5-(3-((2-chloro-4-formyl-5-hydroxyphenoxy)methyl)-2-methylphenyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (58 mg, 0.411 mmol) were combined in dimethylformamide (1 mL). 5-(Chloromethyl)nicotinonitrile (138 mg, 0.91 mmol) and NaI (0.1 equiv) were added and the mixture was stirred at 75° C. overnight. The mixture was treated with CH₂Cl₂ and water. The organic phase was separated, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give the product.

Step 4: (S)-4-((4-((5-(3-((4-((((S)-3-Carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2-methylphenyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid: Reductive amination of 5-((4-chloro-5-((3-(5-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-formylphenoxy)methyl)pyridin-3-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile with (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid using reductive amination procedure C gave the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.99-8.86 (m, 4H), 8.70 (s, 1H), 8.54 (s, 1H), 8.36 (d, 2H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.53 (dd, 3H), 7.36-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.08 (d, 2H), 5.38 (m, 8H), 4.24 (m, 6H), 3.27-3.09 (m, 2H), 3.06-2.92 (m, 2H), 2.52 (m, 4H), 2.29 (s, 3H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₅₀H₄₇Cl₂N₇O₁₀: 976.3; found: 976.2.

Example 209: (S)-4-((4-((3′-(1-(2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethyl)-1H-indazol-5-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

Step 1: To a solution of 5-bromo-1H-indazole (820 mg, 4.16 mmol), bromoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (0.980 mL, 8.32 mmol) in DMSO (8.00 mL) was added cesium carbonate (5.42 g, 16.7 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 24 h. Analysis by tlc/LCMS indicated formation of the desired product, and a significant amount of the starting material remaining. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt, and quenched by the addition of sat NH₄Cl and EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered then concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by SiO₂ column chromatography (ISCO gold, 40 g column; 0-100% EtOAc/Hex) to afford 5-bromo-1-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)indazole.

Step 2: 5-bromo-1-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)indazole (300 mg, 1.05 mmol), (3-Bromo-2-methylphenyl)boronic acid (283 mg, 1.32 mmol), potassium carbonate (436 mg, 3.16 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (122 mg, 0.105 mmol) were combined in a reaction vessel. Dioxane (10.0 mL) and water (2.0 mL) were injected and the resulting suspension was sparged with argon (via a balloon filled with argon) for 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 5 h. Analysis by tlc/LCMS indicated consumption of the bromide starting material and formation of the desired product. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt, and quenched by the addition of sat NH₄Cl and EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered then concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by SiO₂ column chromatography (ISCO gold, 24 g column; 0-50% EtOAc/Hex) to afford 5-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)-1-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-1H-indazole. (M+1=375.08, 377.05).

Step 3: 5-[[4-chloro-2-formyl-5-[[2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]methoxy]phenoxy]methyl]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (120 mg, 0.23 mmol), 5-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)-1-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-1H-indazole (80% purity, 160 mg, 0.35 mmol), potassium carbonate (110 mg, 0.81 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (67 mg, 0.058 mmol) were combined in a sealed vial. Dioxane (3.0 mL) and water (0.75 mL) were injected and the resulting suspension was sparged with argon (via a balloon filled with argon) for 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at 95° C. for 5 h. Analysis by tlc/LCMS indicated consumption of the boronate starting material and formation of the desired product. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt, and quenched by the addition of sat NH₄Cl and EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered then concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by SiO2 column chromatography (ISCO gold, 12 g column; 0-50% EtOAc/Hex) to afford 5-((4-chloro-5-((3′-(1-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-1H-indazol-5-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile. (M+1=688.09).

Step 4: To a solution of 5-((4-chloro-5-((3′-(1-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-1H-indazol-5-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile in THF (1.0 mL) was added (0.50 mL) of 4N HCl then 10 drops of conc. HCl. The mixture was stirred at rt overnight. Analysis by LCMS indicated formation of the desired product (a mixture of the desired product, and the hydrate and hemiacetal derivatives were observed in the LCMS chromatogram). The reaction mixture was poured into a mixture of brine and EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered then concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture was processed in the next step immediately (M+1=641.35; the 1H NMR of the crude material indicated formation of the desired aldehyde product).

Step 5: 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(1-(2-oxoethyl)-1H-indazol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (85 mg, 0.13 mmol) was transformed to the desired product with (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxy-butanoic acid (160 mg, 1.3 mmol) via reductive amination using a modified version of Procedure G (modification of the work-up as described). The crude mixture was concentrated in vacuo, and then re-dissolved in DMF (3 mL) and TFA (0.1 mL). The resulting solution was purified by reverse-phase HPLC (10-90% MeCN/H2O+0.1% TFA) to afford (S)-4-((4-((3′-(1-(2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethyl)-1H-indazol-5-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid as the bis-TFA salt: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.95 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.92 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.37 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.16 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (t, J=1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.70-7.63 (m, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.49-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.34-7.22 (m, 3H), 7.17 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (dd, J=7.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (s, 1H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.83-4.74 (m, 2H), 4.31 (dtd, J=9.5, 6.3, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 4.26-4.15 (m, 3H), 3.82-3.59 (m, 2H), 3.37-3.31 (m, 1H), 3.24-3.07 (m, 2H), 3.06-2.92 (m, 1H), 2.56 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 1.88 (s, 3H); 19F NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ −77.6; ES/MS: M+1=847.12.

Example 210: (S)-4-(((5-(3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)benzofuran-2-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid (or (S)-4-(((5-(3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)benzofuran-2-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

Step 1: To a solution of methyl 5-bromobenzofuran-2-carboxylate (250 mg, 0.98 mmol) in THF (20 mL) cooled in an ice-water bath was added 2M lithium borohydride (0.98 mL) then methanol (79 μL, 2.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to slowly warm to rt. Analysis by tlc indicated consumption of the starting material. The reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of sat NaHCO₃ and EtOAc. After stirring for 5 min (significant evolution of gas was observed), the layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered then concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture was processed in the next step immediately.

Step 2: To a solution of intermediate from the preceding step in dichloromethane (20 mL) cooled in an ice-water bath was added Dess-Martin periodinane (620 mg, 1.5 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to slowly warm to rt and left overnight. Analysis by TLC indicated consumption of the starting material. The reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of sat NH₄Cl and EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered then concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by SiO₂ column chromatography (ISCO gold, 12 g column; 0-50% EtOAc/Hex) to afford 5-bromobenzofuran-2-carbaldehyde.

Step 3: 5-bromobenzofuran-2-carbaldehyde (180 mg, 0.78 mmol), (3-Bromo-2-methylphenyl)boronic acid (210 mg, 0.97 mmol), potassium carbonate (320 mg, 2.3 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (90 mg, 0.078 mmol) were combined in a sealed vial. Dioxane (2.0 mL) and water (0.50 mL) were injected and the resulting suspension was sparged with argon (via a balloon filled with argon) for 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at 90° C. overnight. Analysis by tlc indicated consumption of the bromide starting material. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt, and quenched by the addition of sat NH₄Cl and EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered then concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by SiO₂ column chromatography (ISCO gold, 12 g column; 0-50% EtOAc/Hex) to afford 5-(3-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)benzofuran-2-carbaldehyde (as a 2:1 mixture with the protodebromination by-product. ¹H NMR signal of the CH₃ group: 2.30 and 2.19 ppm, respectively).

Step 4: 5-(3-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)benzofuran-2-carbaldehyde (66%, 210 mg, 0.43 mmol), 5-[[4-chloro-2-formyl-5-[[2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]methoxy]phenoxy]methyl]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (150 mg, 0.29 mmol), potassium carbonate (140 mg, 1.0 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (84 mg, 0.072 mmol) were combined in a sealed vial. Dioxane (2.0 mL) and water (0.50 mL) were injected and the resulting suspension was sparged with argon (via a balloon filled with argon) for 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 2 h. Analysis by tlc/LCMS indicated consumption of the boronate starting material and formation of the desired product. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt, and quenched by the addition of sat NH₄Cl and EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered then concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by SiO₂ column chromatography (ISCO gold, 12 g column; 0-50% EtOAc/Hex) to afford 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-(2-formylbenzofuran-5-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (M+1=627).

Step 5: 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-(2-formylbenzofuran-5-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (35 mg, 0.056 mmol) from the preceding step was transformed to the desired product with (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxy-butanoic acid (31 mg, 0.56 mmol) via reductive amination using a modified version of Procedure G (modification of the work-up as described). The crude mixture was concentrated in vacuo, then re-dissolved in DMF (2 mL) and TFA (0.1 mL). The resulting solution was purified by reverse-phase HPLC (10-90% MeCN/H2O+0.1% TFA) to afford (S)-4-(((5-(3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)benzofuran-2-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid as the bis-TFA salt. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.95 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.92 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.37 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.65-7.55 (m, 2H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (dd, J=8.6, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.35-7.20 (m, 3H), 7.16 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.14-7.05 (m, 3H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 4.53 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H), 4.49 (d, J=14.1 Hz, 1H), 4.32 (ddt, J=12.8, 6.4, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.28-4.17 (m, 3H), 3.20 (dd, J=12.8, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.10 (dd, J=12.6, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 2.97 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.56 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (dd, J=6.3, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 1.88 (s, 3H) (note: a proton coincided with the methanol (solvent) peak or was not detected and is thus not listed); ¹⁹F NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ −77.7; ES/MS: M+1=833.02.

Example 211: (S)-4-(((5-(3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-3-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[biphenyl]-3-yl)benzo[b]thiophen-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid 3.2

(S)-4-(((5-(3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-3-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was prepared as the bis-TFA salt by a sequence identical to the route used to prepare Example 210 starting with methyl 5-bromobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylate instead of 5-bromobenzofuran-2-carboxylate: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.95 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.92 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.37 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=8.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.36-7.24 (m, 3H), 7.17 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (dd, J=7.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.60 (s, 2H), 4.32 (dtd, J=9.5, 6.3, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.28-4.17 (m, 3H), 3.29-3.26 (m, 1H), 3.20 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.08 (dd, J=12.7, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 3.00-2.93 (m, 1H), 2.55 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (dd, J=6.3, 1.1 Hz, 2H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 1.90 (s, 3H); 19F NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ −77.7; ES/MS: M+1=849.29.

Example 212: (S)-4-((4-((3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((6-cyanopyridin-2-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

A solution of 4-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (750 mg, 2.1 mmol) in 5 mL DMF under N2 was treated with K2CO3 (585 mg, 2.5 mmol, 2 equiv) and the mixture stirred under N₂ at rt for 15 min. Iodomethane (0.39 mL, 6.3 mmol, 3 equiv) was added and the reaction stirred under N₂ at 40° C. for 4 h. The mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc (2×), then washed with saturated NH₄Cl solution, dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield. 4-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzaldehyde as a solid. [M+H]=370.88.

A mixture of 3-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)benzonitrile (280 mg, 0.54 mmol), 4-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzaldehyde (200 mg, 0.54 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂CH₂Cl₂ (55 mg, 0.068 mmol, 0.125 equiv) and potassium carbonate (80 mg, 0.81 mmol, 1.5 equiv) were placed in a microwave vial along with DMF (9 mL) and water (1 mL) and heated to 100° C. in a microwave for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was diluted with EtOAc and water. The organic layer was separated, dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. Purified by silica gel chromatography (eluting with DCM-MeOH) to provide 5-((4-chloro-5-((3′-((2-chloro-4-formyl-5-methoxyphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile. [M+H]=681.04.

The title compound was synthesized from 5-((4-chloro-5-((3′-((2-chloro-4-formyl-5-methoxyphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile in a manner similar to general reductive amination procedure A. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.94 (dd, J=14.7, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.38 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.56-7.37 (m, 4H), 7.27 (q, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.18-7.02 (m, 3H), 6.95 (s, 1H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 3H), 4.39-4.13 (m, 7H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 3.19 (ddd, J=12.2, 8.8, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 2.97 (ddd, J=12.7, 9.8, 2.7 Hz, 2H), 2.52 (dd, J=7.8, 6.2 Hz, 4H), 2.08 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 6H).

Example 213: (2S,2′S)-3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2-hydroxypropanoic acid)

The title compound was synthesized from Intermediate 12 in a manner similar to general reductive amination procedure A. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.94 (dd, J=15.1, 2.0 Hz, 4H), 8.37 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=21.4 Hz, 4H), 7.26 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.16-7.05 (m, 4H), 5.38 (s, 4H), 5.31 (s, 4H), 4.40 (dd, J=8.7, 3.9 Hz, 2H), 4.26 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 4H), 3.36 (dd, J=12.9, 4.0 Hz, 4H), 3.17 (dd, J=12.9, 8.8 Hz, 4H), 2.08 (s, 6H). 19F NMR (376 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ −77.68 (d, J=7.6 Hz). [M+H]=961.15.

Example 214: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxy-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

A solution of 4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde) (550 mg, 0.99 mmol) in 5 mL DMF under N₂ was treated with CS2CO3 (975 mg, 2.99 mmol, 3 equiv) and the mixture stirred under N₂ at rt for 15 min. Iodomethane (0.25 mL, 3.99 mmol, 4 equiv) was added and the reaction stirred under N₂ at 40° C. for 6 h. The mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc (2×), then washed with saturated NH4Cl solution, dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification was carried out with by ISCO (Hex/EtOAc) provided 4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzaldehyde) as a solid. [M+H]=580.62.

The title compound was synthesized from 4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzaldehyde) in a manner similar to general reductive amination procedure A. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.56-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.30 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.14-7.07 (m, 1H), 7.04 (s, 1H), 5.33 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 2H), 4.14 (s, 1H), 4.02 (s, 2H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.37 (s, 2H), 2.95 (d, J=12.7 Hz, 1H), 2.85-2.75 (m, 1H), 2.35 (dd, J=15.8, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.02 (s, 3H). 19F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ −73.95. [M+H]=785.18

Example 215: (2S,2′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(2-hydroxybutanoic acid)

The title compound was synthesized from Intermediate 12 in a manner similar to general reductive amination procedure A. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.02 (t, J=2.4 Hz, 2H), 8.63-8.34 (m, 4H), 7.56 (s, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (s, 2H), 7.10 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 5.56 (s, 2H), 5.44-5.18 (m, 8H), 4.13 (s, 6H), 4.04 (dd, J=8.5, 4.0 Hz, 4H), 2.99 (s, 6H), 2.02 (s, 8H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ −74.33. [M+H]=989.50.

Example 216: (S)-3-((4-((3′-((4-((((S)-2-carboxy-2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzyl)amino)-2-hydroxypropanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized from 5-((4-chloro-5-((3′-((2-chloro-4-formyl-5-methoxyphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile in a manner similar to general reductive amination procedure A. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.95 (d, J=15.3 Hz, 4H), 7.56-7.35 (m, 4H), 7.27 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.19-7.05 (m, 2H), 6.96 (s, 2H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 3H), 4.43 (ddd, J=19.4, 8.8, 3.9 Hz, 2H), 4.30-4.15 (m, 4H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.44-3.35 (m, 3H), 3.17 (ddd, J=12.9, 8.9, 3.9 Hz, 3H), 2.09 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 6H). 19F NMR (376 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ −77.74. [M+H]=859.26.

Example 217: (4-((3′-((4-(((carboxymethyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzyl)glycine

The title compound was synthesized from 5-((4-chloro-5-((3′-((2-chloro-4-formyl-5-methoxyphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile in a manner similar to general reductive amination procedure A. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.94 (d, J=16.3 Hz, 4H), 8.39 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.59-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.42 (s, 2H), 7.27 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 4H), 7.17-7.04 (m, 2H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 3H), 4.27 (s, 1H), 4.20 (s, 2H), 3.96 (s, 2H), 3.84 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 3H), 2.09 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 6H). 19F NMR (376 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ −77.71. [M+H]=799.11.

Example 218: 4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid)

The title compound was synthesized from Intermediate 12 in a manner similar to general reductive amination procedure A. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.95 (dd, J=16.2, 2.0 Hz, 6H), 8.38 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 4H), 7.48 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 4H), 7.27 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.17-6.95 (m, 4H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 4.40-4.05 (m, 4H), 3.25 (d, J=12.7 Hz, 2H), 3.08 (d, J=12.7 Hz, 2H), 2.67-2.49 (m, 4H), 2.09 (s, 6H), 1.31 (s, 6H). 19F NMR (376 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ −77.67. [M+H]=1017.32.

Example 219: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((2-cyanopyridin-4-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 214, using 4-(chloromethyl)picolinonitrile instead of methyl iodide. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.71 (ddd, J=12.2, 5.1, 0.8 Hz, 2H), 8.01 (dd, J=1.7, 0.8 Hz, 2H), 7.79 (dd, J=5.1, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 7.52 (s, 2H), 7.40 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (s, 2H), 5.40 (s, 4H), 5.33 (s, 2H), 5.28 (s, 4H), 4.41-4.24 (m, 6H), 3.25 (dd, J=12.7, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 3.03 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.09 (s, 6H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ −77.74. [M+H]=989.35.

Example 220: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((3,5-dicyanobenzyl)oxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

Into a flask containing 3,5-Dicyanotoluene (0.5 g, 3.52 mmol, obtained from Alfa-Aeser, Ward Hill, Mass., USA) was added NBS (0.75 g, 4.22 mmol, 1.1 equiv), 2,2′-Azobisisobutyronitrile, 98% (0.12 g, 0.7 mmol, 0.2 equiv. and CCl₄ (10 mL). The solution was heated to 85 C for 16 hr. After cooling, the mixture was filtered and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification was carried out with by ISCO (Hex/EtOAc) provided of 5-(bromomethyl)isophthalonitrile. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.87 (s, 2H), 7.69 (s, 1H), 4.48 (s, 2H).

The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 214. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.20 (s, 2H), 7.51 (s, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.11 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.01 (s, 2H), 5.36 (s, 4H), 5.29 (s, 4H), 4.26 (s, 4H), 3.21 (dd, J=12.8, 3.0 Hz, 4H), 2.99 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 4H), 2.53 (dd, J=6.3, 1.5 Hz, 6H), 2.07 (s, 6H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ −77.65. [M+H]=1037.18.

Example 221: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((6-cyanopyridin-2-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 214 using 6-(bromomethyl)picolinonitrile instead of methyl iodide. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.07 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.87 (dd, J=7.9, 3.7 Hz, 4H), 7.51-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 4H), 7.13-7.02 (m, 4H), 5.44 (s, 4H), 5.27 (s, 4H), 4.30 (dd, J=10.4, 5.0 Hz, 4H), 3.26 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 2H), 3.06 (dd, J=12.8, 9.9 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.07 (s, 6H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ −77.54. [M+H]=989.18.

Example 222: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-((5-carbamoylpyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

Into a flask containing compound of Example 66 ((S)-4-((4-((3′-((4-((((R)-2-carboxy-2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid (20 mg, 0.020 mmol) was added DMSO (3 mL), Hydrogen peroxide (0.01 mL, 0.05 mmol) and Potassium carbonate (5.66 mg, 0.04 mmol). The reaction was allowed to stir for several hours after which reaction was complete. It was directly purified by RP-HPLC to furnish the titled compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 9.05 (s, 2H), 8.87 (s, 2H), 8.50 (q, J=3.3, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.52-7.43 (m, 3H), 7.26 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.12 (d, J=1.3 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 2H), 5.40 (s, 4H), 5.31 (s, 4H), 4.30-4.18 (m, 6H), 3.21 (dd, J=12.8, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 2.99 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.52 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.08 (s, 6H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ −78.03. bis TFA salt. [M+H]=1025.2.

Example 223: 2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(3-(trifluoromethyl)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(ethan-1-ol)

The title compound was synthesized from Intermediate 37 in a manner similar to general reductive amination procedure A. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.34 (s, 2H), 8.80 (s, 2H), 7.85 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.77 (dd, J=8.4, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 7.61-7.44 (m, 4H), 7.29 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (dd, J=7.8, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.58 (s, 2H), 5.32 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 4H), 4.17 (s, 2H), 3.02 (s, 2H), 2.86 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 2H), 2.44-2.27 (m, 2H), 1.97 (s, 6H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ −61.48, −74.03 (d, J=4.2 Hz). [M+H]=677.2.

Example 224: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(3-(trifluoromethyl)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

The title compound was synthesized from Intermediate 37 in a manner similar to general reductive amination procedure A. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.34 (s, 2H), 8.80 (s, 2H), 7.85 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.77 (dd, J=8.4, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 7.61-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.29 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (dd, J=7.8, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.58 (s, 4H), 5.32 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 4H), 4.17 (s, 4H), 3.02 (s, 2H), 2.86 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 2H), 2.44-2.27 (m, 4H), 1.97 (s, 6H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ −61.48, −74.03 (d, J=4.2 Hz). [M+H]=793.32.

Example 225: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((4-cyanopyridin-2-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 214 using 2-(chloromethyl)isonicotinonitrile instead of methyl iodide. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.82 (dd, J=5.1, 0.9 Hz, 2H), 7.92 (t, J=1.2 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (dd, J=5.1, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (s, 2H), 7.42 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.13-7.04 (m, 3H), 5.49 (s, 4H), 5.26 (s, 4H), 4.33 (td, J=6.5, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 4.28 (s, 4H), 3.34 (s, 3H), 3.26 (dd, J=12.7, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 3.07 (dd, J=12.7, 9.9 Hz, 2H), 2.55 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.05 (s, 6H). [M+H]=989.30.

Example 226: (1R,1′R,2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclopentan-1-ol) (or (1R,1′R,2S,2′S)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclopentan-1-ol))

To a solution of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (60 mg, 0.10 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) was added (1R,2S)-2-aminocyclopentan-1-ol (142 mg, 1.03 mmol). The mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h, then NaBH(OAc)₃ (219 mg, 1.03 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred for an additional 2 h, then TFA was added until the reaction mixture reached pH 5 (ca. 0.1 mL). The mixture was filtered and purified via preparative reverse-phase HPLC (5-95% MeCN in H₂O) to yield the product as a solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.81 (s, 2H), 7.46 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.58 (s, 4H), 4.40-4.29 (m, 2H), 4.13 (q, J=13.3 Hz, 4H), 4.03 (s, 6H), 3.42 (td, J=8.8, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.30 (dt, J=3.3, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 2.08 (s, 6H), 2.00-1.73 (m, 8H), 1.65 (td, J=15.9, 15.4, 6.2 Hz, 2H). LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₀H₄₉Cl₂N₄O₆: 751.30; found: 751.22.

Example 227: (1S,1′S,2R,2′R)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclopentan-1-ol) (or (1S,1′S,2R,2′R)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclopentan-1-ol))

Prepared in a similar manner to Example 226, using (1S,2R)-2-aminocyclopentan-1-ol in place of (1R,2S)-2-aminocyclopentan-1-ol: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.81 (s, 2H), 7.46 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.58 (s, 4H), 4.40-4.29 (m, 2H), 4.13 (q, J=13.3 Hz, 4H), 4.03 (s, 6H), 3.42 (td, J=8.8, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.30 (dt, J=3.3, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 2.08 (s, 6H), 2.00-1.73 (m, 8H), 1.65 (td, J=15.9, 15.4, 6.2 Hz, 2H). LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₀H₄₉Cl₂N₄O₆: 751.30; found: 751.16.

Example 228: (1R,1′R,2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclohexan-1-ol)

Prepared in a similar manner to Example 226, using (1R,2S)-2-aminocyclohexan-1-ol in place of (1R,2S)-2-aminocyclopentan-1-ol: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.80 (s, 2H), 7.46 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.58 (s, 4H), 4.22-4.04 (m, 6H), 4.03 (s, 6H), 3.15 (dt, J=10.6, 4.1 Hz, 2H), 2.07 (s, 6H), 1.98-1.68 (m, 8H), 1.71-1.18 (m, 8H). LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₂H₅₃Cl₂N₄O₆: 779.33; found: 779.22.

Example 229: (1S,1′S,2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclohexan-1-ol)

Prepared in a similar manner to Example 226, using (1S,2S)-2-aminocyclohexan-1-ol in place of (1R,2S)-2-aminocyclopentan-1-ol: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.82 (s, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.58 (s, 4H), 4.18 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 4H), 4.04 (s, 6H), 3.54 (td, J=9.8, 4.9 Hz, 2H), 2.91-2.80 (m, 2H), 2.22 (d, J=13.1 Hz, 2H), 2.14-2.02 (m, 8H), 1.90-1.72 (m, 4H), 1.54-1.22 (m, 8H). LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₂H₅₃Cl₂N₄O₆: 779.33; found: 779.24.

Example 230: (1S,1′S,2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclopentan-1-ol) (or (1S,1′S,2S,2′S)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclopentan-1-ol))

Prepared in a similar manner to Example 226, using (1S,2S)-2-aminocyclopentan-1-ol in place of (1R,2S)-2-aminocyclopentan-1-ol: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.82 (s, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.27 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 2H), 4.20 (q, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 4.14 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 2H), 4.05 (s, 6H), 3.38-3.31 (m, 2H), 2.23 (dt, J=13.5, 6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.08 (s, 6H), 2.04-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.79 (dq, J=15.2, 7.5 Hz, 4H), 1.65 (ddd, J=13.1, 9.8, 5.9 Hz, 4H). LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₀H₄₉Cl₂N₄O₆: 751.30; found: 751.10.

Example 231: 1,1′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclobutane-1-carbonitrile) (or 1,1′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclobutane-1-carbonitrile))

Prepared in a similar manner to Example 226, using 1-aminocyclobutane-1-carbonitrile in place of (1R,2S)-2-aminocyclopentan-1-ol: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.81 (s, 2H), 7.46 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.58 (s, 4H), 4.11 (s, 3H), 4.04 (s, 6H), 2.96-2.43 (m, 8H), 2.33-2.20 (m, 2H), 2.20-2.10 (m, 2H), 2.07 (s, 6H). LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+Na]⁺ calculated for C₄₀H₄₂Cl₂N₆NaO₄: 763.2; found: 762.9.

Example 232: (2′S)-(((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))di-L-proline (or (2′S)-((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))di-L-proline)

Prepared in a similar manner to Example 226, using L-proline in place of (1R,2S)-2-aminocyclopentan-1-ol: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.84 (s, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.38 (q, J=13.9 Hz, 4H), 4.32-4.26 (m, 2H), 4.05 (s, 6H), 3.61 (ddd, J=11.0, 7.5, 3.9 Hz, 2H), 3.41-3.31 (m, 2H), 2.62-2.51 (m, 2H), 2.25-2.11 (m, 4H), 2.09 (s, 6H), 2.06-1.96 (m, 2H). LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₀H₄₅Cl₂N₄O₈: 779.26; found: 779.10.

Example 233: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(morpholine-3-carboxylic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(morpholine-3-carboxylic acid))

Prepared in a similar manner to Example 226, using (S)-morpholine-3-carboxylic acid in place of (1R,2S)-2-aminocyclopentan-1-ol: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.86 (s, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 5.60 (s, 4H), 4.52-4.33 (m, 4H), 4.30-4.14 (m, 4H), 4.13-3.90 (m, 8H), 3.87-3.70 (m, 4H), 3.55-3.43 (m, 2H), 3.28-3.18 (m, 2H), 2.09 (s, 6H). LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₀H₄₅Cl₂N₄O₁₀: 811.25; found: 810.97.

Example 234: (2′R)-(((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))di-D-proline (or (2′R)-((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))di-D-proline)

Prepared in a similar manner to Example 226, using D-proline in place of (1R,2S)-2-aminocyclopentan-1-ol: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.84 (s, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.38 (q, J=13.9 Hz, 4H), 4.32-4.26 (m, 2H), 4.05 (s, 6H), 3.61 (ddd, J=11.0, 7.5, 3.9 Hz, 2H), 3.41-3.31 (m, 2H), 2.62-2.51 (m, 2H), 2.25-2.11 (m, 4H), 2.09 (s, 6H), 2.06-1.96 (m, 2H). LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₀H₄₅Cl₂N₄O₈: 779.26; found: 779.09.

Example 235: 4,4′-(((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(morpholine-2-carboxylic acid) (or 4,4′-((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(morpholine-2-carboxylic acid))

Prepared in a similar manner to Example 226, using morpholine-2-carboxylic acid in place of (1R,2S)-2-aminocyclopentan-1-ol: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.86 (s, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 5.60 (s, 4H), 4.43 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 4.29 (s, 4H), 4.12 (dt, J=12.4, 2.8 Hz, 2H), 4.05 (s, 6H), 3.90-3.81 (m, 2H), 3.65 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 2H), 3.43-3.31 (m, 4H), 3.23-3.15 (m, 2H), 2.08 (s, 6H). LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₀H₄₅Cl₂N₄O₁₀: 811.25; found: 811.00.

Example 236: 3,3′-((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(3-(dimethylamino)propanoic acid) (or 3,3′-(6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(3-(dimethylamino)propanoic acid))

To a solution of methyl 2-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)acetate (0.083 mL, 0.52 mmol) in THF (3 mL) at 0° C. was added n-BuLi (1.94 M in hexane, 0.27 mL, 0.52 mmol) dropwise. The mixture was allowed to warm to rt and stir 20 min. 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (100 mg, 0.172 mmol) was then added as a solid in one portion, and the mixture was allowed to stir at rt for an additional 30 min. The mixture was poured over H₂O, and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×5 mL). The combined organics were dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated, and the residue purified via column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-30% EtOAc in hexane) to yield dimethyl 3,3′-((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))(2E,2′E)-diacrylate as a solid.

To a solution of dimethylamine (2.0 M in THF, 0.43 mL, 0.87 mmol) at −78° C. was added n-BuLi (1.94 M in hexane, 0.45 mL, 0.87 mmol) dropwise. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, then a solution of dimethyl 3,3′-((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))(2E,2′E)-diacrylate (60 mg, 0.087 mmol) in THF (1 mL) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for an additional 1 h, then MeOH (1 mL) was added dropwise. The mixture was warmed to room temperature, concentrated, and purified via preparative reverse-phase HPLC (25-95% MeCN in H₂O) to yield dimethyl 3,3′-((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(3-(dimethylamino)propanoate) as a solid.

To a solution of dimethyl 3,3′-((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(3-(dimethylamino)propanoate) (65 mg, 0.083 mmol) in THF/H₂O/DMSO (1:1:1 by volume, 3 mL) was added LiOH (14 mg, 0.33 mmol). The mixture was stirred vigorously for 30 min, then purified via preparative reverse-phase HPLC (25-98% MeCN in H₂O) to yield 3,3′-((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(3-(dimethylamino)propanoic acid), as an inseparable mixture of diastereomers. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.91 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (t, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.12-7.06 (m, 2H), 5.60 (s, 4H), 4.95-4.91 (m, 2H), 4.07 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 6H), 3.26-3.10 (m, 4H), 2.82 (s, 12H), 2.09 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 6H). LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₃₈H₄₅Cl₂N₄O₈: 755.26; found: 755.33.

Example 237: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinoyl))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

To a slurry of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (390 mg, 0.67 mmol) and 2-methyl-2-butene (1.28 mL, 12.1 mmol) in tBuOH/THF (2:3 v/v, 50 mL) was added a solution of NaClO₂ (728 mg, 8.05 mmol) and NaH₂PO₄ (1.21 g, 10.1 mmol) in H₂O (20 mL). The mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h, then diluted with EtOAc (50 mL), washed with NH₄Cl (3×50 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-13% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to yield 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinic acid) as a solid.

6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinic acid) (389 mg, 0.63 mmol), methyl (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoate (253 mg, 2 mmol), HATU (579 mg, 2 mmol), and DIPEA (0.74 mL, 3 mmol) were stirred in DMF (20 mL) for 15 min. The mixture was concentrated and the residue purified by preparative reverse-phase HPLC (35-98% MeCN in H₂O) to yield dimethyl 4,4′-((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinoyl))bis(azanediyl))(3S,3′S)-bis(3-hydroxybutanoate) as a solid.

(3S,3′S)-4,4′-((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinoyl))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) was prepared in a similar manner to Example 36, using dimethyl 4,4′-((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinoyl))bis(azanediyl))(3S,3′S)-bis(3-hydroxybutanoate) in place of dimethyl 3,3′-((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(3-(dimethylamino)propanoate). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 8.35 (s, 2H), 7.54 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.13 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 5.68 (s, 4H), 4.21 (s, 2H), 4.14 (s, 6H), 3.66-3.55 (m, 2H), 3.50-3.39 (m, 2H), 2.56 (dd, J=15.6, 4.7 Hz, 2H), 2.46 (dd, J=15.7, 7.9 Hz, 2H), 2.12 (s, 6H). LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₃₈H₄₁Cl₂N₄O₁₂: 815.21; found: 815.31.

Example 238: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((((1E,1′E)-(2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(ethene-2,1-diyl))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-((1E,1′E)-(2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(ethene-2,1-diyl))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-dicarbaldehyde: To a solution of (2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)dimethanol (150 mg, 0.62 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (630 mg, 1.55 mmol). The mixture was stirred at rt for 15 min, then diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL), poured over Na₂S₂O₃ (1 M aq., 10 mL), and washed with NaHCO₃ (saturated aq., 2×10 mL). The organics were dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated, and the residue purified via column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-25% EtOAc in hexane) to yield the product as a solid.

2,2′-dimethyl-3,3′-divinyl-1,1′-biphenyl: To a slurry of methyl triphenylphosphonium bromide (19.9 g, 53 mmol) in THF (50 mL) at 0° C. was added n-BuLi (1.8 M in hexane, 29 mL, 53 mmol) dropwise. The mixture was stirred for 30 min, then 2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-dicarbaldehyde (4.85 g, 20 mmol) in THF (25 mL) was added dropwise. The mixture was allowed to warm to rt and stirred 12 h, then diluted with Et₂O (400 mL), washed with NH₄Cl (saturated aq., 300 mL). The organics were dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated, and the residue purified via column chromatography (SiO₂, hexane) to yield the product as a solid.

2-methoxy-6-vinylnicotinaldehyde: A mixture of 6-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (2.69 g, 16 mmol), 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-vinyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (4.22 mL, 39 mmol), palladium tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) (287 mg, 0.78 mmol), and Na₂CO₃ (4.99 g, 47 mmol) in dioxane (20 mL) and H₂O (4 mL) were subjected to 3 vacuum/argon cycles, and then heated to 80° C. for 12 h. The mixture was cooled to rt, filtered over Celite, and concentrated. The residue was purified via column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-15% EtOAc in hexane) to yield the product as an oil.

6,6′-((1E,1′E)-(2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(ethene-2,1-diyl))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde): A mixture of 2,2′-dimethyl-3,3′-divinyl-1,1′-biphenyl (500 mg, 2 mmol) and 2-methoxy-6-vinylnicotinaldehyde (870 mg, 5 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (20 mL) was sparged with argon for 15 min. Then, Hoveyda-Grubbs Second Generation Metathesis Catalyst (267 mg, 0.427 mmol) was added, and the mixture was heated to reflux for 20 h. The mixture was concentrated and the residue purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-30% EtOAc in hexane) to yield the product as a solid.

(3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((((1E,1′E)-(2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(ethene-2,1-diyl))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) was prepared in a similar manner to Example 226, using (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid in place of (1R,2S)-2-aminocyclopentan-1-ol, and using 6,6′-((1E,1′E)-(2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(ethene-2,1-diyl))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) in place of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.14 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.37-4.29 (m, 1H), 4.25 (s, 2H), 4.10 (s, 3H), 3.24 (dd, J=12.7, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.03 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.56 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.15 (s, 3H). LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₀H₄₇N₄O₈: 711.34; found: 711.03.

Example 239: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((((1E,1′E)-(2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(ethene-2,1-diyl))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-((1E,1′E)-(2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(ethene-2,1-diyl))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

5-chloro-2-methoxy-6-vinylnicotinaldehyde: A mixture of 5,6-dichloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (1.4 g, 6.7 mmol), tributyl(vinyl)tin (2.2 mL, 7.4 mmol), LiCl (346 mg, 8.04 mmol), and palladium tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) (550 mg, 0.48 mmol) in dioxane (30 mL) was sparged with argon for 15 min. The mixture was heated to 95° C. for 24 h, then cooled to rt, filtered over celite, and concentrated. The residue was taken up in CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) and washed with KF (saturated aq., 3×20 mL). The organics were dried (MgSO₄), concentrated, and the residue purified via column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-30% EtOAc in hexane) to yield the product as a solid.

(3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((((1E,1′E)-(2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(ethene-2,1-diyl))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) was prepared in a similar manner to Example 238, using 5-chloro-2-methoxy-6-vinylnicotinaldehyde instead of 2-methoxy-6-vinylnicotinaldehyde. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.32 (d, J=15.4 Hz, 2H), 7.86 (s, 2H), 7.73 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.49 (d, J=15.4 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.12 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.32 (dtd, J=8.0, 5.7, 5.0, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 4.25 (s, 4H), 4.11 (s, 6H), 3.26 (dd, J=12.8, 2.9 Hz, 2H), 3.05 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.17 (s, 6H). LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₀H₄₅Cl₂N₄O₈: 779.26; found: 779.01.

Example 240: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=1081.8. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.91 (dd, J=28.7, 2.1 Hz, 5H), 8.33 (s, 2H), 7.40 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.61 (s, 2H), 5.48 (s, 6H), 4.24 (s, 4H), 3.47 (s, 2H), 3.26-3.21 (m, 2H), 3.12 (s, 2H), 3.04 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.04 (s, 4H).

Example 241: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-iodo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-iodo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=971.6. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.09 (s, 2H), 7.49 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.11-7.05 (m, 2H), 5.55 (s, 4H), 4.31-4.22 (m, 2H), 4.14 (s, 4H), 4.05 (s, 6H), 3.20 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 2.99 (dd, J=12.7, 9.9 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.12 (s, 6H).

Example 242: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=769.8. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.06 (s, 2H), 7.50 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (t, J=7.77 (dd,J=8.1, 5.8 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (dd,J=17.4, 7.6 Hz,2H), 7.28-7.20(m, 2H), 7.0-7.03 (m, 2H), 6.58 (dd. J=15.5. 8.1 Hz. 2H), 5.63-5.55 (m, 1H), 5.54-5.35 (m, 3H), 4.30-4.20 (m, 4H). 3.49-3.46 (m, 2H), 3.25-2.80 (m, 9H), 2.54 (d,J=6.4 Hz, 2HO, 2.49-2.45 (m, 2H), 2.01 (d, J=16.2 Hz, 6H).

Example 243: (3S,3′S)-4,4,-((((((2,2′,-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl) bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-cyano-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl)) bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1, 1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-cyano-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl)) bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive animation procedure C. [M+1]=769.8. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanool-ds)δ8.06 (s, 2H), 7.50 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H). 7.27 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (dd, J=7.5, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 5.67 (s, 4H), 4.33-4.25 (m, 2H), 4.18 (s, 4H), 4.14 (s, 6H), 3.23 (dd, J=12.8, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 3.02 (dd, J=12.8, 9.9 Hz, 2H), 2.55 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.11 (s, 6H).

Example 244: (3S,3′S)-1,1′-(((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(pyrrolidin-3-ol) (or (3S,3′S)-1,1′-((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(pyrrolidin-3-ol))

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=813.6. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.00 (s, 2H), 7.49 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.55-4.50 (m, 2H), 4.33 (d, J=37.0 Hz, 4H), 4.06 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 6H), 3.74-3.40 (m, 7H) 3.25-3.10 (m, 4H), 2.10 (s, 7H).

Example 245: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-6-methoxy-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=982.1. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.91 (dd, J=13.5, 2.0 Hz, 4H), 8.35 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.17-7.01 (m, 2H), 6.65-6.34 (m, 4H), 5.25 (d, J=35.1 Hz, 6H), 4.28 (s, 4H), 3.91 (s, 6H), 3.14 (dd, J=12.9, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 2.93 (dd, J=12.8, 10.0 Hz, 2H), 2.50 (dd, J=6.3, 1.7 Hz, 4H), 2.05 (s, 6H).

Example 246: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-6-methyl-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=950.1. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.91 (dd, J=13.5, 2.0 Hz, 4H), 8.35 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.14-7.03 (m, 2H), 6.58-6.40 (m, 4H), 5.24 (d, J=35.1 Hz, 6H), 4.28 (s, 4H), 3.95 (s, 6H), 3.14 (dd, J=12.9, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 2.90 (dd, J=12.8, 10.0 Hz, 2H), 2.50 (dd, J=6.3, 1.7 Hz, 4H), 2.02 (s, 6H).

Example 247: (3R,3′R)-1,1′-(((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(pyrrolidin-3-ol) (or (3R,3′R)-1,1′-((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(pyrrolidin-3-ol))

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=813.6. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.00 (s, 2H), 7.49 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (s, 4H), 4.55-4.50 (m, 2H), 4.33 (d, J=37.0 Hz, 4H), 4.06 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 6H), 3.74-3.40 (m, 7H) 3.25-3.10 (m, 4H), 2.10 (s, 7H).

Example 248: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=922.0. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.55-8.40 (m, 6H), 7.45 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 2H), 6.77 (dd, J=8.4, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 5.28 (s, 4H), 5.17 (s, 4H), 4.20-4.05 (m, 6H), 3.05-2.75 (m, 4H), 2.55-2.45 (m, 4H), 1.99 (s, 6H).

Example 249: 3,3′-((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))dimorpholine (or 3,3′-(6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))dimorpholine)

To a 2-dram vial was added 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (100 mg, 0.15 mmol), 2-((tributylstannyl)methoxy)ethan-1-amine (55 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1.0 equiv), 4 Angstrom molecular sieves (15 mg), and methylene chloride (1.0 mL, 0.15M) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred for 2 hours. In a separate vial was added copper(II) triflate (54 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1.0 equiv), 2,6-lutidine (18 OL, 0.15 mmol, 1.0 equiv), methylene chloride (1.0 mL), and hexafluoro-2-propanol (0.6 mL) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred for 2 hours. To the solution of copper was added the suspension of tin reagent (after filtering off the molecular sieves) dropwise, and the resulting mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The suspension was diluted with N,N-dimethylformamide and loaded directly onto a reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield 3,3′-((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))dimorpholine. [M+1]=785.5. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.96 (s, 2H), 7.47 (dd, J=7.4, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.58 (s, 4H), 4.57 (dd, J=9.7, 3.9 Hz, 2H), 4.18-3.93 (m, 12H), 3.83 (ddd, J=13.3, 9.3, 4.3 Hz, 2H), 3.36 (d, J=3.5 Hz, 4H), 2.09 (s, 6H).

Example 250: N,N′-(((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl))diacetamide

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=828.0. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.98 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 2H), 8.82 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 8.25 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.63 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.48-7.36 (m, 2H), 7.34-7.19 (m, 4H), 7.14-6.98 (m, 4H), 5.23 (s, 4H), 4.16 (s, 4H), 3.35 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 4H), 3.04 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 4H), 2.03 (s, 6H), 1.94 (s, 6H).

Example 251: (S)-4-(((6-((3′-(((5-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-1-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methyl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=924.0. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.92-8.80 (m, 3H), 8.20 (dd, J=48.0 Hz, 2H), 7.75 (dd, J=8.0, 5.8 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (dd, J=17.4, 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.28-7.20 (m, 2H), 7.09-7.00 (m, 2H), 6.58 (dd, J=15.5, 8.1 Hz, 2H), 5.63-5.55 (m, 1H), 5.54-5.35 (m, 3H), 4.30-4.20 (m, 4H), 3.49-3.46 (m, 2H), 3.25-2.80 (m, 9H), 2.54 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.49-2.45 (m, 2H), 2.01 (d, J=16.2 Hz, 6H).

Example 252: (3R,3′R)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3R,3′R)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=1081.8. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.91 (dd, J=28.7, 2.1 Hz, 5H), 8.33 (s, 2H), 7.40 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.61 (s, 2H), 5.48 (s, 6H), 4.24 (s, 4H), 3.47 (s, 2H), 3.26-3.21 (m, 2H), 3.12 (s, 2H), 3.04 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.04 (s, 4H).

Example 253: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=1091.8. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.94-8.79 (m, 3H), 8.24 (dd, J=48.8 Hz, 2H), 7.77 (dd, J=8.1, 5.8 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (dd, J=17.0, 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.28-7.20 (m, 2H), 7.00-7.03 (m, 2H), 6.49 (dd, J=15.4, 8.1 Hz, 2H), 5.63-5.55 (m, 1H), 5.54-5.35 (m, 3H), 4.30-4.19 (m, 4H), 3.49-3.46 (m, 2H), 3.25-2.80 (m, 9H), 2.54 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.49-2.45 (m, 2H), 1.98 (d, J=16.2 Hz, 6H).

Example 254: 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-bromo-6-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile (or 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-bromo-2-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-5,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile)

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=103.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetonitrile-d₃) δ 8.94 (dd, J=7.2, 2.0 Hz, 4H), 8.29 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (s, 2H), 7.57-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.33 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.18 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 6.94 (s, 2H), 5.30 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 8H), 4.21 (s, 4H), 3.75-3.67 (m, 4H), 3.08 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 4H), 2.11 (s, 6H).

Example 255: 1,1′-(((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azetidin-3-ol) (or 1,1′-((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azetidin-3-ol))

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=785.5. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.96 (s, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.58 (s, 4H), 4.63-4.53 (m, 2H), 4.35-4.45 (m, 8H), 4.10-4.00 (m, 10H), 2.09 (s, 6H).

Example 256: 1,1′-(((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(N-methylazetidine-3-carboxamide) (or 1,1′-((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(N-methylazetidine-3-carboxamide))

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=867.6. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.96 (s, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.58 (s, 4H), 4.63-4.53 (m, 2H), 4.35-4.45 (m, 8H), 4.15-4.05 (m, 10H), 3.52 (s, 6H), 2.05 (s, 6H).

Example 257: 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-bromo-6-((((R)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile (or 5,5′-((((R)-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-bromo-2-((((R)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-5,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile)

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=1023.8. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetonitrile-d₃) δ 8.98-8.84 (m, 4H), 8.28 (s, 2H), 7.62 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.18 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.93 (s, 2H), 5.30 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 8H), 4.21 (d, J=10.3 Hz, 4H), 3.53 (s, 4H), 3.09 (d, J=38.5 Hz, 6H), 2.08 (s, 6H).

Example 258: 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-bromo-6-(((R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)azetidin-1-yl)methyl)-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile (or 5,5′-((((R)-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-bromo-2-(((R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)azetidin-1-yl)methyl)-5,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile)

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=1015.8. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.03 (dd, J=6.5, 2.0 Hz, 4H), 8.50 (s, 2H), 7.69 (s, 2H), 7.52 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.18 (s, 2H), 7.16-6.99 (m, 2H), 5.37 (s, 4H), 5.31 (s, 4H), 4.53-4.12 (m, 6H), 3.92 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 3.77 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.55 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 4H), 2.21 (q, J=8.4 Hz, 4H), 2.03 (s, 6H).

Example 259: 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-bromo-6-((((S)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile (or 5,5′-((((S)-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-bromo-2-((((S)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-5,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile)

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=1023.8. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetonitrile-d₃) δ 8.98-8.84 (m, 4H), 8.28 (s, 2H), 7.62 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.18 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.93 (s, 2H), 5.30 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 8H), 4.21 (d, J=10.3 Hz, 4H), 3.53 (s, 4H), 3.09 (d, J=38.5 Hz, 6H), 2.08 (s, 6H).

Example 260: 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-bromo-6-(((S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)azetidin-1-yl)methyl)-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile (or 5,5′-((((S)-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-bromo-2-(((S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)azetidin-1-yl)methyl)-5,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile)

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=1015.8. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.03 (dd, J=6.5, 2.0 Hz, 4H), 8.50 (s, 2H), 7.69 (s, 2H), 7.52 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.18 (s, 2H), 7.16-6.99 (m, 2H), 5.37 (s, 4H), 5.31 (s, 4H), 4.53-4.12 (m, 6H), 3.92 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 3.77 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.55 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 4H), 2.21 (q, J=8.4 Hz, 4H), 2.03 (s, 6H).

Example 261: 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(6-((((1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)-4-bromo-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile (or 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-((((1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)-4-bromo-5,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile)

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=1035.8. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.09-8.89 (m, 4H), 8.43 (s, 2H), 7.68 (s, 2H), 7.51 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.36-7.19 (m, 6H), 7.15 (s, 2H), 7.10 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 5.32 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 8H), 4.15 (d, J=11.4 Hz, 8H), 2.03 (s, 6H).

Example 262: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-(thiazol-2-ylmethoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=952.9. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetonitrile-d₃) δ 7.83 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 2H), 7.59 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 2H), 7.50 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (s, 2H), 7.30 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.15 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (s, 2H), 5.67 (s, 4H), 5.25 (s, 4H), 4.29 (d, J=43.0 Hz, 6H), 3.14 (d, J=52.2 Hz, 4H), 2.53 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 4H), 2.05 (s, 6H).

Example 263: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxy-5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxy-5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=875.0. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.21 (s, 2H), 7.50 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.11-7.00 (m, 2H), 5.55 (s, 4H), 4.31-4.22 (m, 2H), 4.14 (s, 4H), 4.05 (s, 6H), 3.20 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.01 (s, 6H), 2.99 (dd, J=12.7, 9.9 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.12 (s, 6H).

Example 264: 2,2′-(((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(isothiazolidine 1,1-dioxide) (or 2,2′-((((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(isothiazolidine 1,1-dioxide))

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=967.8. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.95 (s, 2H), 7.52-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.13-7.02 (m, 2H), 5.58 (s, 4H), 4.18 (s, 4H), 4.06 (s, 6H), 3.54-3.03 (m, 8H), 2.37 (p, J=6.9 Hz, 4H), 2.09 (s, 6H).

Example 265: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-((5-cyano-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=956.0. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.92 (dd, J=6.1, 2.3 Hz, 2H), 7.89-7.82 (m, 2H), 7.46-7.32 (m, 6H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.11-7.05 (m, 2H), 6.82 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 2H), 6.76 (dd, J=8.4, 2.3 Hz, 2H), 5.22 (s, 4H), 5.17 (s, 4H), 4.23 (s, 6H), 3.18 (dd, J=12.7, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 2.96 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (dd, J=6.4, 2.5 Hz, 4H), 2.03 (s, 6H).

Example 266: N,N′-(((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl))dimethanesulfonamide (or N,N′-((((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl))dimethanesulfonamide)

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=915.7. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.94 (s, 2H), 7.53-7.39 (m, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (dd, J=7.8, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.58 (s, 4H), 4.17 (s, 4H), 4.06 (s, 6H), 3.41 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 4H), 3.18 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 4H), 3.00 (s, 6H), 2.09 (s, 6H).

Example 267: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((([4,4′-biindoline]-1,1′-dicarbonyl)bis(2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=972.0. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.50-8.39 (m, 6H), 7.44 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.89 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 2H), 6.65 (dd, J=8.4, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 5.26 (s, 4H), 4.25-4.01 (m, 10H), 3.64 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 4H), 3.05-2.75 (m, 4H), 2.55-2.45 (m, 4H).

Example 268: N,N′-(((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(N-methyl-2-morpholinoethan-1-amine) (or N,N′-((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(N-methyl-2-morpholinoethan-1-amine))

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=927.8. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.98 (s, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.16-6.99 (m, 2H), 5.60 (s, 4H), 4.23 (s, 4H), 4.06 (s, 6H), 3.70 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 6H), 3.47 (dd, J=3.3, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 3.26 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 4H), 3.12 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 2H), 2.88 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 2.82 (s, 4H), 2.63 (s, 6H), 2.10 (s, 6H).

Example 269: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((6-morpholinopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-((6-morpholinopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=1202.0. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.19 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 8.11 (dd, J=9.4, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 8.01 (s, 2H), 7.54-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.35-7.20 (m, 4H), 7.13-7.02 (m, 2H), 5.56 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 5.48 (s, 4H), 4.19 (s, 2H), 3.92-3.79 (m, 6H), 3.70-3.52 (m, 10H), 3.22-3.10 (m, 4H), 3.03-2.90 (m, 2H), 2.50 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.09 (s, 4H), 1.28 (s, 8H).

Example 270: 4,4′-(((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(piperazin-2-one) (or 4,4′-((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(piperazin-2-one))

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=839.6. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.95 (s, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.58 (s, 4H), 5.48 (s, 2H), 4.11 (s, 4H), 4.04 (s, 4H), 3.63 (s, 4H), 3.57 (s, 2H), 3.47 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 4H), 3.12 (t, J=1.7 Hz, 2H), 2.09 (s, 6H).

Example 271: 2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-ethoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(ethan-1-ol) (or 2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-ethoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(ethan-1-ol))

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=631.8. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.74 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.40 (dd, J=7.8, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 6.51 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 5.41 (s, 4H), 4.35 (qd, J=7.0, 1.7 Hz, 4H), 4.02 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 4H), 3.63 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 4H), 3.09-2.83 (m, 4H), 1.98 (s, 6H), 1.30 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 6H).

Example 272: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-(5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=862.0. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.98 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.83 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 2H), 8.26 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.65 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.34-7.19 (m, 4H), 7.15-7.03 (m, 4H), 5.23 (s, 4H), 4.18 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.15-4.02 (m, 2H), 3.61-3.43 (m, 2H), 3.17-3.02 (m, 2H), 2.86 (dd, J=13.0, 9.6 Hz, 2H), 2.46 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.03 (s, 6H).

Example 273: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=1018.9. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.56 (dd, J=5.9, 3.3 Hz, 4H), 7.51 (s, 2H), 7.42 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (s, 2H), 7.23-7.10 (m, 6H), 7.01 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 5.58 (s, 4H), 5.25 (s, 4H), 4.15 (s, 6H), 3.03 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 2H), 2.92-2.76 (m, 2H), 2.33 (dd, J=15.9, 7.4 Hz, 4H), 1.95 (s, 6H).

Example 274: (2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-N,2-dimethylpropanamide) (or (2S,2′S)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-N,2-dimethylpropanamide))

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=903.7.

Example 275: 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-bromo-6-(((pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino)methyl)-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=1057.8. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.02 (dd, J=12.5, 2.1 Hz, 4H), 8.53 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 8.43 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 2H), 7.82 (td, J=7.8, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 7.69 (s, 2H), 7.52 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (dd, J=7.5, 5.0 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.15 (s, 2H), 7.11 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.33 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 8H), 4.24 (d, J=34.5 Hz, 8H), 2.04 (s, 6H).

Example 276: 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-6-((((R)-2-fluoro-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)amino)methyl)-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile (or 5,5′-((((R)-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-2-((((R)-2-fluoro-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)amino)methyl)-5,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile)

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure E. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.02 (m, 4H), 8.89 (m, 4H), 8.48 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.56 (s, 2H), 7.50 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (s, 2H), 7.11 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 5.35 (m, 8H), 4.62-4.37 (m, 2H), 4.19 (s, 4H), 3.27 (m 4H), 2.02 (s, 6H), 1.09 (s, 12H). ES/MS m/z: 993.5 (M+H⁺).

Example 277: 5-((4-chloro-5-((3′-((2-chloro-4-((((R)-2-fluoro-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)amino)methyl)-5-hydroxyphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((((R)-2-fluoro-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

The title compound was isolated as by-product of Example 276. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.02 (dd, J=6.6, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.85 (s, 4H), 8.48 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.49 (dd, J=7.6, 2.6 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (s, 1H), 7.29 (td, J=7.5, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 7.10 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.83 (s, 1H), 5.35 (d, J=14.4 Hz, 3H), 5.19 (s, 2H), 4.52 (ddd, J=48.7, 15.4, 8.9 Hz, 2H), 4.19 (s, 2H), 4.08 (s, 2H), 3.27 (d, J=45.4 Hz, 4H), 2.09-1.91 (m, 6H), 1.10 (2×s, 12H). ES/MS m/z: 877.6 (M+H⁺).

Example 278: 2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(difluoromethylene))bis(4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))diacetic acid

2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diol and sodium hydride (60%) were dissolved in DMF. After 5 minutes added 1-bromo-4-(bromodifluoromethyl)benzene neat. Stirring at room temperature was continued. After 2 hrs, the reaction was heated at 60° C. After 19 hrs, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. EtOAc was added and the reaction was washed with brine and dried over sodium sulfate. Filtration and evaporation of solvents gave 3,3′-bis((4-bromophenyl)difluoromethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl, which was purified via chromatography on silica gel (el.: EtOAc/hex). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.77 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 4H), 7.71 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 4H), 7.48-7.23 (m, 4H), 7.05 (dd, J=6.8, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 1.87 (s, 6H).

A reaction vessel was charged with 3,3′-bis((4-bromophenyl)difluoromethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl (500 mg, 0.8 mmol), potassium vinyl trifluoro borate (227 mg, 2.4 mmol), Pd-dppf (140 mg, 0.2 mmol), cesium carbonate (298 mg, 4.8 mmol), DME and water and was heated at 90° C. for 2 hrs. The reaction was cooled to room temperature. The volatiles were removed and the crude was purified via Flash chromatography on silica gel (el EtOAc hex) to yield 3,3′-bis(difluoro(4-vinylphenyl)methoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.72 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 4H), 7.50 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 4H), 7.37 (dd, J=8.3, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 7.26-7.18 (m, 2H), 7.02 (dd, J=7.7, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 6.76 (dd, J=17.6, 10.9 Hz, 2H), 5.83 (dd, J=17.6, 0.8 Hz, 2H), 5.35 (dd, J=10.9, 0.8 Hz, 2H), 1.98 (s, 6H).

3,3′-bis(difluoro(4-vinylphenyl)methoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl (150 mg, 0.29 mmol) was dissolved in THF/water. Osmium tetroxide (50 uL; 2.5% in tert Butanol) was added followed by lutidine (50 uL) and NaIO₄ (160 mg, 0.75 mmol). The reaction was stirred at rt for 14 hrs and diluted with EtOAc. The reaction was washed with aq sodium thiosulfate solution and brine, and was dried over sodium sulfate. Filtration and evaporation of solvents gave the crude 4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(difluoromethylene))dibenzaldehyde which was used in the next step. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.11 (s, 2H), 8.08-7.87 (m, 8H), 7.47-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.33-7.24 (m, 6H), 7.05 (dd, J=7.6, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 1.99 (s, 6H).

2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(difluoromethylene))bis(4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))diacetic acid was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure E with the appropriate substitutions. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.88 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 4H), 7.67 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 4H), 7.37 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (dd, J=7.6, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 4.33 (s, 4H), 3.85 (s, 4H), 1.97 (s, 6H). ES/MS m/z: 640.9.

Example 279: (S)-4-((4-(((3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)oxy)methyl)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

3-Bromo-2-methylphenol (850 mg, 4.54 mmol) was taken up in DMF (15 mL) at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere. To this was added sodium hydride 60% dispersion in mineral oil 218.12 mg, 5.45 mmol) and allowed to stir for 15 minutes.

At this point was added 4-(bromomethyl)benzaldehyde (904.58 mg, 4.54 mmol) and reaction allowed to stir for an additional 15 minutes. Reaction was diluted with EtOAc and quenched slowly with dilute aq. ammonium chloride. Reaction was extracted 3× with EtOAc and organics were washed with aq. LiCl (2×), water, brine 1× then dried over sodium sulfate before filtering and removing solvents under reduced pressure to afford crude as a solid.

Crude was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hex:EtAc as the eluent to afford 4-((3-bromo-2-methylphenoxy)methyl)benzaldehyde as a solid.

5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (250 mg, 0.48 mmol), 4-((3-bromo-2-methylphenoxy)methyl)benzaldehyde (161.76 mg, 0.53 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂-DCM (49.33 mg, 0.06 mmol), potassium carbonate (99.31 mg, 1.01 mmol) and 12 mL of 2:1 mixture of dioxane/water were placed in a microwave vial equipped with stir bar, sealed and heated in the microwave at 95° C. for 30 minutes. Reaction was diluted in EtAc/H2O and extracted 3× with EtAc. Organics were then washed with ammonium chloride 1×, water 1×, brine, then dried over sodium sulfate before filtering and evaporating organics under reduced pressure to afford crude residue. Crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hexanes/EtAc as the eluent (0 to 100% EtAc) to afford 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-((4-formylbenzyl)oxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

(S)-4-((4-(((3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)oxy)methyl)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was synthesized from 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-((4-formylbenzyl)oxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile using reductive amination procedure A to afford the desired product as the bis-TFA salt. MS (m/z) 823.3 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.02 (dd, J=5.2, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.89 (s, 2H), 8.61 (s, 2H), 8.46 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (s, 3H), 7.47 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.15 (m, 3H), 7.10-7.02 (m, 2H), 6.70 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.36 (s, 2H), 5.30 (d, J=2.9 Hz, 2H), 5.17 (d, J=3.1 Hz, 2H), 4.15 (m, 6H), 3.00 (s, 2H), 2.84 (s, 3H), 2.46-2.28 (m, 4H), 2.04 (d, J=9.8 Hz, 3H), 1.86 (s, 3H).

Example 280: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-chloro-5-hydroxybenzaldehyde) (100 mg, 0.18 mmol), sodium Iodide (81.55 mg, 0.54 mmol), potassium carbonate (150.38 mg, 1.09 mmol) and N,N-Dimethylformamide (5 mL) were placed in a sealed vessel, stirred and heated to 70° C. for 12 hours. Reaction was cooled then diluted in EtAc and aqueous lithium chloride and extracted with EtAc (3×). Organics were then washed with lithium chloride (3×), water, brine, then dried over sodium sulfate before filtering and evaporating organics under reduced pressure to afford crude residue. Crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hexanes/EtAc as the eluent (0 to 100% EtAc) to afford 4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-chloro-5-((tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde).

(3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) was synthesized from 4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde) following reductive amination procedure A to afford product as the bis-TFA salt. MS (m/z) 925.3 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.50 (dd, J=7.8, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (s, 2H), 7.27 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.11 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 6.94 (d, J=1.1 Hz, 2H), 5.31 (s, 4H), 4.31-4.05 (m, 10H), 4.01-3.86 (m, 4H), 3.82-3.69 (m, 4H), 3.21 (ddd, J=12.7, 5.2, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 2.99 (ddd, J=12.3, 9.8, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 2.90-2.75 (m, 2H), 2.54 (dd, J=6.4, 1.1 Hz, 4H), 2.20 (tdd, J=13.1, 9.0, 4.9 Hz, 2H), 2.09 (s, 6H), 1.90-1.76 (m, 2H).

Example 281: 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-6-(((1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile (or 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-2-(((1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl)amino)methyl)-5,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile)

5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-6-(((1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile was synthesized from 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-6-formyl-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile following reductive amination procedure F using serinol in place of (3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid to afford the product as the bis-TFA salt. MS (m/z) 933.3 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.97 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 8.92 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.44-8.40 (m, 2H), 7.53 (s, 2H), 7.50-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.16-7.09 (m, 2H), 7.08 (s, 2H), 5.37 (s, 4H), 5.32 (s, 4H), 4.33 (s, 4H), 3.81 (dd, J=12.0, 4.5 Hz, 4H), 3.71 (dd, J=12.0, 6.4 Hz, 4H), 3.29-3.22 (m, 2H), 2.08 (s, 6H).

Example 282: 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-6-(((1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile (or 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-2-(((1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl)amino)methyl)-5,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile)

5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-6-(((1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile was synthesized from 5,5′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-6-formyl-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile following reductive amination procedure A using Trizma HCl in place of (3 S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid and 10 equivalents of TEA to afford product as the bis-TFA salt. MS (m/z) 993.3 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.01 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 4H), 8.50 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 8.22 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 4H), 7.53 (s, 2H), 7.51-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.28 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.16 (s, 2H), 7.10 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 5.33 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 8H), 5.23 (s, 4H), 4.23 (s, 4H), 3.58 (s, 12H), 2.02 (s, 6H).

Example 283: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(3-chloro-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

3,3′-bis(chloromethyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl (150 mg, 0.54 mmol), 3-chloro-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (176.64 mg, 1.13 mmol), Sodium Iodide (241.59 mg, 1.61 mmol), Sodium carbonate (227.76 mg, 2.15 mmol) and DMF (10 mL) were placed in a round-bottomed flask equipped with stir bar under nitrogen and heated to 45° C. with stirring for 12 hours. Reaction was cooled then diluted in EtAc and aqueous lithium chloride and extracted with EtAc (3×). Organics were then washed with lithium chloride (3×), water, brine, then dried over sodium sulfate before filtering and evaporating organics under reduced pressure to afford 4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(3-chlorobenzaldehyde) as a crude residue.

(3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(3-chloro-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) was synthesized from 4,4′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(3-chlorobenzaldehyde) using reductive amination procedure A to afford the desired product as the bis-TFA salt. MS (m/z) 725.3 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.58 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.42 (dd, J=8.5, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (dd, J=16.1, 8.1 Hz, 4H), 7.10 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 5.25 (s, 4H), 4.29 (m, 2H), 4.18 (s, 4H), 3.19 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 2.99 (dd, J=12.7, 9.9 Hz, 2H), 2.53 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 2.06 (s, 6H).

Example 284: 3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-6-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dibenzonitrile (or 3,3′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-chloro-2-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-5,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dibenzonitrile)

The title compound was synthesized using reductive amination procedure C, using 2-aminoethan-1-ol and acetic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.61 (s, 4H), 8.00 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 2H), 7.88-7.78 (m, 3H), 7.62 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (s, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (dq, J=8.1, 5.3, 4.4 Hz, 2H), 7.17 (s, 2H), 7.12-7.08 (m, 2H), 5.30 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 7H), 4.15-4.05 (m, 4H), 3.62 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 5H), 2.94 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 4H), 2.08-1.98 (m, 6H). LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]+ calculated for C₄₉H₄₉Cl₂N₃O₆: 871.3; found: 871.2.

Example 285: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2-fluoro-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) (or (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((2-fluoro-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid))

Step 1: Methyl 3-bromo-2-fluorobenzoate (500 mg, 2.15 mmol) dissolved in diethyl ether (15 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and treated with lithium aluminum hydride (81 mg, 2.13 mmol). The reaction mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred for 6 h. The reaction mixture was again cooled to 0° C. and methanol was added dropwise slowly followed by water. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water. The organic layer was concentrated to give (3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)methanol.

Step 2: Preparation of 6-((3-bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde. (3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)methanol (342 mg, 1.67 mmol) dissolved in dimethylformamide (10 mL) was treated with sodium hydride (72 mg, 1.80 mmol, 60% dispersion in mineral oil). The suspension was stirred at room temperature for 10 min before 6-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (287 mg, 1.67 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for 2 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water. The organic layer was concentrated and purified by column chromatography to give 6-((3-bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde.

Step 3: Preparation of 6-((2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde. 6-((3-bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (100 mg, 0.29 mmol) dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (3 mL) was treated with bis (pinacolato) diboron (112 mg, 0.44 mmol), [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) dichloride (25 mg, 0.031 mmol), and potassium acetate (87 mg, 0.89 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 85° C. for 4 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water. The organic layer was concentrated and purified by column chromatography to give 6-((2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde.

Step 4: Preparation of 6,6′-(((2-fluoro-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde). 6-((2-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (88 mg, 0.23 mmol) and 6-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (83 mg, 0.24 mmol) dissolved in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2 mL) was treated with tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (28 mg, 0.02 mmol) and sodium carbonate (190 μl, 0.38 mmol, 2M solution in water). The reaction mixture was heated in the microwave at 105° C. for 90 min. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water. The organic layer was concentrated and purified by column chromatography to give 6,6′-(((2-fluoro-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde).

Step 5: Preparation of (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2-fluoro-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid). The title compound was synthesized using general reductive amination procedure B. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.62 (s, 2H), 7.74 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.60-7.48 (m, 1H), 7.28 (qd, J=7.4, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.45 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.21-4.11 (m, 1H), 4.11-3.98 (m, 2H), 3.90 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 3H), 3.00 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 2.84 (s, 1H), 2.44-2.35 (m, 1H). LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]+ calculated for C₃₇H₄₃FN₄O₁₀: 723.3; found: 723.2.

Example 286: (S)-4-(((2-(3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

Step 1: Methyl 2-bromobenzo[d]thiazole-6-carboxylate (500 mg, 1.84 mmol) dissolved in diethyl ether (13 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and treated with lithium aluminum hydride (70 mg, 1.84 mmol). The reaction mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred for 4 h. The reaction mixture was again cooled to 0° C. and methanol was added dropwise slowly followed by water. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water. The organic layer was concentrated to give (2-bromobenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)methanol.

Step 2: (2-bromobenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)methanol (374 mg, 1.53 mmol) dissolved in dichloromethane (12 mL) was treated with Dess-Martin periodinane (682 mg, 1.61 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and quenched by slow dropwise addition of saturated sodium thiosulfate solution. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water. The organic layer was concentrated to give 2-bromobenzo[d]thiazole-6-carbaldehyde.

Step 3: 2-bromobenzo[d]thiazole-6-carbaldehyde (50 mg, 0.21 mmol) and (3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)boronic acid (25 mg, 0.12 mmol) dissolved in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (3 mL) was treated with tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (14 mg, 0.01 mmol) and sodium carbonate (130 μl, 0.26 mmol, 2M solution in water). The reaction mixture was heated in the microwave at 105° C. for 25 min. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water. The organic layer was concentrated and purified by column chromatography to give 2-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)benzo[d]thiazole-6-carbaldehyde.

Step 4: 2-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)benzo[d]thiazole-6-carbaldehyde (28 mg, 0.08 mmol) and 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (28 mg, 0.05 mmol) dissolved in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (3 mL) was treated with tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (7 mg, 0.01 mmol) and sodium carbonate (60 μl, 0.12 mmol, 2M solution in water). The reaction mixture was heated in the microwave at 105° C. for 90 min. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water. The organic layer was concentrated and purified by column chromatography to give 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-(6-formylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

Step 5: (S)-4-(((2-(3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was synthesized using general reductive amination procedure B. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.02 (dd, J=5.8, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 8.93 (s, 2H), 8.56 (s, 2H), 8.46 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.28 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (dd, J=7.9, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.55-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.32 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.21-7.12 (m, 2H), 5.55 (s, 2H), 5.40-5.29 (m, 4H), 4.33 (s, 2H), 4.13 (d, J=11.1 Hz, 4H), 3.02 (s, 3H), 2.86 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 3H), 2.23 (s, 3H), 2.08 (s, 3H). LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]+ calculated for C₄₅H₄₄ClN₅O₈S: 850.3; found: 850.2.

Example 287: Diethyl 2,2′-((((((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))diacetate (or diethyl 2,2′-(((6,6′-(((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))diacetate)

A solution of 6,6′-(((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (130 mg, 0.215 mmol) was treated using general reductive amination procedure E, substituting ethyl glycinate for (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. Purification by prep RP-HPLC (10-75% acetonitrile in water, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) furnished diethyl 2,2′-((((((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))diacetate as a solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.26 (s, 4H), 7.93 (s, 2H), 7.43 (dd, J=6.9, 1.9 Hz, 2H), 7.39-7.28 (m, 4H), 6.60 (dd, J=6.9, 5.1 Hz, 2H), 4.20 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 4H), 4.10 (s, 4H), 3.97 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 10H), 2.91 (ddd, J=13.4, 8.4, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 2.85-2.60 (m, 4H), 2.16-2.02 (m, 2H), 1.23 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 6H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₀H₄₄Cl₂N₄O₈: 778.3; found: 777.8.

Example 288: (S)-4-((4-((4‘ ’-(2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethoxy)-3′-chloro-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

(S)-4-((4-((4″-(2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethoxy)-3″-chloro-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was synthesized in analogy to Example 16. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.94 (dd, J=12.2, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 8.37 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.46 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.35-6.99 (m, 8H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 4.44 (dd, J=5.6, 4.4 Hz, 2H), 4.35 (dt, J=9.8, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (s, 3H), 3.60 (dd, J=5.6, 4.4 Hz, 2H), 3.47 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.26-3.13 (m, 2H), 2.97 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.58 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (dd, J=6.3, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 1.88 (s, 3H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calculated for C₄₅H₄₇Cl₂N₄O₉: 857.27; found: 857.07.

Example 289: (S)-2-(((5-chloro-6-((4-(2-chloro-4′-sulfamoyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-2-methylpropanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D. [M+1]=757.99, 759.82. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.12-9.02 (m, 3H), 8.97 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.48 (s, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.66 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.57-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.42 (s, 2H), 7.34-7.22 (m, 3H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 5.57 (s, 2H), 4.16 (s, 2H), 2.84 (s, 2H), 2.73 (d, J=12.4 Hz, 1H), 2.52 (s, 1H), 1.95 (dq, J=13.8, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 1.53 (s, 6H).

Example 290: (2S)-2-(((5-chloro-6-(((1S)-4-(2-chloro-4′-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D. [M+1]=778.05. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.84 (s, 1H), 9.06-9.00 (m, 2H), 8.96 (s, 1H), 8.47 (s, 1H), 8.01 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.67-7.56 (m, 4H), 7.51 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (dd, J=7.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.24 (m, 2H), 6.53 (s, 1H), 5.56 (s, 2H), 4.46-4.37 (m, 1H), 4.17 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 3.75 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 2H), 3.28-3.18 (m, 2H), 2.82 (s, 2H), 2.71 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 3H), 2.26-2.09 (m, 1H), 2.15 (s, 2H), 1.94 (s, 2H), 1.43 (s, 3H), 1.20 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 1H).

Example 291: (S)-4-(((5-chloro-6-(((S)-4-(2-chloro-4′-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D. [M+1]=798.03. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.02 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.96 (s, 1H), 8.73 (s, 4H), 8.46 (s, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.46 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.44-7.37 (m, 3H), 7.37-7.18 (m, 4H), 7.07 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.50 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 1H), 5.63 (s, 1H), 5.57 (s, 2H), 5.27 (s, 1H), 4.30 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 4.17 (s, 4H), 3.68 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 2H), 3.11 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 3H), 3.00-2.59 (m, 3H), 2.48-2.32 (m, 2H), 1.93 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 1H).

Example 292: (2S)-2-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(pyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D. [M+1]=745.07. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.37 (s, 1H), 9.86 (d, J=47.2 Hz, 1H), 9.02 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.96 (s, 1H), 8.67 (s, 3H), 8.46 (s, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (s, 3H), 7.16 (dd, J=15.4, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (s, 1H), 6.92 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.49 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.43 (s, 1H), 5.62 (s, 1H), 5.55 (s, 2H), 5.49 (s, 1H), 4.44 (s, 1H), 4.38 (s, 1H), 4.16 (d, J=5.8 Hz, mH), 3.67 (s, 1H), 3.37 (s, 1H), 3.30 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.17-3.02 (m, 1H), 2.94 (d, J=32.1 Hz, 1H), 2.73 (q, J=7.9, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 2.60 (dt, J=15.8, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 2.52 (s, 2H), 2.48-2.32 (m, 2H), 2.29-2.22 (m, 1H), 2.16 (s, 2H), 1.97-1.78 (m, 2H).

Example 293: (S)-4-(((6-(3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)naphthalen-1-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure A. 843.427 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.96 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.93 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.38 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.25 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.75-7.71 (m, 1H), 7.69 (dd, J=8.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (dd, J=8.3, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (s, 1H), 7.50-7.46 (m, 1H), 7.40-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.29 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (ddd, J=11.9, 7.4, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 5.39 (s, 2H), 5.33 (s, 2H), 4.82 (s, 2H), 4.42 (dtd, J=9.4, 6.2, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (s, 3H), 3.38 (dd, J=12.8, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.24-3.14 (m, 2H), 3.02-2.94 (m, 1H), 2.59 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 2.55-2.50 (m, 2H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 1.95 (s, 3H).

Example 294: (3-((5-chloro-4-((3′-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-(((3-phosphonopropyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-hydroxybenzyl)amino)propyl)phosphonic acid

Tetraethyl (((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(propane-3,1-diyl))bis(phosphonate) was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D. MS (Chemical Ionization, TFA): m/z 1041.3 [M(³⁵Cl)₂+H⁺], 1043.3 [M(³⁵Cl)(³⁷Cl)+H⁺], 1045.3 [M(³⁷Cl)₂+H⁺]. Phosphodiester (10.2 mg, 0.010 mmol) was dissolved in ACN and 2,6-lutidine (20 μL, 0.17 mmol) added, then TMSBr (63.5 μL, 0.48 mmol) added sequentially in small portions at room temperature. (3-((5-chloro-4-((3′-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-(((3-phosphonopropyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-hydroxybenzyl)amino)propyl)phosphonic acid isolated by prep. HPLC. MS (Chemical Ionization, TFA): m/z 913.2 [M(³⁵Cl)₂+H⁺], 915.2 [M(³⁵Cl)(³⁷Cl)+H⁺], 917.2 [M(³⁷Cl)₂+H⁺]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 9.01 (broad s, 2H); 8.48 (broad s, 1H); 7.51 (s, 1H); 7.46 (m, 2H); 7.38 (s, 1H); 7.25 (m, 2H); 7.10 (m, 4H); 6.77 (s, 1H); 5.35 (m, 4H); 5.19 (m, 2H); 4.00 (s, 2H); 3.92 (s, 2H); 2.91 (m, 4H); 1.93 (s, 3H), 1.83 (s, 3H); 1.78 (m, 4H); 1.53 (m, 4H).

Example 295: (S)-2-(((5-chloro-6-(((1S,1′S)-1′-((3-chloro-6-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-5-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biinden]-1-yl)oxy)-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

To a mixture of (S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid (88.27 mg, 0.74 mmol), KOH (41.58 mg, 0.74 mmol) in a 40 mL vial was added EtOH (3 mL) and sonicated for 5 min. To this mixture was added solution of 5,5′-((((((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-3-formylpyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile (60 mg, 0.074 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.5 ml), at once and stirred for 50 min. To this mix was added 2-aminoethan-1-ol (45.27 mg, 0.741 mmol) and allowed to stir for another 50 min. To well stirring mix was added NaBH(OAc)₃ (157 mg, 0.741 mmol) followed by AcOH (60 μL). The mixture was left stirring at RT for additional 2 h. At this point the reaction was quenched with 2 N HCl (2 mL, pH ˜2) and stirred for 5 min. The solvent was concentrated to dryness under Vacuum. Purification by prep RP-HPLC (10-90% acetonitrile in water, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) furnished product (S)-2-(((5-chloro-6-(((1S,1′S)-1′-((3-chloro-6-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-5-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biinden]-1-yl)oxy)-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid. [M+1]=958.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.96 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 8.84 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.37 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.90 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 2H), 7.33-7.13 (m, 6H), 6.50 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 5.64 (s, 4H), 4.28 (m, 4H), 3.89-3.78 (m, 4H), 3.20 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 3H), 3.02-2.70 (m, 4H), 2.69-2.45 (m, 4H), 2.20-1.73 (m, 3H).

Example 296: (S)-2-(((3-(3′-((4-((((S)-2-carboxy-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-8-chloroquinolin-6-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized following standard Suzuki coupling procedure described in Example 31 followed by the reductive amination shown in Example 40. [M+1]=879.0. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 9.03 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.98 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.91 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.45 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (s, 2H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.36 (m, 2H), 7.30 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (dd, J=7.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.22-7.16 (m, 1H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 5.36 (d, J=14.5 Hz, 4H), 4.49 (d, J=3.5 Hz, 2H), 4.29 (s, 2H), 4.14 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.92 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 1.97 (s, 3H), 1.67 (s, 4H), 1.53 (s, 3H).

Example 297: (S)-4-(((3-(3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethy-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-8-chloroquinolin-6-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized following standard Suzuki coupling procedure described in Example 31 followed by the reductive amination shown in Example 42. [M+1]=879.0. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 9.03 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.96 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.92 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.44 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.38 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.12 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=11.1 Hz, 2H), 7.47-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.30 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (dd, J=7.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 5.33 (s, 2H), 4.47 (s, 2H), 4.33 (ddd, J=9.5, 6.3, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (s, 3H), 3.28 (s, 1H), 3.20 (dd, J=12.7, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.10 (dd, J=12.6, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.97 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.56 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.52 (dd, J=6.3, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 1.97 (s, 3H).

Example 298: (2S,2′S)-2,2′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid)

The title compound was synthesized following standard synthesis procedure described in Example 4 using intermediate 6,6′-(((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)nicotinaldehyde) and (S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid. [M+1]=1122.0. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 9.05 (dd, J=11.3, 2.1 Hz, 4H), 8.53 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.93 (s, 2H), 7.31-7.14 (m, 6H), 6.53 (dd, J=6.8, 4.9 Hz, 2H), 5.70 (s, 4H), 4.33 (s, 4H), 4.08 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 2H), 3.87 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 2H), 3.31 (s, 4H), 3.17 (s, 6H), 3.02-2.69 (m, 4H), 2.57 (dq, J=13.4, 7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.20-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.61 (s, 6H).

Example 299: (S)-2-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(2-((S)-pyrrolidin-2-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized following previously described Suzuki cross coupling, reductive amination, and TFA deprotection procedures. [M+1]=771.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.98 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.90 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.47 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.37-7.21 (m, 4H), 7.16 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.13-7.04 (m, 2H), 5.36 (s, 2H), 5.33 (s, 2H), 5.11 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (s, 2H), 4.01 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 3.70-3.45 (m, 2H), 2.70-2.59 (m, 1H), 2.44 (dd, J=13.2, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 2.40-2.20 (m, 2H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 1.88 (s, 3H), 1.53 (s, 3H).

Example 300: (S)-4-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

Step 1: The reaction mixture of 1-bromo-4-(2-bromoethyl)benzene (300 mg, 1.13 mmol), potassium carbonate (471.24 mg, 3.41 mmol) and pyrrolidine (0.09 ml, 1.14 mmol) in acetonitrile (6 mL) was stirred at rt overnight. The reaction mixture was then filtered. The filtrate was concentrated down and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford 1-(4-bromophenethyl)pyrrolidine.

Step 2: The reaction mixture of 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (100 mg, 0.16 mmol), 1-(4-bromophenethyl)pyrrolidine (101.28 mg, 0.4 mmol), Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (18.98 mg, 0.02 mmol) and Potassium Carbonate (68.09 mg, 0.49 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (3 mL) and water (0.4 mL) was stirred at 90° C. for 2 h. After cooling down, the reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The ethyl acetate layer was taken and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column, affording 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile. [M+H]⁺ 656.9

Step-3: Following general reductive amination procedure G, 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile was converted to (S)-4-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid as the bis-TFA salt. [M+1]=759.9. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.94 (dd, J=14.7, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.37 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.46 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.42-7.23 (m, 6H), 7.16 (ddd, J=16.5, 7.7, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 7.13-7.01 (m, 2H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 4.23 (s, 3H), 3.54-3.45 (m, 2H), 3.24-3.06 (m, 5H), 2.97 (dd, J=12.8, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.51 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.18 (s, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 2H), 1.87 (s, 3H).

Example 301: (2S)-2-((5-chloro-4-((2′-chloro-4″-((dimethylamino)methyl)-6′-fluoro-2-methyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

(2S)-2-((5-chloro-4-((2′-chloro-4″-((dimethylamino)methyl)-6′-fluoro-2-methyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D using 5-((4-chloro-5-((2′-chloro-4″-((dimethylamino)methyl)-6′-fluoro-2-methyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile in place of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) and using (S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid in place (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.97 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.91 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.40 (s, 1H), 7.59 (s, 4H), 7.59-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.46 (dd, J=8.6, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.36-7.26 (m, 2H), 7.19 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (s, 1H), 5.35 (s, 2H), 5.33 (s, 2H), 4.37 (s, 2H), 4.27 (s, 2H), 4.00 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 2.90 (s, 6H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 1.51 (s, 3H); LRMS: 757.2.

Example 302: (2R)-2-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(quinuclidin-3-yloxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

(2R)-2-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(quinuclidin-3-yloxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D using 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(quinuclidin-3-yloxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile in place of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) and using (R)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid in place (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.98 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.91 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (s, 1H), 7.64 (dd, J=12.7, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (dd, J=13.2, 7.9 Hz, 4H), 7.18 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.09-6.98 (m, 3H), 5.36 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 4.28 (s, 2H), 4.01 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.89-3.72 (m, 2H), 3.58-3.30 (m, 5H), 2.55 (s, 1H), 2.43-2.30 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.06 (m, 1H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.01 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 1.96-1.81 (m, 1H), 1.88 (s, 3H), 1.52 (s, 3H); LRMS: 787.3.

Example 303: (2S,4S)-1-((5-chloro-6-((2,2′-dichloro-4″-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)-4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid

(2S,4S)-1-((5-chloro-6-((2,2′-dichloro-4″-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amin)ethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)-4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D using 5-chloro-6-((2,2′-dichloro-4″-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)nicotinaldehyde 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate (1 equiv) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (3 equiv) in place of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) and using (2S,4S)-4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid in place (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 9.04 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.96 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.49 (s, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.34 (m, 5H), 7.30 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 5.75-5.49 (m, 4H), 4.61-4.26 (m, 6H), 3.90-3.84 (m, 2H), 3.58-3.51 (m, 3H), 3.40-3.27 (m, 1H), 3.29-3.21 (m, 2H), 3.17 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 3H), 2.74-2.67 (m, 1H), 2.23 (d, J=13.9 Hz, 1H); LRMS: 871.2.

Example 304: 2-(((5-chloro-6-((2,2′-dichloro-4″-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-2-methylpropanoic acid

N,N-diisopropylethylamine (155 μL, 0.888 mmol) was added via syringe to a stirred mixture of 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl (2-((2′,2″-dichloro-3″-(((3-chloro-5-formyl-6-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-yl)oxy)ethyl)(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamate (100 mg, 0.111 mmol) and methyl 2-amino-2-methylpropanoate hydrochloride (102 mg, 0.666 mmol) in dimethylsulfoxide (2.5 mL) at room temperature, and the resulting mixture was heated to 60° C. in a heating block. After 10 min, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (141 mg, 0.666 mmol) was added as a solid. After 1 h, the resulting mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. Saturated aqueous sodium carbonate solution (10 mL), diethyl ether (40 mL), and ethyl acetate (20 mL) were added sequentially, and the organic layer was washed with water (3×60 mL), was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved with dichloromethane (5.0 mL), and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature. Trifluoroacetic acid (2.0 mL) was added via syringe. After 60 min, the resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was dried azeotropically by concentration of a toluene solution under reduced pressure (2×3 mL). The residue was dissolved with dimethylsulfoxide, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature. Aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (2.0 M, 370 μL, 0.64 mmol) was added via syringe. After 15 min, trifluoroacetic acid (200 μL) was added via syringe, and the resulting mixture was filtered and was purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) to give 2-(((5-chloro-6-((2,2′-dichloro-4″-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-2-methylpropanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 9.04 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.96 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.46 (s, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.47-7.35 (m, 5H), 7.28 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (dd, J=7.3, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 5.71 (d, J=13.6 Hz, 1H), 5.65-5.47 (m, 3H), 4.40-4.31 (m, 2H), 4.21 (s, 2H), 3.90-3.82 (m, 2H), 3.54 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.28-3.23 (m, 2H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 1.61 (s, 6H); LRMS: 843.3.

Example 305: (S)-2-(((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-6-((3′-((R)-1-(dimethylamino)-1-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

(S)-2-(((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-6-((3′-((R)-1-(dimethylamino)-1-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid was synthesized in a manner similar to Procedure D using 5 (R)-5-(((5-chloro-6-((3′-(1-(dimethylamino)-1-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-3-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile in place of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) and using (S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid in place (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.98 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.91 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (s, 1H), 7.74 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.40-7.23 (m, 4H), 7.21 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.28 (s, 2H), 4.05 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 3.23-3.13 (m, 2H), 2.92 (s, 3H), 2.70-2.51 (m, 1H), 2.65 (s, 3H), 2.26-2.16 (m, 1H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.89 (s, 3H), 1.52 (s, 3H); LRMS: 775.3.

Example 306: 5-(((5-chloro-6-((4″-(2-(dimethylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-3-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

Step 1. 2-Bromo-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethan-1-one (1.50 g, 5.40 mmol) was added as a solid to a stirred mixture of dimethylamine solution (2.0 M in tetrahydrofuran, 8.10 mL, 16 mmol), sodium carbonate (572 mg, 5.40 mmol), and water (2.0 mL) at room temperature, and the resulting mixture was heated to 65° C. in a heating block. After 25 min, methanol (10.0 mL) was added, and the resulting mixture was cooled to 0° C. After 5 min, sodium borohydride (613 mg, 16.2 mmol) was added as a solid under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the resulting mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After 15 min, ethyl acetate (70 mL) was added. The organic layer was washed with brine (40 mL), was dried over sodium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 20% methanol in dichloromethane) to give 1-(4-bromophenyl)-2-(dimethylamino)ethan-1-ol.

Step 2. A stirred mixture of 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (25 mg, 0.041 mmol), 1-(4-bromophenyl)-2-(dimethylamino)ethan-1-ol (20 mg, 0.082 mmol), saturated aqueous sodium carbonate solution (2.0 M, 164 μL, 0.33 mmol), and chloro(2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropyl-1,1′-biphenyl) [2-(2′-amino-1,1′-biphenyl)]palladium(II) (2 mg, 0.002 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (1.5 mL) was heated to 105° C. in a heating block. After 60 min, the resulting mixture was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 20% methanol in dichloromethane) to give 5-(((5-chloro-6-((4″-(2-(dimethylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-3-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

Step 3. 5-(((5-chloro-6-((4″-(2-(dimethylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-3-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile was synthesized in a manner similar to Procedure D using 5-(((5-chloro-6-((4″-(2-(dimethylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-3-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile in place of 6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) and using ethanolamine in place (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.95 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.93 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.33-7.23 (m, 2H), 7.19 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.13-7.04 (m, 2H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 5.12 (dd, J=10.4, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (s, 2H), 3.81-3.75 (m, 2H), 3.17-3.08 (m, 2H), 3.03 (s, 3H), 2.96 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.87 (s, 3H); LRMS: 691.3.

Example 307: (S)-4-(((6-(3′-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-(((R)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure G. [M+1]=792.084. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 9.04-8.81 (m, 2H), 8.37 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.51-7.02 (m, 8H), 5.39 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.50 (d, J=21.8 Hz, 2H), 4.33 (d, J=19.1 Hz, 4H), 3.69-3.40 (m, 2H), 3.42-3.15 (m, 3H), 3.15-2.98 (m, 1H), 2.91 (s, 3H), 2.57 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.42-2.00 (m, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 3H).

Example 308: (S)-4-(((3″-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-(((R)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

5-((5-((3′-bromo-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl) methoxy)-4-chloro-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (500 mg, 0.89 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (8 ml) and ethanol (1.6 ml), (R)-pyrrolidin-3-ol (388 mg, 4.45 mmol) was added. The mixture was left stirring at RT for 15 min; sodium triacetoxyborohydride (1.13 g, 5.34 mmol) was added. The mixture was left stirring at RT for 10 min. Complete clean conversion occurred. Ethyl acetate and water were added to quench the reaction. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and then concentrated under vacuum to give (R)-5-((5-((3′-bromo-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl) methoxy)-4-chloro-2-((3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile as the crude. The crude (180 mg, 0.28 mmol) and 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzaldehyde (106 mg, 0.46 mmol) were dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (4 ml) and water (0.8 ml), added K₂CO₃ (78.6 mg, 0.57 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (65.7 mg, 0.057 mmol). The mixture was purged with argon and then heated to 82° C. After stirring for 1 h, the mixture was cooled to RT, diluted with ethyl acetate and water. The organic layer was washed with brine, concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using EtOAc/MeOH as the eluent to afford (R)-5-((4-chloro-5-((4″-formyl-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

(S)-4-(((3″-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-(((R)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure G. [M+1]=761.111. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 9.01-8.88 (m, 2H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 3H), 7.53-7.40 (m, 3H), 7.38-7.00 (m, 6H), 5.39 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.50 (d, J=21.8 Hz, 2H), 4.42-4.18 (m, 4H), 3.72-3.41 (m, 2H), 3.38-3.22 (m, 2H), 3.25 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.05 (dd, J=12.7, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 2.38-2.05 (m, 2H), 2.55 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.88 (s, 3H).

Example 309: (S)-4-((2-((3″-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-(((R)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-yl)oxy)ethyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

5-((4-chloro-5-((4″-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (200 mg, 0.29 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (2 ml) and ethanol (0.4 ml), (R)-pyrrolidin-3-ol (126 mg, 1.45 mmol) was added. The mixture was left stirring at RT for 30 min; sodium triacetoxyborohydride (429 mg, 2.03 mmol) was added. The mixture was left stirring at RT for 15 min. Complete clean conversion occurred. Ethyl acetate and water were added to quench the reaction. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and then concentrated under vacuum to give (R)-5-((4-chloro-5-((4″-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((3-hydroxypyrro idin-1-yl)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile as the crude. The crude was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (4 ml), hydrochloric acid (conc., 0.4 ml) was added dropwise, and the mixture was left stirring at RT for 2 h. Ethyl acetate and water were added to the mixture. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and then concentrated under vacuum to give (R)-5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(2-oxoethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile as crude.

(S)-4-((2-((3″-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methopxy)-4-(((R)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-yl)oxy)ethyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure G. [M+1]=791.105. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 9.01-8.89 (m, 2H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.36-7.22 (m, 5H), 7.23-7.00 (m, 5H), 5.39 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.50 (d, J=22.2 Hz, 2H), 4.35 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 4H), 3.54 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 3H), 3.35-3.20 (m, 3H), 3.18-3.05 (m, 2H), 2.58 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.35-1.82 (m, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.88 (s, 3H).

Example 310: (R)-2-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((4″-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-3″-(methylsulfonyl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure G. [M+1]=843.111. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.98 (s, 1H), 8.91 (s, 1H), 8.42 (s, 1H), 7.87 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (dd, J=8.5, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.53-7.11 (m, 7H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 5.36 (s, 2H), 5.33 (s, 2H), 4.66-4.52 (m, 2H), 4.28 (s, 2H), 4.01 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 3.93-3.72 (m, 3H), 3.71-3.59 (m, 2H), 3.33 (s, 3H), 3.35-3.30 (m, 2H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.90 (s, 3H), 1.52 (s, 3H).

Example 311: (S)-2-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl) methoxy)-4-((4″-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

3-bromo-4′-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl (1.6 g, 4.22 mmol) was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (4 ml). Hydrochloric acid (conc., 0.8 ml) was added dropwise, the mixture was left stirring at RT for 2 h. Ethyl acetate and water were added to the mixture. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and then concentrated under vacuum to give 2-((3′-bromo-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)oxy) acetaldehyde as the crude.

2-aminoethan-1-ol (1.29 g, 21.1.3 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (20 ml), 2-((3′-bromo-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)oxy) acetaldehyde (the above crude, 4.22 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (8 ml) was added. The mixture was left stirring at RT for 30 min. Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (5 g, 23.6 mmol) was added. The mixture was left stirring at RT for 30 min, complete conversion occurred. Ethyl acetate and water were added to quench the reaction. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue crude was then dissolved in THF (15 ml), di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (2 g, 9.19 mmol) was added followed by addition of trimethylamine (1.49 g, 14.7 mmol). The mixture was left stirring at RT. LCMS showed complete conversion after 15 min. Ethyl acetate and water were added to the mixture. The organic layer was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hexanes/EtOAc as the eluent to afford tert-butyl (2-((3′-bromo-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)oxy)ethyl) (2-hydroxyethyl) carbamate.

Tert-butyl (2-((3′-bromo-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)oxy)ethyl) (2-hydroxyethyl) carbamate (1.45 g, 3.22 mmol) and 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (2.04 g, 3.93 mmol) were suspended in DMF (25.5 ml) and H₂O (3.7 ml), added K₂CO₃ (0.54 g, 3.91 mmol) and [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II), complex with dichloromethane (0.26 g, 0.32 mmol). The mixture was purged with argon and then heated to 83° C. After stirring for 1 h, the mixture was cooled to RT, diluted with ethyl acetate and water. The organic layer was washed with brine, concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using Hexanes/EtOAc as the eluent to afford tert-butyl (2-((3″-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-formylphenoxy)methyl)-2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-yl)oxy)ethyl)(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamate.

The title compound ((S)-2-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((4″-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid) was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure G, followed by Boc-deprotection using 20% TFA in CH₂Cl₂. [M+1]=765.37. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.98 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.91 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.39-6.91 (m, 10H), 5.36 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.39-4.28 (m, 2H), 4.28 (s, 2H), 4.00 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.92-3.81 (m, 2H), 3.79 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 3.57-3.48 (m, 2H), 3.29 (s, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.87 (s, 3H), 1.52 (s, 3H).

Example 312: (S)-4-((2-((3-carbamoyl-3″-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2′,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-yl)oxy)ethyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure G. [M+1]=866.134. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.94 (dd, J=10.8, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 7.62 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.55-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.37-6.94 (m, 7H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 4.53-4.44 (m, 2H), 4.23 (s, 3H), 3.54 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.24-3.07 (m, 2H), 2.97 (dd, J=12.8, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.65 (s, 2H), 2.58 (dd, J=6.3, 3.7 Hz, 2H), 2.52 (dd, J=6.2, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.90 (s, 3H).

Example 313: (S)-2-((4-((4″-(2-(((S)-2-carboxy-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure G. [M+1]=823.064. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.98 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.91 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (s, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.36-6.97 (m, 9H), 5.36 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.37 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 4.28 (s, 2H), 4.03 (dd, J=14.7, 12.1 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (dd, J=16.0, 12.1 Hz, 2H), 3.56 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.88 (s, 3H), 1.60 (s, 3H), 1.52 (s, 3H).

Example 314: (S)-4-((4-((4‘ ’-(2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethoxy)-3′-fluoro-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure G. [M+1]=841.176. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.94 (dd, J=11.9, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.37 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.50-7.40 (m, 1H), 7.35-7.00 (m, 9H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 4.50-4.36 (m, 2H), 4.35 (dt, J=9.8, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (s, 2H), 3.60-3.52 (m, 2H), 3.38 (dd, J=12.7, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.24-3.09 (m, 2H), 2.97 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.65 (s, 1H), 2.58 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (dd, J=6.3, 1.0 Hz, 2H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 1.89 (s, 3H).

Example 315: (S)-4-((4-((4‘ ’-(2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethoxy)-2′-chloro-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure G. [M+1]=857.047. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.94 (dd, J=11.0, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.35-6.98 (m, 9H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 4.35 (q, J=6.1, 5.5 Hz, 3H), 4.23 (s, 3H), 3.54 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.41-3.32 (m, 1H), 3.23-3.05 (m, 2H), 2.97 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.58 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (dd, J=6.2, 1.1 Hz, 2H), 2.13 (d, J=4.2 Hz, 3H), 1.74 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 3H).

Example 317: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((3,3′″-dimethoxy-2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″:3″,1′″-quaterphenyl]-4,4′″-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

The title compound was prepared analogously to Example 322 according to general reductive amination procedure G. [M+1]=657.32. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.44 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.15 (dd, J=7.5, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (dd, J=7.6, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 4.36-4.24 (m, 6H), 3.95 (s, 6H), 3.24 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.03 (dd, J=12.8, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 1.96 (s, 6H).

Example 323: (2S)-2-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-((((5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure H with 5-(aminomethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one hydrochloride in place of (2S,4R)-4-hydroxypiperidine-2-carboxylic acid. [M+1]=788.98. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.98 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.91 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.45-8.35 (m, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 3H), 7.32 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.23-7.17 (m, 1H), 7.17-7.10 (m, 2H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 5.36 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.37-4.25 (m, 4H), 4.06-3.97 (m, 2H), 3.80 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.27-3.20 (m, 2H), 2.50-2.30 (m, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.00-1.81 (m, 4H), 1.52 (s, 3H).

Example 324: (S)-4-(((3-(3-cyanopropoxy)-4′″-(((R)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)-2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″:3″,1′″-quaterphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

4-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (220 mg, 1.1 mmol), 4-bromobutanenitrile (148 mg, 1 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (276 mg, 2 mmol) were suspended in DMF (4 mL). The mixture was sealed, and heated at 70° C. for 12 h. The mixture was diluted with ether (50 mL), and washed with aq. 1 M NaOH and brine. The organic layer was dried over Mg₂SO₄, and concentrated to provide 260 mg (97%) of 4-(5-bromo-2-formylphenoxy)butanenitrile.

2,2′-(2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane) (20 mg, 0.04 mmol), 4-(5-bromo-2-formylphenoxy)butanenitrile (14 mg, 0.05 mmol), Pd(PPh3)4 (5 mg, 0.004 mmol), and K2CO3 (20 mg, 0.14 mmol) were charged in a vial and suspended in Dioxane (1 mL) and water (0.1 mL). The mixture was sparged with argon for 2 min, and sealed with a teflon coated cap. The mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 4 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried with anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated to provide (R)-4-((4-formyl-4′″-((3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)-2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″:3″,1′″-quaterphenyl]-3-yl)oxy)butanenitrile as the crude product.

The title compound was synthesized following general reductive amination procedure G using (R)-4-((4-formyl-4′″-((3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)-2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″:3′,1′″-quaterphenyl]-3-yl)oxy)butanenitrile as the crude starting material. [M+1]=648.38. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.64-7.55 (m, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 3H), 7.32 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.27-7.19 (m, 2H), 7.15 (dt, J=7.5, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (dd, J=7.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.67-4.28 (m, 6H), 4.25 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 3.82-3.41 (m, 2H), 3.40-3.21 (m, 3H), 3.08 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.71 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.57 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.50-1.98 (m, 4H), 1.95 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 6H).

Example 325: (S)-3-hydroxy-4-(((4′″-(((R)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)-2′,2′-dimethyl-3-(trifluoromethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″:3″,1′″-quaterphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)butanoic acid

The title compound was prepared analogously to Example 324 according to general reductive amination procedure G using 4-bromo-2-(trifluoromethoxy)benzaldehyde in place of 4-(5-bromo-2-formylphenoxy)butanenitrile in the previous Suzuki cross-coupling step. [M+1]=649.40. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.73 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.53-7.45 (m, 3H), 7.45-7.39 (m, 1H), 7.39-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.10 (m, 4H), 4.70-4.17 (m, 6H), 3.83-3.42 (m, 2H), 3.33 (m, 3H), 3.11 (dd, J=12.7, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 2.57 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.51-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.99-1.88 (m, 6H).

Example 326: (S)-4-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((4″-((((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

(4-(((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)methyl)phenyl)boronic acid (1 g, 4 mmol), 1,3-dibromo-2-methylbenzene (2 g, 8 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂CH₂Cl₂ (0.32 g, 0.4 mmol) and potassium carbonate (1.6 g, 12 mmol) were suspended in 10 mL dioxane and 1 mL water. The mixture was sparged for 5 min with argon and heated to 90° C. in a heating block for 4 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was diluted with EtOAc and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. Purified by silica gel chromatography (eluting with EtOAc-Hex) to provide tert-butyl ((3′-bromo-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)carbamate.

Tert-butyl ((3′-bromo-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)carbamate (135 mg, 0.36 mmol) was dissolved in 5 mL DCM. 1 mL of TFA was added dropwise and stirred for 2 h. The reaction was diluted with DCM, and quenched carefully with sat NaHCO₃. The organic layer was separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with DCM. The combined organics were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated to provide the crude amine. To this amine was added 5-formylnicotinonitrile (53 mg, 0.4 mmol), and DCM (5 mL). The resulting solution was allowed to stir for 1 h at room temperature. Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (230.22 mg, 1.09 mmol) was added in one portion, and stirred for an additional 3 h. The reaction was diluted with DCM, and washed with NaHCO₃, and Brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated and purified silica gel chromatography (20% MeOH in DCM) to provide 5-((((3′-bromo-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

5-((((3′-bromo-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)nicotinonitrile (40 mg, 0.1 mmol), Intermediate 13 (40 mg, 0.08 mmol), Pd(PPh3)4 (9 mg, 0.008 mmol), and K₂CO₃ (32 mg, 0.23 mmol) were charged in a vial and suspended in Dioxane (2 mL) and water (0.2 mL). The mixture was sparged with argon for 2 min, and sealed with a teflon coated cap. The mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 4 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to provide 5-((4-chloro-5-((4″-((((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

The title compound was synthesized following general reductive amination procedure G using 5-((4-chloro-5-((4″-((((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile as the crude starting material. [M+1]=807.73. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 9.00 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.95 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.93 (t, J=2.4 Hz, 2H), 8.34 (d, J=20.0 Hz, 2H), 7.58 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.52-7.38 (m, 4H), 7.37-7.09 (m, 5H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 4.45 (s, 2H), 4.39 (s, 2H), 4.30-4.17 (m, 3H), 3.20 (dd, J=12.8, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.01-2.92 (m, 1H), 2.57-2.46 (m, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.88 (s, 3H).

Example 327: (S)-4-((2-((3′-((S)-1-((3-bromo-5-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-6-(3-cyanopropoxy)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)oxy)ethyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

(R)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol (2 g, 7.7 mmol), 1,3-dibromo-2-methylbenzene (3.8 g, 15.4 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂CH₂Cl₂ (0.44 g, 0.77 mmol) and potassium carbonate (2.1 g, 15.4 mmol) were suspended in 20 mL dioxane and 2 mL water. The mixture was sparged for 10 min with argon and heated to 90° C. in a heating block for 4 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was diluted with EtOAc and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. Purified by silica gel chromatography (eluting with EtOAc-Hex) to provide (R)-4-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol.

4-bromophenol (2 g, 11.6 mmol), K₂CO₃ (3.2 g, 23.12 mmol), and 2-bromoethan-1-ol (4.3 g, 34.7 mmol) were suspended in DMF (15 mL). The reaction was heated at 110° C. for 16 h. The reaction was cooled, and diluted with ether (200 mL). The ether layer was washed with water, aq. 1 M NaOH, brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the crude alcohol. This crude alcohol was added TBSC1 (5.2 g, 34 mmol) and suspended in DMF (15 mL). Imidazole (2.4 g, 34.7 mmol) was added in portions, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 h. The reaction was diluted with ether (200 mL) and was washed with water (2×), brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by silica gel chromatography (eluting with EtOAc-Hex) provided (2-(4-bromophenoxy)ethoxy)(tert-butyl)dimethylsilane.

(2-(4-bromophenoxy)ethoxy)(tert-butyl)dimethylsilane (2.15 g, 6.5 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (2.0 g, 7.8 mmol), KOAc (1.5 g, 15 mmol) and [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) dichloride (0.41 g, 0.50 mmol) were suspended in 10 mL dioxane and argon was bubbled through the mixture for 5 min. The reaction was heated to 90 C for 3 h, after which the reaction was cooled to room temperature and diluted with 100 mL EtOAc. The reaction mixture was filtered through a celite pad, concentrated under reduced pressure, and purified by silica gel chromatography to provide tert-butyldimethyl(2-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy)ethoxy)silane.

(R)-4-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol (1.5 g, 4.9 mmol), tert-butyldimethyl(2-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy)ethoxy)silane. (2.06 g, 5.4 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂CH₂Cl₂ (0.20 g, 0.25 mmol) and potassium carbonate (2.1 g, 15 mmol) were suspended in 15 mL dioxane and 1.5 mL water. The mixture was sparged for 10 min with argon and heated to 90° C. in a heating block for 4 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was diluted with EtOAc and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. Purified by silica gel chromatography (eluting with EtOAc-Hex) to provide (S)-4-(4′-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethoxy)-2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol.

(S)-4-(4′-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethoxy)-2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol. (1.75 g, 3.7 mmol), 6-chloro-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (1.9 g, 7.37 mmol), cesium carbonate (2.4 g, 7.37 mmol), palladium (II) acetate (83 mg, 0.37 mmol), 2-di-tert-butylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl(t-butyl Xphos) (235 mg, 0.55 mmol) in toluene (20 mL) was heated to 85° C. After 3 h, the resulting mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, was filtered through celite, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (ethyl acetate in hexanes) to provide (S)-6-((4-(4′-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethoxy)-2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde.

(S)-6-((4-(4′-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethoxy)-2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde 487 mg, 0.7 mmol), and sodium acetate (126 mg, 2.1 mmol) was suspended in 12 mL acetic acid, and the resulting suspension was sonicated for 5 min. Bromine (0.043 ml, 0.84 mmol) was diluted in acetic acid (1 mL) and the resulting solution was added dropwise to the aldehyde. After 40 min, the reaction was diluted with methylene chloride (50 mL) and aqueous 2 M NaOH (100 mL). After stirring for 10 min, the organic layer was separated, and the aqueous extracted with methylene chloride (75 mL). The combined organic layers were dried, concentrated, and purified via column chromatography to provide (S)-5-bromo-6-((4-(4′-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethoxy)-2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde.

(S)-5-bromo-6-((4-(4′-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethoxy)-2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde. (70 mg, 0.09 mmol) and cesium fluoride (109 mg, 0.72 mmol) were suspended in N,N-dimethylformamide (1 mL). The suspension was heated to 60° C. for 1.5 h. After complete desilylation as observed by LCMS, 4-Bromobutyronitrile (80.21 mg, 0.54 mmol) was added and the resulting solution was stirred for an additional 3 h, at 75° C. The reaction was cooled, and diluted with ethyl acetate (25 mL). The organic layer was washed with water, brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the crude alcohol. The crude alcohol was dissolved in DCM (1 mL) and Dess-Martin periodinane (115 mg, 0.27 mmol) was added. After stirring for 12 h at room temperature, the reaction was poured into 15 mL of 1N aqueous sodium hydroxide and extracted with methylene chloride (3×). The combined organics were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to provide (S)-4-((5-bromo-3-formyl-6-((4-(2-methyl-4′-(2-oxoethoxy)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)butanenitrile as the crude product.

The title compound was synthesized following general reductive amination procedure G using (S)-4-((5-bromo-3-formyl-6-((4-(2-methyl-4′-(2-oxoethoxy)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)butanenitrile as the crude starting material. [M+1]=831.295. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.42 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.36-7.23 (m, 4H), 7.21-7.16 (m, 2H), 7.15-7.05 (m, 3H), 6.60 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.61 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 4.42-4.26 (m, 4H), 4.26-4.21 (m, 2H), 3.54 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.35 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.29-3.25 (m, 1H), 3.18-3.01 (m, 2H), 3.00-2.62 (m, 5H), 2.61-2.48 (m, 4H), 2.33-2.05 (m, 3H), 2.02-1.92 (m, 3H).

Example 328: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-(((S)-5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl)methoxy)pyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

The title compound was synthesized analogously to Example 121 using (S)-5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one in place of 5-(hydroxymethyl)isophthalonitrile, and following reductive amination procedure G. MS (m/z) 522.23 (M+2H)²⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.96 (s, 2H), 7.50-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.12-7.02 (m, 2H), 5.66-5.48 (m, 4H), 4.71-4.58 (m, 2H), 4.58-4.44 (m, 2H), 4.38-4.26 (m, 2H), 4.22-4.07 (m, 4H), 3.53-3.34 (m, 4H), 3.26-3.13 (m, 2H), 3.07-2.86 (m, 4H), 2.64-2.46 (m, 4H), 2.45-2.27 (m, 2H), 2.15-1.93 (m, 8H).

Example 329: (S)-2-((4-((3′-(5-(2-aminoethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (380 μL, 2.18 mmol) was added to a solution of 1-[Bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium 3-oxide hexafluorophosphate (830 mg, 2.18 mmol), 3-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propanoic acid (413 mg, 2.18 mmol) and 3-bromo-2-methylbenzohydrazide (500 mg, 2.18 mmol) in dimethylformamide (3 mL). After 18 h the reaction was complete. The reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate (20 mL) and washed with water (3×10 mL) and brine (10 mL). The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes). The fractions containing product were combined and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, providing tert-butyl (3-(2-(3-bromo-2-methylbenzoyl)hydrazinyl)-3-oxopropyl)carbamate.

4-Toluenesulfonyl chloride (539 mg, 2.83 mmol) was added to a mixture of tert-butyl (3-(2-(3-bromo-2-methylbenzoyl)hydrazinyl)-3-oxopropyl)carbamate (755 mg, 1.89 mmol), and triethylamine (789 μL, 5.66 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL). After 45 min the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was taken up in ethyl acetate (70 mL) and washed with saturated ammonium chloride (20 mL), saturated sodium bicarbonate (2×20 mL) and brine (20 mL). The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes). The fractions containing product were combined and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, providing tert-butyl (2-(5-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)ethyl)carbamate.

5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (200 mg, 0.386 mmol), tert-butyl (2-(5-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)ethyl)carbamate (221 mg, 0.578 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (44.5 mg, 0.0386 mmol), potassium carbonate (107 mg, 0.771 mmol) in water (1 mL), and dimethylformamide (10 mL) was degassed with argon for 2 minutes. The above were combined and heated at 90° C. for 1 hour. The reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate (20 mL) and washed with water (3×10 mL) and brine (10 mL). The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography (0-100% EtOAc/hexanes). The fractions containing product and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure providing tert-butyl (2-(5-(3′-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-formylphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)ethyl)carbamate.

A mixture of (S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid (86 mg, 0.76 mmol), potassium hydroxide (40.4 mg, 0.76 mmol), in ethanol (3 mL) was sonicated until most material dissolved. A solution of tert-butyl (2-(5-(3′-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-formylphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)ethyl)carbamate (100 mg, 0.144 mmol). After 5 minutes acetic acid (1 drop) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (153 mg, 0.76 mmol). After 45 min the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was taken up in dimethylformamide (0.7 mL), water (0.5 ml), methanol (0.5 mL) with 0.1 mL oftrifluoroacetic acid and filtered. The solution was subjected to preparative HPLC (eluant: 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water). The fractions containing product were combined and subjected to lyophilization. The residue was taken up in dichloromethane (5 mL) and trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL). After 40 minutes the reaction was diluted with acetonitrile (5 mL) and co-evaporated until ˜1 mL remained. The material was co-evaporated with acetonitrile two more times. The residue was taken up in methanol (0.5 mL) and water (0.5 mL). The solution was subjected to preparative HPLC (eluant: 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water). The fractions containing product were combined and subjected to lyophilization, providing (S)-2-((4-((3′-(5-(2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)ethyl)-1,34-oxadiazol-2-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid. [M+1]=697.14. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.98 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.91 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.43 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (dd, J=7.9, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 5.34 (s, 2H), 4.28 (s, 2H), 4.00 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.38 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.11 (s, 3H), 1.52 (s, 3H).

Example 330: (S)-4-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(1-(piperidin-4-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

Potassium carbonate (4.44 g, 32.2 mmol) was added to a solution of the 3-bromo-2-methylbenzaldehyde (3.2 g, 16.1 mmol) and dimethyl (1-diazo-2-oxopropyl)phosphonate (3.7 g, 19.3 mol) in methanol (30 mL). After 1 h solid was removed by filtration. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography (0-50% ethyl acetate/hexanes). The fractions containing product were combined and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, providing 1-bromo-3-ethynyl-2-methylbenzene.

A solution of lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide in tetrahydrofuran (1 M, 19.9 mL, 19.9 mmol) was added to a solution of 1-bromo-3-ethynyl-2-methylbenzene (2.59 g, 13.3 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (30 mL) at −78° C. over a period of 2 minutes. After 15 min triisopropylsilyl chloride (3.1 mL, 14.6 mmol) was added dropwise. After 10 min the reaction was warmed to 0° C. After another 20 min the reaction was complete. The reaction was quenched with saturated ammonium chloride (75 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (3×50 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with brine (50 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography (0-10% ethyl acetate/hexanes). The fractions containing product were combined and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, providing ((3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)ethynyl)triisopropylsilane.

5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (3.0 g, 5.78 mmol), ((3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)ethynyl)triisopropylsilane (2.64 g, 7.52 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (668 mg, 0.578 mmol), potassium carbonate (1.60 g, 11.6 mmol) in water (5 mL), and dimethylformamide (30 mL) was degassed with argon for 2 minutes. The above were combined and heated at 90° C. for 1 hour. The reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate (100 mL) and washed with water (3×50 mL) and brine (50 mL). The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography (0-100% EtOAc/hexanes). The fractions containing product and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure providing 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-((triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

A solution of tetrabutylammonium fluoride (1 M, 4.7 mL, 4.69 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran was added to a solution of 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-((triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (2.83 g, 4.27 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) at 0° C. After 10 minutes the reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate (150 ml) and washed with water (2×50 mL) lithium chloride (1 M, 2×50 mL) and brine (50 mL). The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes). The fractions containing product were combined and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, providing 5-((4-chloro-5-((3′-ethynyl-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

(S)-4-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((3′-ethynyl-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure G.

tert-butyl 4-azidopiperidine-1-carboxylate (14 mg 0.0621 mmol) was added to a mixture of (S)-4-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((3′-ethynyl-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid (30 mg, 0.0414 mmol) copper powder (26.3 mg, 0.00415 mmol) saturated copper (II) sulfate (1.26 M, 32 μL, 0.00416 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (3 mL). After 24 h the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was taken up in dimethylformamide (0.7 mL), water (0.5 ml), methanol (0.5 mL) with 0.1 mL of trifluoroacetic acid and filtered. The solution was subjected to preparative HPLC (eluant: 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water). The fractions containing product were combined and subjected to lyophilization.

The residue was taken up in dichloromethane (5 mL) and trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL). After 40 minutes the reaction was diluted with acetonitrile (5 mL) and co-evaporated until ˜1 mL remained. The material was co-evaporated with acetonitrile two more times. The residue was taken up in methanol (0.5 mL) and water (0.5 mL). The solution was subjected to preparative HPLC HPLC (eluant: 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water). The fractions containing product were combined and subjected to lyophilization, providing (S)-4-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(1-(piperidin-4-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid bis trifluoroacetate. [M+1]=736.11. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.96 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.93 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.38 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.23 (s, 1H), 7.60-7.54 (m, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.50-7.46 (m, 1H), 7.39-7.32 (m, 1H), 7.28 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.21-7.11 (m, 2H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 5.00-4.89 (m, 1H), 4.30-4.18 (m, 3H), 3.64 (t, J=4.1 Hz, 1H), 3.60 (t, J=4.1 Hz, 1H), 3.28-3.16 (m, 1H), 2.98 (dd, J=12.8, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.57-2.48 (m, 3H), 2.48-2.35 (m, 2H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 2.08 (s, 3H).

Example 331: 5-[[5-[[3-(3-bromo-2-methyl-phenyl)-2-methyl-phenyl]methoxy]-4-chloro-2-formylphenoxy]methyl]pyridine-3-carbonitrile

The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 330, replacing tert-butyl 4-azidopiperidine-1-carboxylate with 3-(azidomethyl)pyrrolidine. [M+1]=736.1. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.10 (s, 1H), 9.03 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 9.02 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.86 (s, 1H), 8.56 (s, 2H), 8.47 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.45 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.74-7.67 (m, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 7.18-7.07 (m, 2H), 5.54 (s, 1H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.85-4.66 (m, 2H), 4.21-4.08 (m, 4H), 4.03 (s, 1H), 3.26 (s, 1H), 3.19 (m, 1H), 2.99 (s, 1H), 2.85 (d, J=15.5 Hz, 1H), 2.44-2.36 (m, 1H), 2.14 (m, 1H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 2.06 (s, 3H), 2.02-1.84 (m, 1H), 1.74 (dt, J=12.9, 8.6 Hz, 1H).

Example 332: (S)-2-(((5-chloro-6-(((S)-4-(2-chloro-4′-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-((3,5-dicyanobenzyl)oxy)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

In a glass vial, (S)-6-((4-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (172.00 mg, 0.30 mmol) was dissolved in 5.00 ml of DMF. To this solution, CsF (180.00 mg, 1.0 mmol) was added at room temperature and mixture was stirred at 60° C. LCMS showed formation of desired product after 2 hours. In the same reaction flask, 5-(bromomethyl)isophthalonitrile (140.00 mg, 0.63 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (160.00 mg, 1.0 mmol) were added at room temperature. Mixture was then stirred at 60° C. under Argon for 1 hour. Crude was diluted with DCM and washed with water. Organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. Crude was dry-loaded to a silica gel column and eluted with 0-20% DCM/EtOAc to afford (S)-5-(((6-((4-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-3-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)isophthalonitrile.

In a round flask, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl (2-hydroxyethyl)(2-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)carbamate (146.00 mg, 0.32 mmol), (S)-5-(((6-((4-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-3-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)isophthalonitrile (200.00 mg, 0.32 mmol), PdCl₂(dppf) (24.00 mg, 0.032 mmol), and K₂CO₃ (89.00 mg, 0.65 mmol) were dissolved in 10.00 ml of dioxane and 1.00 ml of water. Flask was evacuated and filled with Argon. Mixture was stirred at 85° C. overnight. Crude was diluted with EtOAc and filtrated through celite. Volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and crude was dry-loaded to a silica gel column and eluted with 0-30% EtOAc/Hex to afford 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl (S)-(2-((2′-chloro-3′-(1-((3-chloro-6-((3,5-dicyanobenzyl)oxy)-5-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)oxy)ethyl)(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamate.

In a round flask, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl (S)-(2-((2′-chloro-3′-(1-((3-chloro-6-((3,5-dicyanobenzyl)oxy)-5-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2,3-dihydro-H-inden-4-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)oxy)ethyl)(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamate (268.00 mg, 0.31 mmol) was dissolved in 5.00 ml of DMF and CsF (188.00 mg, 1.0 mmol) was added at room temperature. Mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 3 hours. LCMS showed formation of desired product. Crude was diluted with EtOAc and washed with water. Organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. Volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and crude was dry-loaded to a silica gel column and eluted with 30-100% EtOAc/Hex to afford (S)-5-(((5-chloro-6-((4-(2-chloro-4′-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-3-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)isophthalonitrile.

(S)-2-(((5-chloro-6-(((S)-4-(2-chloro-4′-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-((3,5-dicyanobenzyl)oxy)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D. [M+1]=822.25. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.22 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 8.05 (d, J=18.6 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.48-7.33 (m, 4H), 7.20 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.48 (s, 2H), 5.60 (d, J=10.3 Hz, 3H), 4.36 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 4.29 (s, 2H), 4.02 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 2H), 3.88-3.77 (m, 3H), 3.53 (t, J=4.9 Hz, 2H), 3.47 (s, 1H), 3.28-3.20 (m, 2H), 3.11 (s, 2H), 1.54 (s, 3H).

Example 333: (R)-5-(((3″-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)pentanoic acid

(R)-5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D.

In a round flask, (R)-5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (560.00 mg, 0.87 mmol), 4-bromobenzaldehyde (166.00 mg, 0.87 mmol), PdCl₂dppf (80.00 mg, 0.13 mmol), and Cs₂CO₃ (565.00 mg, 2.0 mmol) were dissolved in 15.00 ml of dioxane and 1.50 ml of water. Flask was evacuated and filled with Argon. Mixture was stirred at 85° C. overnight. Crude was diluted with EtOAc and filtrated through celite. Volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and crude was dry-loaded to a silica gel column and eluted with 0-100% EtOAc/Hex to provide (R)-5-((4-chloro-5-((4″-formyl-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

(R)-5-(((3″-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)pentanoic acid was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D. [M+1]=759.33. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 9.08-8.79 (m, 2H), 8.37 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.60-7.52 (m, 3H), 7.51-7.42 (m, 3H), 7.29 (dt, J=15.8, 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (dd, J=7.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.19-7.07 (m, 4H), 5.39 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.50 (d, J=22.4 Hz, 2H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 4.25 (s, 2H), 3.55 (td, J=34.3, 30.5, 9.9 Hz, 2H), 3.29 (s, 2H), 3.15-3.04 (m, 2H), 2.38 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.05 (d, J=35.0 Hz, 2H), 1.88 (s, 3H), 1.83-1.62 (m, 4H).

Example 334: 4-(((3″-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)butanoic acid

5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyDnicotinonitrile was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure E.

In a round bottom flask, Boc anhydride (1.0 g, 2.0 mmol) and 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (337.05 mg, 2.0 mmol) were dissolved in 10.00 ml of DCM. To this solution was added one pellet of 4-DMAP at room temperature. Mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. LCMS showed partial conversion to the desired product. An additional 337.00 mg of Boc anhydride were added at room temperature and the mixture was stirred for another 30 min. Methanol was added to the reaction mixture and volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. Crude was dry-loaded to a silica gel column and eluted with 50-100% EtOAc/Hex to afford tert-butyl (5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamate.

In a round bottom flask tert-butyl (5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yOmethoxy)benzyl)(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamate (230.00 mg, 0.31 mmol), 4-bromobenzaldehyde (56.50 mg, 0.31 mmol), PdCl₂dppf (9.00 mg, 0.013 mmol), and Cs₂CO₃ (198.00 mg, 0.6 mmol) were dissolved in 10.00 ml of dioxane and 1.00 ml of water. Flask was evacuated and filled with Argon. Mixture was stirred at 100° C. overnight. Crude was diluted with EtOAc and filtrated through celite. Volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and crude was dry-loaded to a silica gel column and eluted with 0-100% EtOAc/Hex to afford tert-butyl (5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((4″-formyl-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamate.

4-(((3″-((4-(((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)butanoic acid was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D.

In a round bottom flask, 4-(((3″-((4-(((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)butanoic acid was dissolved in 5.00 mL of DCM and 0.8 mL of TFA was added to the solution at room temperature. Mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 30 min. Volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and crude was dissolved in acetonitrile/water mixture and loaded into Gilson and purified by reverse phase chromatography (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) providing the final compound upon lyophilization as the bis-TFA salt. [M+1]=719.30. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.94 (d, J=13.9 Hz, 2H), 8.38 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.66-7.39 (m, 6H), 7.40-7.10 (m, 5H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 4.25 (d, J=13.0 Hz, 4H), 3.83-3.70 (m, 2H), 3.20-3.07 (m, 4H), 2.48 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.04-1.98 (m, 2H), 1.87 (s, 3H).

Example 335: (S)-4-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((4′-(((S)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

In a round bottom flask, 4-bromobenzaldehyde (2.0 g, 11.00 mmol), B₂Pin₂ (3.00 g, 12.00 mmol), PdCl₂(dppf) (328.00 mg, 0.5 mmol) and KOAc (3.2 g, 32.00 mmol) were dissolved in 100.00 ml of dioxane. Flask was capped, then evacuated and filled with argon. Mixture was stirred under argon over the weekend at 100° C. Crude was filtered through celite and volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. Crude was dry-loaded to a silica gel column and eluted with 0-30% EtOAc/Hex to afford 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzaldehyde.

In a round bottom flask, 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzaldehyde (2.5 g, 11.00 mmol), 2,6-dibromotoluene (2.85 g, 11.00 mmol), PdCl₂(dppf) (457.00 mg, 0.7 mmol) and Cs₂CO₃ (8.8 g, 27.00 mmol) were dissolved in 100.00 ml of dioxane and 10.00 ml of water. Flask was capped, then evacuated and filled with argon. Mixture was stirred under argon overnight at 100° C. Crude was filtered through celite and volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. Crude was dry-loaded to a silica gel column and eluted with 0-30% EtOAc/Hex to afford 3′-bromo-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carbaldehyde.

(S)-1-((3′-bromo-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)pyrrolidin-3-ol was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure E.

In a round bottom flask, (S)-1-((3′-bromo-2′-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)pyrrolidin-3-ol (445.00 mg, 1.10 mmol), 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (600.00 mg, 1.10 mmol), PdCl₂(dppf) (24.00 mg, 0.05 mmol) and Cs₂CO₃ (942.00 mg, 3.00 mmol) were dissolved in 10.00 ml of dioxane and 1.00 ml of water. Flask was capped, then evacuated and filled with argon. Mixture was stirred under argon for six hours at 100° C. Crude was filtered through celite and volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. Crude was dry-loaded to a silica gel column and eluted with 80-100% EtOAc/Hex to afford (S)-5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((4″-((3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

(S)-4-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((4″-(((S)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D. [M+1]=761.31. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.94 (dd, J=11.1, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 8.37 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (dd, J=14.2, 7.0 Hz, 4H), 7.37-7.09 (m, 5H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 4.76-4.30 (m, 4H), 4.23 (s, 3H), 3.76-3.30 (m, 2H), 3.20 (dd, J=12.7, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 2.97 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.65 (s, OH), 2.51 (dd, J=6.2, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.89 (s, 3H).

Example 336: (S)-2-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((4′-(((S)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to Example 335. [M+1]=761.31. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 9.07-8.93 (m, 1H), 8.96-8.85 (m, 1H), 8.42 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.63-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.49-7.45 (m, 3H), 7.35-7.19 (m, 3H), 7.13 (ddd, J=11.3, 7.6, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.49 (dd, J=45.7, 26.2 Hz, 3H), 4.28 (s, 2H), 4.01 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.77-3.42 (m, 2H), 3.40-3.32 (m, 2H), 2.65 (s, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.88 (s, 3H), 1.53 (s, 3H).

Example 337: (S)-4-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((3′-(4-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)quinazolin-6-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

In a glass vial, dissolve 6-bromo-4-chloroquinazoline (100 mg, 0.41 mmol) in 3.00 ml of ethanolamine at room temperature. Vial was capped and solution was stirred at 110° C. overnight. LCMS showed formation of the desired product. Crude was diluted with EtOAc and washed with water. Organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to afford 2-((6-bromoquinazolin-4-yl)amino)ethan-1-ol, which was taken to the next step without further purification.

In a round bottom flask, 2-((6-bromoquinazolin-4-yl)amino)ethan-1-ol (110.00 mg, 0.41 mmol) was dissolved in 5.00 ml of DCM. To this solution was added Boc anhydride (223.8 mg, 1.0 mmol) and triethylamine (166.00 mg, 2.0 mmol) at room temperature. Flask was capped and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. LCMS showed conversion of the desired product. Volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl (6-bromoquinazolin-4-yl)(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamate.

In a round bottom flask, tert-butyl (6-bromoquinazolin-4-yl)(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamate (80.00 mg, 0.22 mmol), 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (80.00 mg, 0.13 mmol), PdCl₂(dppf) (5.00 mg, 0.008 mmol) and Cs₂CO₃ (96.00 mg, 0.29 mmol) were dissolved in 10.00 ml of dioxane and 1.00 ml of water. Flask was capped, then evacuated and filled with argon. Mixture was stirred under argon overnight at 100° C. Crude was filtered through celite and volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. Crude was dry-loaded to a silica gel column and eluted with 80-100% EtOAc/Hex to afford (tert-butyl (6-(3″-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-formylphenoxy)methyl)-2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-yl)quinazolin-4-yl)(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamate.

(S)-4-((4-((3′-(4-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)quinazolin-6-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D.

In a round bottom flask, (S)-4-((4-((3′-(4-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)quinazolin-6-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was dissolved in 5.00 mL of DCM and 0.8 ml of TFA were added to the solution at room temperature. Mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 30 min. Volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and crude was dissolved in acetonitrile/water mixture and loaded into Gilson and purified by reverse phase chromatography (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) providing the final compound upon lyophilization as the bis-TFA salt. [M+1]=773.29. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 9.00-8.88 (m, 2H), 8.77 (s, 1H), 8.39 (d, J=14.6 Hz, 2H), 8.07 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=14.0 Hz, 2H), 7.41-7.14 (m, 5H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.29-4.15 (m, 3H), 3.97 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 2H), 3.86 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 3.23-3.09 (m, 1H), 3.03-2.91 (m, 1H), 2.56-2.46 (m, 2H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 1.94 (s, 3H).

Example 338: (1R,3S)-3-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((4″-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)cyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid

(1R,3S)-3-((4-((4″-(2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)cyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure E.

In a round bottom flask, (1R,3S)-3-((4-((4″-(2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)cyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid was dissolved in 5.00 mL of DCM and 0.8 ml of TFA were added to the solution at room temperature. Mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 30 min. Volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and crude was dissolved in acetonitrile/water mixture and loaded into Gilson and purified by reverse phase chromatography (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) providing the title compound upon lyophilization as the bis-TFA salt. [M+1]=775.33. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.95 (dd, J=12.8, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.37 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.33-7.21 (m, 4H), 7.16 (ddd, J=17.9, 7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.12-7.03 (m, 4H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 4.40-4.32 (m, 2H), 4.19 (s, 2H), 3.91-3.81 (m, 2H), 3.68 (p, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.53 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.28-3.19 (m, 2H), 2.91 (p, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 2.29 (dt, J=14.8, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 2.14 (s, 4H), 2.02-1.84 (m, 6H), 1.72 (dq, J=14.6, 7.7 Hz, 1H).

Example 339: (S)-4-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((2,2′-dimethyl-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

In a round bottom flask, tert-butyl 4-(4-bromophenyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate (69.00 mg, 0.20 mmol), 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (117.00 mg, 0.19 mmol), PdCl₂(dppf) (5.00 mg, 0.008 mmol) and Cs₂CO₃ (125.00 mg, 0.38 mmol) were dissolved in 10.00 ml of dioxane and 1.00 ml of water. Flask was capped, then evacuated and filled with argon. Mixture was stirred under argon overnight at 100° C. Crude was filtered through celite and volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. Crude was dry-loaded to a silica gel column and eluted with 50-100% EtOAc/Hex to tert-butyl 4-(3″-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-formylphenoxy)methyl)-2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-yl)piperazine-1-carboxylate.

(S)-4-((4-((4″-(4-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure E.

In a round bottom flask, (S)-4-((4-((4″-(4-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was dissolved in 5.00 ml of DCM and 0.8 ml of TFA were added to the solution at room temperature. Mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 30 min. Volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and crude was dissolved in acetonitrile/water mixture and loaded into Gilson and purified by reverse phase chromatography (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) providing the title compound upon lyophilization as the bis-TFA salt. [M+1]=746.31. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.94 (dd, J=12.2, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.38 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.36-7.00 (m, 10H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 4.23 (s, 3H), 3.50-3.37 (m, 8H), 3.19 (dd, J=12.7, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 2.97 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.51 (dd, J=6.3, 1.0 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.88 (s, 3H).

Example 340: (S)-2-(((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-6-((2,2′-dichloro-4′-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

Step 1: To a mixture of (2-chloro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)methanol (2.5 g, 9.3 mmol), 1,3-dibromo-2-chlorobenzene (3.775 g, 14.0 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂CH₂Cl₂ (760 mg, 0.93 mmol) and potassium carbonate (2.57 g, 18.62 mmol) under N₂ was added a mixture of solvents (30 mL dioxane and 7.5 mL water) and heated to 85° C. for 2 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was concentrated and diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and water. The organic layer was separated, dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (eluting with 5% to 40% EtOAc-Hex) to give (3′-bromo-2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methanol.

Step 2: To (3′-bromo-2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methanol (2.90 g, 8.73 mmol) in DMF (25 mL) at 0° C. was added NaH (60%, 420 mg). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. 6-Chloro-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (2.25 g, 8.73 mmol) was added into the mixture in one portion, and the mixture was stirred at rt for 12 h. Then the mixture was treated with aq. NH₄Cl (45 mL), extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×50 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (3×50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-30% EtOAc/hex) to yield 6-((3′-bromo-2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde.

Step 3: To 6-((3′-bromo-2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (2.35 g, 4.25 mmol) in a mixture of acetonitrile (10 mL) and chloroform (10 mL) was added CMBG (980 mg, 5 mmol) at 0° C. Then, 4N HCl in dioxane (1.17 mL) was added dropwise in 15 min. The reaction mixture was warmed to rt and stirred for 30 min. Then the mixture was treated with aq. NaHCO₃ (30 mL), extracted with DCM (3×30 mL), washed with water (10 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-15% EtOAc/hex) to yield 6-((3′-bromo-2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde.

Step 4: To 6-((3′-bromo-2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (954 mg, 1.62 mmol) in DMF (8 mL) was added CsF (986 mg, 6 mmol). The mixture was heated to 60° C. for 30 min. 5-(Chloromethyl)nicotinonitrile (371 mg, 2 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at 60° C. for additional 90 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt, filtered over celite, and concentrated in vacuum, extracted with DCM, washed with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-70% EtOAc/hex) to yield 5-(((6-((3′-bromo-2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-3-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

Step 5: To a mixture of 5-(((6-((3′-bromo-2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-3-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (217 mg, 0.36 mmol), 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl (2-hydroxyethyl)(2-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)carbamate (243 mg, 0.54 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂CH₂Cl₂ (14 mg, 0.018 mmol) and sodium carbonate (152 mg, 1 mmol) under N2 was added a mixture of solvents (2 mL dioxane and 0.2 mL water) and heated to 90° C. for 12 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt, filtered over celite, concentrated in vacuum. CH₂Cl₂ and water were added. The aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was dried and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography with 0-70% EtOAc in hexanes to give 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl (2-((2′,2″-dichloro-3″-(((3-chloro-6-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-5-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-yl)oxy)ethyl)(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamate.

Step 6: To 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl (2-((2′,2″-dichloro-3″-(((3-chloro-6-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-5-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-yl)oxy)ethyl)(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamate (300 mg, 0.35 mmol) in DMF (8 mL) was added CsF (215 mg, 1 mmol). The mixture was heated to 60° C. for 90 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt, treated with water, extracted with DCM. The organic phase was washed with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The residue was used for next reaction directly.

Step 7: To a mixture of (S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid (115 mg, 0.96 mmol) and 5-(((5-chloro-6-((2,2′-dichloro-4″-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-3-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (85 mg, 0.12 mmol) in DMSO (2.5 mL) was added DIPEA (125 mg, 168 μL, 0.97 mmol). The mixture was heated to 60° C. for 15 min. Then sodium triacetoxyborohydride was added, and the mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 60 min. The mixture was diluted with Acetonitrile and water, filtered and purified by Gilson prepared HPLC (30-85% B in 20 min) to afford (S)-2-(((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-6-((2,2′-dichloro-4″-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.91 (s, 1H), 8.84 (s, 1H), 8.29 (s, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.57 (m, 1H), 7.47-7.33 (m, 5H), 7.32-7.16 (m, 2H), 7.09 (m, 2H), 5.73-5.38 (m, 4H), 4.43 (m, 1H), 4.36 (m, 2H), 4.27 (s, 2H), 4.04 (m, 1H), 3.96-3.79 (m, 5H), 3.61-3.34 (m, 4H), 3.26 (m, 2H), 1.56 (s, 3H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₄₀H₃₈Cl₃NSO₇: 806.2; found: 808.0.

Example 341: (S)-4-((4-((4″-(2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethoxy)-2′-chloro-2-methyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

Step 1: To a mixture of 1,3-dibromo-2-chlorobenzene (1.47 g, 5.45 mmol), 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenol (800 mg, 3.64 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂CH₂Cl₂ (297 mg, 0.36 mmol) and potassium carbonate (1.005 g, 7.27 mmol) under N2 was added a mixture of solvents (12 mL and 3 mL water) and heated to 85° C. for 2 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and water. The organic layer was separated, dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (eluting with 5% to 40% EtOAc-Hex) to give 3′-bromo-2′-chloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-ol.

Step 2: Powdered potassium carbonate (1250 mg, 9.05 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 3′-bromo-2′-chloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-ol (1026 mg, 3.6 mmol) and bromoacetaldehyde diethyl acetal (1.13 mL, 7.24 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (10 mL). The resultant mixture is stirred at 95° C. under nitrogen overnight. The mixture was cooled to ambient temperature; then water and CH₂Cl₂ are added to the mixture. The organic layer is separated, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The oil is chromatographed on silica (gradient 5-20 percent EtOAc in hexanes) to give 3-bromo-2-chloro-4′-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-1,1′-biphenyl.

Step 3: A mixture of 3-bromo-2-chloro-4′-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-1,1′-biphenyl (285 mg, 0.71 mmol), 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (370 mg, 0.71 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (103 mg, 0.089 mmol) and sodium bicarbonate (197 mg, 1.42 mmol) under N₂ was added a mixture of solvents (8 mL DMF and 2 mL water) and heated to 85° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuum, CH₂Cl₂ and water were added. The aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was dried and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography with 0-70% EtOAc in hexanes to give 5-((4-chloro-5-((2′-chloro-4″-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-methyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

Step 4: 5-((4-chloro-5-((2′-chloro-4″-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2-methyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (55 mg, 0.077 mmol) was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL), 0.2 ml (conc, aq) HCl was added to the clear solution. The mixture was left stirring at RT overnight. Sat. NaHCO₃ and EtOAc were added to the mixture. The organic layer was concentrated in vacuum. The crude residue was used in the next step.

Step 5: Fine powder of KOH (34 mg, 0.61 mmol), (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid (73 mg, 0.61 mmol) were taken into a small round bottle flask, added ethanol (3 mL), flushed with N₂, sonicated to give a clear solution. To the solution was added solution of 5-((4-chloro-5-((2′-chloro-2-methyl-4″-(2-oxoethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (49 mg, 0.061 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) at once. The mixture is stirred at RT for 30 min. To this was added NaBH(OAc)₃ (130 mg, 0.61 mmol) at once followed by 3 drops of AcOH. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 3 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (2-3 mL), added 2N HCl solution to pH 4, concentrated to small volume, filtered, purified by Gilson prepared HPLC (30-90% B in 20 min) to afford (S)-4-((4-((4″-(2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethoxy)-2′-chloro-2-methyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.93 (m, 2H), 8.36 (m, 1H), 7.53-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.45-7.38 (m, 3H), 7.36 (m, 1H), 7.31-7.19 (m, 2H), 7.16 (m, 1H), 7.13-7.05 (m, 2H), 7.04 (s, 1H), 5.33 (m, 4H), 4.35 (m, 3H), 4.29-4.15 (m, 3H), 3.61-3.49 (m, 2H), 3.41-3.31 (m, 1H), 3.24-3.07 (m, 2H), 2.97 (m, 1H), 2.58 (d, 2H), 2.51 (m, 2H), 2.18 (s, 3H). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₄₄H₄₄Cl₂N₄O₉: 843.3; found: 843.2.

Example 342: (S)-2-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-((R)-pyrrolidin-3-yl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid and (S)-2-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((2,2′-dimethyl-4-((S)-pyrrolidin-3-yl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic

5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (60 mg, 0.099 mmol), 3-(4-bromophenyl)pyrrolidine hydrochloride (32 mg, 0.12 mmol), potassium carbonate (41 mg, 0.30 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (11 mg, 0.010 mmol) were combined in a reaction vessel. Dioxane (2.0 mL) and water (0.40 mL) were injected and the resulting suspension was sparged with argon (via a balloon filled with argon) for 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 5 h. Analysis by tlc/LCMS indicated consumption of the boronate starting material and formation of the desired product. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt, and quenched by the addition of sat aq NH₄Cl and EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered then concentrated in vacuo. The desired product, 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (62 mg, [M+1]=628.97) was carried forward with no further purification.

A solution of 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (25 mg, 0.040 mmol) was treated using general reductive amination procedure G. Purification by prep RP-HPLC (10-90% acetonitrile in water, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) furnished (S)-2-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-((R)-pyrrolidin-3-yl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid and (S)-2-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-((S)-pyrrolidin-3-yl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic as a mixture of epimers as the bis-TFA salts. LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₄₃H₄₃ClN₄O₅: 731.30; found: 731.71. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.98 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.91 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.45-8.38 (m, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.44-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.38-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.33-7.24 (m, 3H), 7.22-7.18 (m, 1H), 7.14 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.12-7.07 (m, 2H), 5.36 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.27 (s, 2H), 3.99 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.82-3.70 (m, 2H), 3.67-3.51 (m, 2H), 3.46-3.33 (m, 1H), 3.25 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 3.04 (s, 1H), 2.57-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.23-2.15 (m, 1H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.87 (s, 3H), 1.51 (s, 3H).

Example 343: (S)-2-((4-((3′-((R)-2-amino-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid and (S)-2-((4-((3′-((S)-2-amino-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

(S)-2-((4-((3′-((R)-2-amino-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid and (S)-2-((4-((3′-((S)-2-amino-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid were prepared as an epmieric mixture of bis-TFA salts by a sequence identical to the route used to prepare Example 342 except 5-bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-amine hydrochloride was used instead of 3-(4-bromophenyl)pyrrolidine hydrochloride, and the intermediate was purified by SiO₂ chromatography (0-10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) prior to reductive amination (via Procedure G). LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₄₂H₄₁ClN₄O₅: 717.28; found: 717.78. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.06-8.96 (m, 2H), 8.87 (s, 2H), 8.48 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (m, 2H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.50-7.44 (m, 1H), 7.37-7.24 (m, 4H), 7.16 (dt, J=9.9, 7.3 Hz, 4H), 7.07 (dd, J=7.4, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.76 (s, 1H), 5.38-5.26 (m, 4H), 4.23-3.98 (m, 3H), 3.79 (d, J=11.8 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (d, J=11.8 Hz, 1H), 2.96 (d, J=16.4 Hz, 2H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.84 (s, 3H), 1.33 (s, 3H).

Example 344: (S)-1-(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((4″-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)piperidine-2-carboxylic acid

The title compound was prepared according to general reductive amination procedure H with one modification—DMF was used as the only solvent. LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₄₅H₄₇ClN₄O₆: 775.33; found: 775.90. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.94 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.92 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.38 (q, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.46 (dd, J=7.8, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.32-7.24 (m, 4H), 7.21-7.12 (m, 2H), 7.11-7.05 (m, 4H), 5.35 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.51-4.40 (m, 1H), 4.35 (dd, J=6.8, 3.3 Hz, 3H), 3.98-3.76 (m, 3H), 3.53 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.39 (s, 1H), 3.28-3.21 (m, 2H), 3.08-2.88 (m, 1H), 2.35-2.17 (m, 1H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 1.90-1.49 (m, 9H).

Example 345: (R)-1-(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((4″-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid

The title compound was prepared according to general reductive amination procedure G. LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₄₄H₄₅ClN₄O₆: 761.31; found: 761.68. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.96 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.93 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.37 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.46 (dd, J=7.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.23 (m, 4H), 7.17 (ddd, J=15.3, 7.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.12-7.00 (m, 4H), 5.39 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.40 (s, 2H), 4.38-4.30 (m, 2H), 3.94-3.81 (m, 2H), 3.80-3.20 (m, 9H), 2.55-2.25 (m, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.87 (s, 3H).

Example 346: (S)-4-(((6-((3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)carbamoyl)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

Step 1: To a solution of 5-(methoxycarbonyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (500 mg, 2.76 mmol), O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU reagent, 1.36 g, 3.59 mmol) in DMF (6.0 mL) was added N,N-diisopropyethylamine (1.44 mL, 8.28 mmol). After 10 min, 2-amino-6-bromotoluene (0.410 mL, 3.31 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was maintained at rt overnight, and then quenched by the addition of sat aq NH₄Cl and EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with 10% aq LiCl, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered then concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by SiO₂ chromatography (eluting with 0-100% EtOAc/hex) to afford methyl 6-((3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)carbamoyl)nicotinate ([M+1]=319.19, 351.20).

Step 2: To a solution of methyl 6-((3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)carbamoyl)nicotinate (450 mg, 1.29 mmol) in thf (13 mL) was added 2 M Lithium borohydride (1.61 mL) then methanol (0.130 mL, 3.22 mmol, note: evolution of gas during addition, so adequate ventilation of the reaction vessel is required). Analysis by tlc indicated consumption of the starting material. The reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of sat aq NaHCO₃ and EtOAc, and the mixture was stirred for 10 min. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered then concentrated in vacuo. The resultant alcohol intermediate was dissolved in dichloromethane (26 mL), cooled in an ice-water bath then Dess-Martin periodinane (820 mg, 1.93 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred in the bath for 3 h (allowing the mixture to slowly to warm to rt). Analysis by tlc/LCMS indicated consumption of the alcohol intermediate and formation of the desired product. The reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of 10% aq sodium thiosulfate and EtOAc and the mixture was stirred for 10 min. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered then concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by SiO₂ chromatography (0-100% EtOAc/hex) to afford N-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)-5-formylpicolinamide ([M+1]=319.28, 321.24).

Step 3: N-(3-Bromo-2-methylphenyl)-5-formylpicolinamide (48 mg, 0.15 mmol), 5-[[4-chloro-2-formyl-5-[[2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]methoxy]phenoxy]methyl]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (60 mg, 0.12 mmol), potassium carbonate (56 mg, 0.41 mmol) and XPhos Palladacycle precatalyst (18 mg, 24 umol) were combined in a reaction vessel. Dioxane (1.0 mL) and water (0.20 mL) were injected and the resulting suspension was sparged with argon (via a balloon filled with argon) for 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at 95° C. for 10 h. Analysis by tlc/LCMS indicated consumption of the boronate starting material and formation of the desired product. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt, and quenched by the addition of sat aq NH₄Cl and EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered then concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by SiO₂ chromatography (eluting with 0-100% EtOAc/hex) to afford N-(3′-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-formylphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-5-formylpicolinamide ([M+1]=631.41).

Step 4: (S)-4-(((6-((3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)carbamoyl)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid (30 mg, 46%) was prepared as the bis-TFA salt by reductive amination (general procedure G) of N-(3′-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-formylphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-5-formylpicolinamide (39 mg, 0.062 mmol) and (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₄₄H₄₅ClN₆O₉: 837.30; found: 837.49. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.96 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.93 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.82 (dd, J=2.2, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 8.38 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (dd, J=8.1, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.18 (dd, J=8.1, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (dd, J=8.0, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.48 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 7.04 (dd, J=7.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.43 (s, 2H), 4.33 (dtd, J=9.4, 6.3, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 3.20 (dd, J=12.8, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.11 (dd, J=12.6, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 3.05-2.92 (m, 1H), 2.57 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (dd, J=6.3, 0.9 Hz, 2H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 3H).

Example 347: (S)-4-((4-((3′-(1-(2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethyl)-3-methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

(S)-4-((4-((3′-(1-(2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethyl)-3-methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was prepared as the bis-TFA salt by a sequence identical to the route used to prepare Example 209 starting with 5-bromo-3-methyl-1H-indazole instead of 5-bromo-1H-indazole. LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₄₇H₅₀ClN₆O₈: 861.34; found: 861.37. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.95 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.92 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.37 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.75-7.63 (m, 1H), 7.64-7.55 (m, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.49-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.37-7.21 (m, 3H), 7.21-7.15 (m, 1H), 7.11 (dd, J=7.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.78-4.59 (m, 2H), 4.31 (dtd, J=9.6, 6.5, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 4.26-4.16 (m, 3H), 3.64 (tq, J=12.9, 6.6, 5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.38-3.31 (m, 1H), 3.25-3.07 (m, 2H), 2.97 (dd, J=12.8, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 2.56 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (dd, J=6.3, 1.1 Hz, 2H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 1.88 (s, 3H).

Example 348: (S)-4-((4-((3′-(3-(2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethyl)benzofuran-6-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

Step 1: To a solution of 2-(6-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-3-yl) acetic acid (2.00 g, 10.4 mmol) in methanol (11.0 mL) was added cone sulfuric acid (1.2 m). The reaction mixture was stirred at 60 Cream overnight. Analysis by tlc/LCMS indicated consumption of the starting material and formation of the amine product ([M+1]=207.09). The reaction mixture was cooled to rt, then carefully quenched by the addition of 1N NaOH (to pH˜6-7) and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered then concentrated in vacuo to afford methyl 2-(6-hydroxybenzofuran-3-yl)acetate (2.15 g, quant), which was immediately processed in the subsequent step.

Step 2: To a solution of methyl 2-(6-hydroxybenzofuran-3-yl)acetate (2.15 g, 10.4 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (4.53 mL, 26.0 mmol) in dichloromethane (25 mL) cooled in an ice-water bath was slowly added trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (2.01 mL, 12.0 mmol) as a steady stream down the side of the reaction vessel. The reaction mixture was maintained in the bath for 1 h, and then quenched by the addition of sat aq NaHCO₃ and EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered then concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by SiO₂ chromatography (eluting with 0-50% EtOAc/hex) to afford the desired product methyl 2-(6-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)benzofuran-3-yl)acetate ([M+1]=339.50).

Step 3: Methyl 2-(6-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)benzofuran-3-yl)acetate (500 mg, 1.48 mmol), 2 (3-Bromo-2-methylphenyl)boronic acid (3.18 g, 1.48 mmol), potassium carbonate (613 mg, 4.44 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (128 mg, 0.111 mmol) were combined in a reaction vessel. Dioxane (10.0 mL) and water (2.00 mL) were added and the resulting suspension was sparged with argon (via a balloon filled with argon) for 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 5 h. Analysis by tlc/LCMS indicated consumption of the starting materials. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt, and quenched by the addition of sat aq NH₄Cl and EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered then concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by SiO₂ chromatography (0-100% EtOAc/hex) to afford methyl 2-(6-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)benzofuran-3-yl)acetate.

Step 4: To a solution of methyl 2-(6-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)benzofuran-3-yl)acetate (350 mg, 0.974 mmol) in thf (10.0 mL) and dichloromethane (10.0 mL) was added 2 M Lithium borohydride (1.46 mL) then methanol (0.118 mL, 2.92 mmol, note: evolution of gas during addition, so adequate ventilation of the reaction vessel is required). Analysis by tlc indicated consumption of the starting material. The reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of sat aq NaHCO₃ and EtOAc, and the mixture was stirred for 10 min. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered then concentrated in vacuo to afford the desired product 2-(6-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)benzofuran-3-yl)ethanol, which was processed in the subsequent step immediately.

Step 5: 2-(6-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)benzofuran-3-yl)ethanol (58 mg, 0.17 mmol), 5-[[4-chloro-2-formyl-5-[[2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]methoxy]phenoxy]methyl]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (60 mg, 0.12 mmol), potassium carbonate (56 mg, 0.41 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (21 mg, 0.017 mmol) were combined in a reaction vessel. Dioxane (0.80 mL) and water (0.20 mL) were added and the resulting suspension was sparged with argon (via a balloon filled with argon) for 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 5 h. Analysis by tlc/LCMS indicated consumption of the starting materials. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt, and quenched by the addition of sat aq NH₄Cl and EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered then concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture (110 mg crude, [M+1]=643.35) was dissolved in dihclromethane (2.0 mL) and cooled in an ice-water bath. Dess-Martin periodinane (59 mg, 0.14 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture, and the mixture was stirred overnight with warming to rt. Analysis by tlc/LCMS indicated consumption of the starting material. The reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of 10% aq sodium thiosulfate and EtOAc and the mixture was stirred for 10 min. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered then concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by SiO₂ chromatography (0-100% EtOAc/hex) to afford 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(3-(2-oxoethyl)benzofuran-6-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile ([M+1]=641.39).

Step 6: (S)-4-((4-((3′-(3-(2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethyl)benzofuran-6-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was prepared as the bis-TFA salt by reductive amination (general procedure G) of 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(3-(2-oxoethyl)benzofuran-6-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile and (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₄₇H₄₇ClN₄O₉: 847.31; found: 847.37. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.95 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.93 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.42-8.31 (m, 1H), 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.71 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.49-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.36-7.23 (m, 4H), 7.21-7.14 (m, 1H), 7.11 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.41-4.22 (m, 1H), 4.22 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 3H), 3.51-3.38 (m, 3H), 3.24-3.05 (m, 6H), 3.03-2.93 (m, 1H), 2.57 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (dd, J=6.3, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 1.90 (s, 3H).

Example 349: (S)-4-((4-((4″-((2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethyl)carbamoyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

Step 1: To a solution of 5-Bromo-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (1.00 g, 4.95 mmol), O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU reagent, 2.35 g, 6.19 mmol) and N,N-diisopropyethylamine (1.73 mL, 9.90 mmol) in DMF (10.0 mL) was added 2,2-dimethoxyethylamine (0.810 mL, 7.43 mmol). The reaction mixture was maintained at rt overnight, and then quenched by the addition of sat aq NH₄Cl and EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with 10% aq LiCl, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered then concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by SiO₂ chromatography (eluting with 0-100% EtOAc/hex) to afford 5-bromo-N-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)picolinamide.

Step 2: 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (100 mg, 0.16 mmol), 4-bromo-N-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)benzamide (57 mg, 0.20 mmol), potassium carbonate (68 mg, 0.49 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (9.5 mg, 8.0 umol) were combined in a reaction vessel. Dioxane (2.0 mL) and water (0.40 mL) were injected and the resulting suspension was sparged with argon (via a balloon filled with argon) for 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 3 h. Analysis by tlc/LCMS indicated consumption of the boronate starting material and formation of the desired product. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt, and quenched by the addition of sat aq NH₄Cl and EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered then concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by SiO₂ chromatography (eluting with 0-100% EtOAc/hex) to afford, 5-(3′-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-formylphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-N-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)picolinamide ([M+1]=691.22).

Step 3: To a solution of 5-(3′-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-formylphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-N-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)picolinamide (60 mg, 0.087 mmol) in THF (1.0 mL) was added (0.50 mL) of 4N HCl then 20 drops of conc. HCl. The mixture was stirred at rt overnight. Analysis by LCMS indicated formation of the desired product. The reaction mixture was poured into a mixture of brine and EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered then concentrated in vacuo. 5-(3′-((2-Chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-formylphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-N-(2-oxoethyl)picolinamide ([M+1]=645.42) was processed in the next step immediately.

Step 4: ((S)-4-((4-((4″-((2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethyl)carbamoyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid (13 mg, 16%) was prepared as the bis-TFA salt by reductive amination (general procedure G) of 5-(3′-((2-Chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-formylphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-N-(2-oxoethyl)picolinamide and (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₄₅H₄₈ClN₆O₉: 851.32; found: 851.41. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.96 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.93 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.66 (dd, J=2.3, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 8.38 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.20 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (dd, J=8.0, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (dd, J=7.6, 4.2 Hz, 2H), 7.24-7.17 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.13 (m, 1H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 4.39-4.13 (m, 4H), 3.79 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.20 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.10 (dd, J=12.5, 9.7 Hz, 1H), 3.03-2.91 (m, 1H), 2.56 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.53-2.48 (m, 2H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.91 (s, 3H).

Example 350: (S)-4-((4-((3′-(5-((2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethoxy)methyl)thiazol-2-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

Step 1: (3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)boronic acid (350 mg, 1.63 mmol), methyl 2-bromothiazole-5-carboxylate (470 mg, 2.12 mmol), potassium carbonate (788 mg, 5.70 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (113 mg, 98.0 umol) were combined in a reaction vessel. Dioxane (12.0 mL) and water (3.00 mL) were added and the resulting suspension was sparged with argon (via a balloon filled with argon) for 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at 95° C. for 7 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt, and quenched by the addition of sat aq NH₄Cl and EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered then concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by SiO₂ chromatography (eluting with 0-100% EtOAc/hex) to afford methyl 2-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)thiazole-5-carboxylate.

Step 2: To a solution of to methyl 2-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)thiazole-5-carboxylate (250 mg, 0.801 mmol) in thf (7.00 mL) was added 2 M Lithium borohydride (1.20 mL) then methanol (0.097 mL, 2.40 mmol, note: evolution of gas during addition, so adequate ventilation of the reaction vessel is required). Analysis by tlc indicated consumption of the starting material. The reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of sat aq NaHCO₃ and EtOAc, and the mixture was stirred for 10 min. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered then concentrated in vacuo to afford (2-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)thiazol-5-yl)methanol ([M+1]=284.35, 286.22).

Step 3: To a solution of (2-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)thiazol-5-yl)methanol (100 mg, 0.35 mmol) in DMF (2.0 mL) cooled in an ice-water bath was sodium hydride (60 wt %, 16 mg, 0.42 mmol) then bromoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (0.21 mL, 1.8 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir in the bath overnight (with slow warming to rt). The reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of sat aq NH₄Cl and EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (over Na₂SO₄), filtered then concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by SiO₂ chromatography (eluting with 0-100% EtOAc/hex) to afford 2-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)-5-((2,2-dimethoxyethoxy)methyl)thiazole ([M+1]=372.48, 374.23).

Step 4: (S)-4-((4-((3′-(5-((2-(((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethoxy)methyl)thiazol-2-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was prepared as the bis-TFA salt by a sequence identical to the route used to prepare Example 209 starting with 2-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)-5-((2,2-dimethoxyethoxy)methyl)thiazole instead of 5-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)-1-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-1H-indazole. LCMS-ESI⁺ (m/z): [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₄₃H₄₆ClN₅O₉S: 844.28; found: 844.14. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.96 (s, 1H), 8.93 (s, 1H), 8.38 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.56-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.38 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.33-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.14 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.89 (s, 2H), 4.33-4.09 (m, 3H), 3.83 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 2H), 3.28-3.15 (m, 3H), 3.09-2.92 (m, 2H), 2.54 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.52 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.16-2.07 (m, 6H).

Example 351: (S)-4-(((5-chloro-6-((2,2′-dichloro-4″-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((3,5-dicyanobenzyl)oxy)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D. [M+1]=833.01. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.15-8.07 (m, 3H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.56-7.49 (m, 1H), 7.48-7.36 (m, 5H), 7.27 (ddd, J=23.0, 7.4, 1.9 Hz, 2H), 7.14-7.06 (m, 2H), 5.63-5.49 (m, 2H), 5.49 (s, 2H), 4.88 (s, 5H), 4.40-4.33 (m, 2H), 4.26 (s, 3H), 3.90-3.82 (m, 2H), 3.58-3.50 (m, 2H), 3.30-3.21 (m, 3H), 3.04 (dd, J=12.8, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.55 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H).

Example 352: (S)-2-(((5-chloro-6-((2,2′-dichloro-4″-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((3,5-dicyanobenzyl)oxy)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D. [M+1]=833.01. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.10 (dd, J=7.7, 1.5 Hz, 3H), 7.84 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.51-7.31 (m, 6H), 7.24 (ddd, J=17.7, 7.3, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 7.13-7.06 (m, 2H), 6.64 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.54 (d, J=13.8 Hz, 1H), 5.47 (s, 3H), 4.40-4.32 (m, 2H), 4.29 (s, 2H), 4.05 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.89-3.79 (m, 3H), 3.54 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.30-3.22 (m, 2H), 1.57 (s, 3H), 1.30 (d, J=16.3 Hz, 2H).

Example 353: (S)-4-((4-((4″-((S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

To a solution of (R)-4-Hydroxymethyl-2,2-dimethyl-oxazolidine-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.66 g, 2.86 mmol) and DMF was added NaH (14 mg, 2 equiv.). After 5 min., 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene 99% (0.31 ml, 2.86 mmol) was added. The mixture was then warmed to 80 C. After 16 h, the flask was cooled and to it added water and extracted with EtAOc. The organic layers are washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Flash column chromatography was carried out using Hexanes EtOAc to isolate tert-butyl (R)-4-((4-bromophenoxy)methyl)-2,2-dimethyloxazolidine-3-carboxylate. [M+1]=387.3.

Tert-butyl (R)-4-(((3″-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-formylphenoxy)methyl)-2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-ypoxy)methyl)-2,2-dimethyloxazolidine-3-carboxylate was prepared analogous to Intermediate 23. [M+1]=789.40.

(S)-4-((4-((4″-((S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzypamino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D after which the mixture was worked up (EtOAc and water, extracted, dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure) before being treated with TFA and DCM. [M+1]=751.01. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.94 (dd, J=11.3, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.37 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=24.9 Hz, 2H), 7.33-7.22 (m, 4H), 7.22-7.11 (m, 2H), 7.12-7.04 (m, 3H), 5.34 (d, J=25.9 Hz, 4H), 4.88-4.79 (m, 1H), 4.30 (dd, J=10.4, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (s, 3H), 4.25-4.17 (m, 1H), 3.95-3.78 (m, 2H), 3.67 (s, 1H), 3.20 (dd, J=12.7, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 2.98 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.52 (dd, J=6.2, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.88 (s, 3H).

Example 354: (S)-4-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((4″-(((S)-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidin-3-yl)oxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

(S)-4-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((4″-(((S)-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidin-3-yl)oxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was prepared in analogy to Example 353. [M+1]=805.37. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.94 (dd, J=11.5, 2.1 Hz, 3H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 7.55-7.39 (m, 4H), 7.38-6.91 (m, 17H), 5.34 (d, J=24.9 Hz, 7H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 4.24 (s, 4H), 4.04-3.76 (m, 5H), 3.66-3.34 (m, 1H), 3.20 (dd, J=12.7, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 3.06-2.90 (m, 4H), 2.86 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 2H), 2.52 (dd, J=6.3, 1.2 Hz, 4H), 2.14 (s, 5H), 1.89 (s, 6H).

Example 355: (S)-4-((5-chloro-4-((3′-((2-chloro-5-methoxy-4-(((2-(methylsulfonamido)-2-oxoethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was prepared according to reductive amination procedure D. [M+1]=920.32. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.94 (dd, J=14.9, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.38 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.60-7.38 (m, 4H), 7.27 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (ddd, J=7.7, 2.9, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (s, 1H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 5.31 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 2H), 4.32-4.15 (m, 2H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.87 (s, H), 3.26 (s, 2H), 2.99 (s, 2H), 2.86 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 1H), 2.08 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 6H).

Example 356: (4-((3′-((4-(((carboxymethyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)glycine

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D. [M+1]=833.27. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.95 (dd, J=16.9, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.40 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.55-7.44 (m, 3H), 7.28 (q, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.13 (ddd, J=7.7, 4.7, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 5.41-5.30 (m, 5H), 4.27 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 3H), 4.04 (s, 3H), 3.87 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 3H), 2.07 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 5H).

Example 357: (S)-4-((4-((3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-methoxyphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D. [M+1]=819.18. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.51 (dt, J=7.7, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (s, 1H), 7.29 (td, J=7.7, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (ddd, J=7.7, 2.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (s, 2H), 5.40-5.27 (m, 3H), 4.29 (tdd, J=9.5, 6.4, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (s, 1H), 4.17 (s, 1H), 4.04 (s, 2H), 3.96 (s, 2H), 3.19 (ddd, J=12.7, 8.3, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 2.98 (ddd, J=12.8, 9.8, 8.7 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (dd, J=6.3, 3.3 Hz, 3H), 2.20-2.03 (m, 3H).

Example 358: (S)-2-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((2,2′-dimethyl-3″-((methylamino)methyl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D. [M+1]=705.4. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.98 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.91 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.59-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.51-7.38 (m, 4H), 7.34-7.22 (m, 3H), 7.17-7.06 (m, 3H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.29 (s, 2H), 4.25 (s, 2H), 4.01 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 2.74 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.89 (s, 3H), 1.53 (s, 3H).

Example 359: (S)-4-(((6-(3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-chloronaphthalen-1-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

A flask was charged with TiCl₄ (1 M in DCM, 15.8 mL, 15.8 mmol) and DCM (12 mL). dichloromethyl methyl ether (1.27 mL, 14.4 mmol) was added, and the mixture was cooled to 0° C. A solution of 7-bromonaphthalen-1-ol (1.6 g, 7.2 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was then added dropwise. The mixture was warmed to rt and stirred 3 h, at which time TLC showed complete consumption of starting material. The mixture was diluted with DCM (100 mL), and 2N HCl (100 mL) was carefully added. The biphasic mixture was filtered to remove titanium salts, and the biphasic mixture separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (3×100 mL), and the combined organics were dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-100% EtOAc/hex) to yield 6-bromo-4-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde.

A flask was charged with 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (70 mg, 0.115 mmol), 6-bromo-4-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde (35 mg, 0.138 mmol), Na₂CO₃ (61 mg, 0.58 mmol), Pd XPhos G2 (4 mg, 0.06 mmol), dioxane (2 mL), and water (0.2 mL). The flask was subjected to 3 vaccuum/argon cycles, then heated to 90° C. for 2 h. The mixture was cooled to rt, filtered over celite, concentrated, and purified by column chromatography (SiO2, 0-100% EtOAc/hex) to yield 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-(5-formyl-8-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

To a solution of 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-(5-formyl-8-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (60 mg, 0.092 mmol) and pyridine (0.02 mL, 0.3 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (0.02 mL, 0.1 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 30 min, then poured over water (10 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (4×10 mL), and the combined organics dried (MgSO₄), concentrated, and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-90% EtOAc/hex) to yield 7-(3′-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-formylphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-formylnaphthalen-1-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate.

A vial was charged with Pd₂(dba)₃ (1 mg, 0.001 mmol), tBuBrettPhos (2 mg, 0.005 mmol), and dioxane (1 mL). The mixture was subjected to 3 vacuum/argon cycles, then heated to 120° C. for 5 min. The solution was then cooled to rt.

A separate flask was charged with KCl (6 mg, 0.07 mmol), KF (1 mg, 0.02 mmol), 7-(3′-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-formylphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-formylnaphthalen-1-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate (30 mg, 0.038 mmol), and dioxane (2 mL). The mixture was subjected to 3 vacuum/argon cycles, and then the catalyst solution was added. The resultant solution was stirred at 100° C. for 16 h, then concentrated and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-75% EtOAc/hex) to yield 5-((4-chloro-5-((3′-(8-chloro-5-formylnaphthalen-2-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

(S)-4-(((6-(3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-chloronaphthalen-1-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D. [M+1]=877.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.96 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.92 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.38 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.34-8.25 (m, 2H), 7.81-7.73 (m, 2H), 7.68 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.48 (dd, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.41-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.29 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.23-7.16 (m, 2H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.81 (s, 2H), 4.41 (dtd, J=9.4, 6.2, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.28-4.19 (m, 3H), 3.39 (dd, J=12.8, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.22-3.15 (m, 2H), 2.97 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.58 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 1.93 (s, 3H).

Example 360: (S)-2-((4-((4″-(((2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethyl)amino)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

A flask fitted with a Dean-Stark apparatus was charged with 4-bromobenzaldehyde (2.73 g, 14.8 mmol), toluenesulfonic acid (381 mg, 2 mmol), 1,3-propanediol (21.4 mL), and toluene (25 mL). The mixture was heated to reflux for 3 h, then allowed to cool to rt, diluted with EtOAc, and washed with a saturated solution of NaHCO₃. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated, and the residue purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-50% EtOAc/hex) to yield 2-(4-bromophenyl)-1,3-dioxane.

A flask was charged with 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (1.00 g, 1.64 mmol), 2-(4-bromophenyl)-1,3-dioxane (1.20 g, 4.93 mmol), Na₂CO₃ (696 mg, 7 mmol), Pd XPhos G2 (62 mg, 0.82 mmol), dioxane (10 mL), and water (1 mL). The flask was subjected to 3 vaccuum/argon cycles, then heated to 90° C. for 5 h. The mixture was cooled to rt, filtered over celite, concentrated, and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-100% EtOAc/hex) to yield 5-((5-((4″-(1,3-dioxan-2-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-4-chloro-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

(S)-2-((4-((4″-(1,3-dioxan-2-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D.

To a solution of (S)-2-((4-((4″-(1,3-dioxan-2-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid (800 mg, 1.07 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added 1 N HCl (5 mL, 5 mmol). The biphasic mixture was vigorously stirred for 1 h, then concentrated in vacuo to yield (S)-2-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((4″-formyl-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid, which was carried forward without further purification.

(S)-2-((4-((4″-(((2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethyl)amino)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D. [M+1]=785.4. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.98 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.91 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.87 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.61-7.53 (m, 3H), 7.50-7.42 (m, 4H), 7.33-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.20 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.16-7.07 (m, 3H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.33 (s, 2H), 4.29 (s, 2H), 4.01 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 3.46 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.23 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.87 (s, 3H), 1.53 (s, 3H).

Example 361: (S)-2-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((4″-((((1r,4r)-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)amino)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D. [M+1]=789.5. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.98 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.91 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.63-7.52 (m, 3H), 7.52-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.34-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.20 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.17-7.06 (m, 3H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.28 (d, J=3.5 Hz, 4H), 4.01 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 3.57 (td, J=10.7, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.16 (dtd, J=10.2, 7.0, 6.3, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 2.24 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.08 (d, J=12.6 Hz, 2H), 1.87 (s, 3H), 1.59-1.45 (m, 5H), 1.42-1.33 (m, 2H).

Example 362: (S)-2-((4-((4″-(((2-acetamidoethyl)amino)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D. [M+1]=776.5. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.98 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.91 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.66-7.52 (m, 3H), 7.51-7.37 (m, 3H), 7.35-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.20 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.18-7.04 (m, 3H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.39-4.20 (m, 4H), 4.01 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 3.53 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.22 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.98 (s, 3H), 1.87 (s, 3H), 1.53 (s, 3H).

Example 363: (2S)-2-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(((5-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)amino)methyl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D. [M+1]=774.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.98 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.91 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.51-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.32 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.23-7.18 (m, 1H), 7.17-7.06 (m, 3H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.33 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 2H), 4.28 (s, 2H), 4.22 (tt, J=8.8, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.88-3.79 (m, 2H), 3.57 (dd, J=11.5, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 2.87 (dd, J=17.7, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 2.58 (dd, J=17.7, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.87 (s, 3H), 1.53 (s, 3H).

Example 364: (S)-2-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((3″-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(2-(pyridin-3-yl)ethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

To a solution of 5-bromosalicaldehyde (500 mg, 2.49 mmol) in DMF (8 mL) was added Cs₂CO₃ (973 mg, 3.00 mmol) and 4-(2-bromoethyl)pyridine (431 mg, 2.32 mmol). The mixture was heated to 80° C. for 12 h, then cooled to rt, diluted with Et₂O (50 mL), and washed with water (3×10 mL). The organic layer was dried (MgSO4) and concentrated, and the residue purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-100% EtOAc/hex) to yield 5-bromo-2-(2-(pyridin-3-yl)ethoxy)benzaldehyde.

2-((5-bromo-2-(2-(pyridin-3-ypethoxy)benzyl)amino)ethan-1-ol was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D.

A flask was charged with 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methypnicotinonitrile (100 mg, 0.164 mmol), 2-((5-bromo-2-(2-(pyridin-3-yl)ethoxy)benzyl)amino)ethan-1-ol (231 mg, 0.657 mmol), Na₂CO₃ (139 mg, 1.35 mmol), Pd XPhos G2 (6 mg, 0.08 mmol), dioxane (2 mL), and water (0.2 mL). The flask was subjected to 3 vaccuum/argon cycles, then heated to 90° C. for 12 h. The mixture was cooled to rt, filtered over celite, concentrated, and purified by preparative HPLC to yield 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((3″-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(2-(pyridin-3-ypethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methypnicotinonitrile.

(S)-2-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((3″-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(2-(pyridin-3-yl)ethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D. [M+1]=856.4. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.98 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.94 (s, 1H), 8.90 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.76 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 8.65 (dd, J=8.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (dd, J=8.1, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.49-7.38 (m, 3H), 7.32-7.18 (m, 4H), 7.15-7.05 (m, 3H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.51 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 4.29 (s, 2H), 4.26 (s, 2H), 4.01 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.87-3.76 (m, 3H), 3.48 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.15 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 1.88 (s, 3H), 1.53 (s, 3H).

Example 365: 5-((4-chloro-5-((2′-(fluoromethyl)-4″-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-2-methyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

To a solution of 2,6-dibromobenzaldehyde (1.00 g, 3.80 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added NaBH₄ (215 mg, 5.69 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 12 h, then poured over a saturated solution of NH₄Cl. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc, and the combined organics dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to yield (2,6-dibromophenyl)methanol as a white solid (1.00 g, 99%) which was carried forward without further purification.

A Teflon reaction tube was charged with (2,6-dibromophenyl)methanol (1.00 g, 3.76 mmol) and DCM (10 mL). The solution was cooled to 0° C. and DAST (0.55 mL, 4.1 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred for 10 min, then NaHCO₃ (saturated solution, 10 mL) was added. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM and the combined organics dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-30% EtOAc/hex) to yield 1,3-dibromo-2-(fluoromethyl)benzene.

A flask was charged with 55-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (300 mg, 0.578 mmol), 1,3-dibromo-2-(fluoromethyl)benzene (465 mg, 1.74 mmol), Na₂CO₃ (245 mg, 2.89 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (21 mg, 0.028 mmol), dioxane (4 mL), and water (0.4 mL). The flask was subjected to 3 vaccuum/argon cycles, then heated to 90° C. for 12 h. The mixture was cooled to rt, filtered over celite, concentrated, and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-70% EtOAc/hex) to yield 5-((5-((3′-bromo-2′-(fluoromethyl)-2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-4-chloro-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

A flask was charged with 5-((5-((3′-bromo-2′-(fluoromethyl)-2-methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-4-chloro-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (270 mg, 0.466 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (142 mg, 0.559 mmol), potassium acetate (123 mg, 1.21 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (17 mg, 0.023 mmol), and dioxane (2 mL). The mixture was subjected to three vacuum/argon cycles, then stirred at 90° C. for 3 h. The mixture was cooled to rt, filtered over celite, concentrated and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-90% EtOAc/hex) to yield 5-((4-chloro-5-((2′-(fluoromethyl)-2-methyl-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

A flask was charged with 5-((4-chloro-5-((2′-(fluoromethyl)-2-methyl-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (232 mg, 0.370 mmol), 4-bromobenzaldehyde (205 mg, 1.11 mmol), Na₂CO₃ (157 mg, 1.48 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (14 mg, 0.019 mmol), dioxane (4 mL), and water (0.4 mL). The flask was subjected to 3 vaccuum/argon cycles, then heated to 90° C. for 12 h. The mixture was cooled to rt, filtered over celite, concentrated, and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-70% EtOAc/hex) to yield 5-((4-chloro-5-((2′-(fluoromethyl)-4″-formyl-2-methyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

5-((4-chloro-5-((2′-(fluoromethyl)-4″-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-2-methyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D. [M+1]=695.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.95 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.89 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.38 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.58-7.45 (m, 5H), 7.39 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (s, 1H), 5.40-5.27 (m, 4H), 4.90 (td, J=38.7, 38.7, 10.7 Hz, 2H), 4.32 (s, 2H), 4.24 (s, 2H), 3.85 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 2H), 3.78 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.19 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.12 (t, J=5.8, 5.3 Hz, 2H), 2.12 (s, 3H).

Example 366: 5-((4-chloro-2-((dimethylamino)methyl)-5-((3′-(5-((dimethylamino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

A flask was charged with 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (104 mg, 0.171 mmol), 5-bromothiophene-2-carbaldehyde (0.06 mL, 0.5 mmol), Na₂CO₃ (72 mg, 0.68 mmol), Pd XPhos G2 (6 mg, 0.08 mmol), dioxane (2 mL), and water (0.2 mL). The flask was subjected to 3 vaccuum/argon cycles, then heated to 90° C. for 3 h. The mixture was cooled to rt, filtered over celite, concentrated, and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 0-90% EtOAc/hex) to yield 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-(5-formylthiophen-2-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

5-((4-chloro-2-((dimethylamino)methyl)-5-((3′-(5-((dimethylamino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D. [M+1]=651.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.96 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.92 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.37 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 7.48 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=7.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.35-7.24 (m, 3H), 7.18-7.05 (m, 4H), 5.39 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.58 (s, 2H), 4.30 (s, 2H), 2.92 (s, 6H), 2.83 (s, 6H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 2.05 (s, 3H).

Example 367: 5-((4-chloro-2-((((1S,2S)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl)amino)methyl)-5-((3″-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

5-((4-chloro-5-((3″-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((((1S,2S)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D.

To a solution of 5-((4-chloro-5-((3″-(2,2-diethoxyethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((((1S,2S)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (183 mg, 0.16 mmol) in dioxane (3 mL) was added HCl (conc., 0.3 mL). The mixture was stirred for 3 h, then concentrated to yield 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3″-(2-oxoethoxy)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-((((1S,2S)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile which was carried forward without further purification.

5-((4-chloro-2-((((1S,2S)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl)amino)methyl)-5-((3″-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D. [M+1]=761.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.97 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.92 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.40 (s, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.31-7.21 (m, 4H), 7.18 (dd, J=7.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.11-7.00 (m, 4H), 5.35 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 4.35 (t, 2H), 4.25 (d, J=13.1 Hz, 1H), 4.18-4.10 (m, 2H), 3.86 (t, 2H), 3.54 (t, 2H), 3.26 (t, 2H), 3.11 (dt, J=11.2, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.86 (s, 3H), 1.76-1.57 (m, 4H), 1.52-1.24 (m, 4H).

Example 368: 2-(1-((3″-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((((1R,2S)-2-hydroxycyclopentyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)azetidin-3-yl)acetic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=771.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.95 (dd, J=11.8, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.50-7.44 (m, 3H), 7.34-7.06 (m, 7H), 5.34 (d, J=19.0 Hz, 3H), 4.57-4.47 (m, 2H), 4.29 (s, 3H), 4.18-4.05 (m, 3H), 3.48-3.34 (m, 3H), 3.28-3.21 (m, 2H), 3.12 (s, 1H), 3.05-2.94 (m, 2H), 2.79 (dd, J=17.5, 8.6 Hz, 2H), 2.47 (dd, J=17.5, 7.7 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.87 (s, 3H).

Example 369: (3S)-1-(5-(3′-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((((1R,2S)-2-hydroxycyclopentyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=797.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.95 (dd, J=10.5, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.39 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (s, 1H), 7.34-7.07 (m, 7H), 5.34 (d, J=16.6 Hz, 4H), 5.00 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (d, J=13.1 Hz, 2H), 4.15 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 1H), 3.49-3.37 (m, 3H), 3.10 (d, J=17.7 Hz, 3H), 2.61 (s, 4H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 2H), 1.87 (s, 4H), 1.82-1.56 (m, 5H).

Example 370: (3R)-1-(5-(3′-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-(((R)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=783.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.94 (dd, J=8.7, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 7.37-7.25 (m, 3H), 7.18 (dd, J=20.1, 7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.11 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 2H), 5.39 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 5.00 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (s, 2H), 4.41 (s, 2H), 3.78-3.35 (m, 8H), 3.10 (d, J=17.7 Hz, 2H), 2.63 (dd, J=15.4, 7.7 Hz, 2H), 2.49 (s, 1H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 1H), 1.88 (s, 3H).

Example 371: (2S)-2-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(1-(3-methylazetidin-1-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=771.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.97 (s, 2H), 8.41 (s, 1H), 7.60-7.44 (m, 3H), 7.37 (s, 1H), 7.28 (dt, J=15.9, 7.4 Hz, 3H), 7.21-7.05 (m, 4H), 5.34 (d, J=17.9 Hz, 4H), 4.36-4.06 (m, 6H), 4.00 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 2H), 3.79 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 2H), 3.14-2.94 (m, 3H), 2.55 (s, 1H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.86 (s, 3H), 1.52 (s, 3H), 1.36 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 1.28 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H).

Example 372: (3S)-4-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((3′-(1-(dimethylamino)-6-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=763.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.94 (dd, J=11.3, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.49-7.33 (m, 4H), 7.33-7.19 (m, 3H), 7.16 (s, 1H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 5.06 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (s, 3H), 3.24-3.15 (m, 2H), 3.09 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.97 (dd, J=12.8, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.91 (s, 2H), 2.76 (s, 2H), 2.69-2.56 (m, 2H), 2.51 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 1.82 (s, 3H).

Example 373: 5-((4-chloro-2-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-5-((3′-(1-((S)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=729.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.98-8.88 (m, 2H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.53-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.38 (s, 1H), 7.34-7.07 (m, 7H), 5.48 (s, 4H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 5.08-4.96 (m, 2H), 4.61-4.51 (m, 2H), 4.23 (s, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.47 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 2H), 3.10 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.88 (s, 3H).

Example 374: (2S)-2-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((4″-(1-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=775.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.90 (s, 2H), 7.63 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.57-7.47 (m, 3H), 7.31-7.07 (m, 6H), 5.34 (d, J=18.0 Hz, 4H), 4.26 (s, 2H), 3.98 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 2H), 3.81-3.67 (m, 4H), 3.47 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 2H), 3.12 (s, 2H), 2.37-2.28 (m, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.89 (s, 3H), 1.50 (s, 3H).

Example 375: (2S)-2-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((3′-(1-((2-hydroxyethyl)(methyl)amino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=775.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.98 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.91 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (s, 1H), 7.64 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.39-7.07 (m, 8H), 5.34 (d, J=17.0 Hz, 4H), 4.27 (s, 2H), 4.00 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (s, 1H), 3.79 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 2H), 3.12 (t, J=1.7 Hz, 2H), 2.94 (s, 2H), 2.79 (s, 1H), 2.68-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.47 (s, 2H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.88 (s, 3H), 1.52 (s, 3H).

Example 376: (2S)-2-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((3′-(3-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-6-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=747.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.41 (s, 1H), 7.64 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.33-7.19 (m, 3H), 7.18-7.03 (m, 4H), 6.99 (s, 1H), 5.34 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 4H), 5.22 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 5.02 (d, J=12.6 Hz, 1H), 4.71 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (s, 2H), 3.99 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 2H), 3.78 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 2H), 2.83 (s, 4H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.89 (s, 3H), 1.51 (s, 3H).

Example 377: (2S,4S)-1-(5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((3′-((R)-1-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)-4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=757.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.97 (s, 1H), 8.92 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=13.9 Hz, 2H), 7.41-7.08 (m, 8H), 5.40 (s, 1H), 5.31 (s, 1H), 5.04 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (d, J=13.9 Hz, 2H), 4.37 (d, J=13.9 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (dd, J=10.9, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 3.34 (s, 4H), 3.22 (dd, J=16.8, 8.7 Hz, 2H), 2.90 (s, 2H), 2.75 (s, 2H), 2.67-2.53 (m, 3H), 2.49 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.25 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.88 (s, 3H).

Example 378: (S)-2-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((3′-((R)-1-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=745.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.98 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.91 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.41 (s, 1H), 7.62-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 7.36-7.05 (m, 7H), 5.34 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 4H), 5.04 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (s, 2H), 4.00 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 3.26-3.18 (m, 1H), 2.90 (s, 2H), 2.75 (s, 2H), 2.62-2.43 (m, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.88 (s, 3H), 1.52 (s, 3H).

Example 379: 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-4″-(pyrrolidin-2-yl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=673.3. HPLC T_(R)=4.87 min.

Example 380: (S)-4-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((4″-((S)-1-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=733.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.94 (dd, J=12.0, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.53-7.42 (m, 4H), 7.35-7.19 (m, 3H), 7.17-7.05 (m, 3H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 4.37 (s, 2H), 4.23 (s, 3H), 3.20 (dd, J=12.7, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 3.00-2.94 (m, 1H), 2.90 (s, 6H), 2.51 (dd, J=6.3, 1.1 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.89 (s, 3H).

Example 381: (3S)-4-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((3′-(1-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=745.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.94 (dd, J=12.6, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 7.58-7.42 (m, 3H), 7.29 (td, J=13.6, 7.0 Hz, 4H), 7.22-7.05 (m, 4H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 4.23 (s, 4H), 3.29-3.15 (m, 3H), 3.02 (ddd, J=37.3, 13.9, 8.8 Hz, 3H), 2.90 (s, 6H), 2.74-2.60 (m, 2H), 2.51 (dd, J=6.3, 1.1 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.04-1.91 (m, 1H), 1.86 (s, 3H).

Example 382: 5-((4-chloro-2-((dimethylamino)methyl)-5-((3′-(6-((dimethylamino)methyl)pyridin-3-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=646.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.95 (dd, J=6.3, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.69 (s, 1H), 8.36 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (dd, J=7.9, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.59-7.45 (m, 3H), 7.41-7.34 (m, 1H), 7.29 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.23-7.09 (m, 3H), 5.40 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.54 (s, 2H), 4.30 (s, 2H), 2.99 (s, 6H), 2.83 (s, 6H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.92 (s, 3H).

Example 383: (S)-4-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((4′-((dimethylamino)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=719.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.95 (dd, J=12.0, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.35 (s, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.53-7.43 (m, 4H), 7.37-7.19 (m, 3H), 7.19-7.00 (m, 3H), 5.40 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 4.36 (s, 2H), 4.23 (s, 3H), 3.20 (dd, J=12.7, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.01-2.94 (m, 1H), 2.90 (s, 5H), 2.51 (dd, J=6.3, 1.1 Hz, 2H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 1.90 (s, 3H).

Example 384: (S)-4-((4-((4″-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=793.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.94 (dd, J=11.8, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.45 (m, 3H), 7.35-7.06 (m, 7H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 4.42 (s, 2H), 4.23 (s, 3H), 4.06 (s, 1H), 3.74 (s, 1H), 3.42 (s, 1H), 3.20 (dd, J=12.8, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 3.02-2.92 (m, 2H), 2.51 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.89 (s, 3H).

Example 385: (S)-4-((2-((3″-(((3-bromo-5-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-6-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-2′,2″-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-4-yl)oxy)ethyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure C. [M+1]=868.3. HPLC T_(R)=4.98 min.

Example 386: (S)-4-((4-((3′-(4-(aminomethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

2-Azido-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium hexafluorophosphate (1.149 g, 4.03 mmol) was added to a solution of 3-bromo-2-methylaniline (500 mg, 2.69 mmol) and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (657 mg, 5.37 mmol) in dichloromethane (15 mL). After 14 hours saturated sodium bicarbonate (15 mL) was added. The aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate (25 mL) and brine (25 mL). The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes). The fractions containing product were combined and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, providing 1-azido-3-bromo-2-methylbenzene.

1-Azido-3-bromo-2-methylbenzene (50 mg, 0.236 mmol) was added to a mixture of tert-butyl prop-2-yn-1-ylcarbamate (73.2 mg, 0.472 mmol) and copper(I) thiophene-2-carboxylate (3.02 mg, 0.02 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1 mL). After 14 hours the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes). The fractions containing product were combined and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, tert-butyl ((1-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)carbamate.

5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (80 mg, 0.154 mmol), tert-butyl ((1-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)carbamate (79.3 mg, 0.216 mmol), Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (17.8 mg, 0.015 mmol), potassium carbonate (19 mg, 0.308 mmol) in water (0.4 mL), and dimethoxyethane (4 mL) was degassed with argon for 2 minutes. The above were combined and heated at 85° C. for 3 hours. The reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate (100 mL) and washed with water (3×50 mL) and brine (50 mL). The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography (0-100% EtOAc/hexanes). The fractions containing product and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure providing tert-butyl ((1-(3′-((2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-formylphenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)carbamate.

(S)-4-((4-((3′-(4-(((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure G.

Trifluoroacetic acid (0.3 mL) was added to a solution (S)-4-((4-((3′-(4-(((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid (42 mg, 0.0537 mmol) in dichloromethane (0.7 mL) and After 20 minutes the reaction was diluted with acetonitrile (5 mL) and co-evaporated until ˜1 mL remained. The material was co-evaporated with acetonitrile two more times. The residue was taken up in methanol (0.5 mL) and water (0.5 mL). The solution was subjected to preparative HPLC (eluant: 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water). The fractions containing product were combined and subjected to lyophilization, providing (S)-4-((4-((3′-(4-(aminomethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. [M+1]=682.0. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.94 (m, 2H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 7.58-7.46 (m, 3H), 7.40 (ddd, J=10.5, 7.6, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.22-7.13 (m, 1H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 5.39 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.36 (s, 2H), 4.24 (m, 3H), 3.20 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.05-2.91 (m, 1H), 2.52 (dd, J=6.2, 1.1 Hz, 2H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.82 (s, 3H).

Example 387: (S)-4-((3-(4-(3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-(1-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile was prepared analogously to Example 330.

Dess-martin periodinane was added to a solution of 5-((4-chloro-2-formyl-5-((3′-(1-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (70 mg, 0.115 mmol) in dichloromethane (4 mL). After 30 minutes the reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate (25 mL) and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate (15 mL) and brine (15 mL). The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, providing 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(1-(3-oxopropyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

(S)-4-((3-(4-(3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure G. [M+1]=812.0. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.94 (m, 2H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 8.20 (s, 1H), 7.63-7.55 (m, 1H), 7.54-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.35 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.21-7.01 (m, 3H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 4.63 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 4.35-4.12 (m, 4H), 3.25-3.10 (m, 4H), 3.11-2.89 (m, 4H), 2.62-2.48 (m, 4H), 2.48-2.29 (m, 2H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 2.08 (s, 3H).

Example 388: (S)-2-((4-(((4″-(2-(((S)-2-carboxy-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)oxy)methyl)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure D. [M+1]=823.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetonitrile-d₃) δ 8.88 (s, 1H), 8.84 (s, 1H), 8.24 (s, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.36-7.11 (m, 6H), 7.09-7.01 (m, 4H), 6.80 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.28 (s, 2H), 5.21 (s, 2H), 4.33 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 4.28 (s, 2H), 3.95 (dd, J=18.4, 12.4 Hz, 2H), 3.79 (dd, J=18.9, 12.4 Hz, 2H), 3.50 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 1.95 (s, 3H), 1.88 (s, 3H), 1.54 (s, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H).

Example 389: (S)-4-((4-(((3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)oxy)methyl)-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure A. [M+1]=887.1. ¹H (400 MHz, Acetonitrile-d₃) δ 8.91 (dd, J=8.3, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.27 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 2H), 7.34 (s, 1H), 7.27 (q, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.13 (dd, J=7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.10-7.05 (m, 1H), 6.95 (s, 1H), 6.81-6.74 (m, 1H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 5.25 (s, 2H), 5.23 (s, 2H), 4.36-4.09 (m, 6H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.17-3.06 (m, 4H), 2.79 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 3H), 2.48 (ddd, J=12.8, 6.3, 3.4 Hz, 4H), 2.07 (s, 3H).

Example 390: (S)-4-((4-((3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure A. [M+1]=989.1. ¹H (400 MHz, Acetonitrile-d₃) δ 8.89 (d, J=21.5 Hz, 4H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 8.22 (s, 1H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (s, 1H), 7.35 (s, 1H), 7.30 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (s, 1H), 6.79 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 5.29 (s, 2H), 5.27 (s, 2H), 5.22 (s, 2H), 4.40-3.99 (m, 6H), 3.16 (ddd, J=17.9, 12.8, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 2.96 (ddd, J=17.2, 12.8, 9.7 Hz, 2H), 2.48 (td, J=6.7, 6.2, 4.1 Hz, 4H), 2.07 (s, 3H), 1.90 (s, 3H).

Example 391: 5-((4-chloro-2-((((1-hydroxycyclopropyl)methyl)amino)methyl)-5-((4″-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure A, followed by DCM/TFA Boc deprotection. [M+1]=733.1. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.02 (dd, J=5.4, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 8.72 (s, 4H), 8.48 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.52-7.43 (m, 1H), 7.36-7.24 (m, 4H), 7.22-7.11 (m, 3H), 7.09-7.01 (m, 3H), 5.35 (s, 2H), 5.32 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 2H), 4.29 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 4.18 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.68 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 2H), 3.40 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 2H), 3.15-3.07 (m, 2H), 2.99 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.85 (s, 3H), 0.72-0.66 (m, 2H), 0.60 (t, J=3.3 Hz, 2H).

Example 392: (S)-4-(((6-(((3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)oxy)methyl)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was synthesized according to general reductive amination procedure A. [M+1]=824.4. ¹H (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.04 (dd, J=5.6, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.99 (s, 2H), 8.71 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.62 (s, 2H), 8.49 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (dd, J=8.1, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.26-7.16 (m, 2H), 7.13-7.02 (m, 2H), 6.73 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.38 (s, 2H), 5.31 (dd, J=11.8, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 5.26 (d, J=3.1 Hz, 2H), 4.25 (s, 2H), 4.17 (d, J=15.3 Hz, 4H), 3.04 (d, J=27.4 Hz, 2H), 2.86 (s, 2H), 2.48-2.28 (m, 4H), 2.05 (s, 3H), 1.93 (s, 3H).

Example 393: (S)-4-(((2-(3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-8-chloro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

Step 1: Ethoxycarbonyl isothiocyanate (480 μL, 4.07 mmol) was added dropwise to 6-amino-5-chloropyridin-3-yl)methanol (550 mg, 3.47 mmol) dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (9 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt overnight. The precipitate was filtered and washed with dichloromethane. The mother liquor was concentrated and filtered again. The two crops of solids were combined and dried. The product was dissolved in methanol (7 mL) and ethanol (7 mL) and treated with N,N-diisopropylethylamine (900 μL, 5.17 mmol) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (600 mg, 8.63 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 50° C. for 2 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was used in the next step.

Step 2: (2-amino-8-chloro[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-6-yl)methanol (690 mg, 3.47 mmol) suspended in acetonitrile (35 mL) was treated with copper (II) bromide (1160 mg, 5.19 mmol) and tert-butyl nitrite (990 μL, 8.29 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated. The residue was suspended in ethyl acetate and washed with water. The organic layer was concentrated and purified by column chromatography to give (2-bromo-8-chloro[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-6-yl)methanol.

Step 3: (2-bromo-8-chloro[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-6-yl)methanol (500 mg, 1.91 mmol) dissolved in dichloromethane (20 mL) was treated with Dess-Martin periodinane (848 mg, 2.00 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was quenched by adding saturated sodium thiosulfate solution and then concentrated. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate and washed with water. The organic layer was concentrated and purified by column chromatography to give 2-bromo-8-chloro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde.

Step 4: 2-bromo-8-chloro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde (70 mg, 0.27 mmol) and 5-((4-chloro-5-((2,2′-dimethyl-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (96 mg, 0.16 mmol) suspended in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (3 mL) was treated with [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) dichloride (14 mg, 0.02 mmol) and 2 M sodium carbonate solution (240 μL, 0.48 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated in the microwave at 110° C. for 3 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was concentrated. The residue was suspended in ethyl acetate and washed with water. The organic layer was concentrated and purified by column chromatography to give 5-((4-chloro-5-((3′-(8-chloro-6-formyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-2-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

Step 5: (S)-4-(((2-(3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-8-chloro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was synthesized in the same manner as Procedure C using (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.01 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 4H), 8.46 (s, 2H), 7.97 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.56-7.47 (m, 4H), 7.42 (s, 5H), 7.30 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 3H), 7.24 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 3H), 7.16 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 4H), 6.49 (s, 3H), 5.34 (d, J=10.7 Hz, 6H), 2.52 (s, 2H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 2.07 (s, 3H). LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]+ calcd for C44H43Cl2N7O8: 868.3; found: 868.1.

Example 394: (S)-4-(((2-(3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-6-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

Step 1: Methyl 2-bromoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-6-carboxylate (300 mg, 1.18 mmol) dissolved in diethyl ether (12 mL) and cooled to 0° C. was treated with lithium aluminum hydride (46 mg, 1.21 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred overnight. After cooling to 0° C. again, the reaction mixture was quenched by addition of sodium sulfate decahydrate. The mixture was stirred for 20 min and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to give (2-bromoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-6-yl)methanol.

Steps 2-4: Prepared in the same manner as step 3-5 of Example 393. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.02 (dd, J=5.6, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.94 (s, 2H), 8.72 (s, 1H), 8.58 (s, 2H), 8.47 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.36 (s, 1H), 7.80-7.71 (m, 2H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.56-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.38 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 7.14 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 5.59 (d, J=28.8 Hz, 4H), 5.41-5.30 (m, 3H), 4.24 (s, 3H), 4.12 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 4H), 3.06 (s, 4H), 2.85 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.08 (s, 3H). LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]+ calcd for C₄₅H₄₅ClN₆O₈: 833.3; found: 833.3.

Example 395: (S)-4-(((2-(3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-5-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

Synthesized analogous to Example 393 using the appropriate heterocyclic bromoaldehyde. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.02 (dd, J=6.0, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.90 (s, 2H), 8.57 (s, 2H), 8.46 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=3.8 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.18 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 5.56 (s, 2H), 5.35 (d, J=10.1 Hz, 4H), 4.27 (s, 2H), 4.14 (d, J=23.4 Hz, 5H), 3.00 (d, J=16.5 Hz, 2H), 2.85 (d, J=11.1 Hz, 3H), 2.69 (s, 3H), 2.40-2.33 (m, 3H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.08 (s, 3H). LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]+ calcd for C₄₆H₄₆ClN₅O₈S: 864.3; found: 864.0.

Example 396: (S)-4-(((2-(3-((S)-1-((5-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-3-chloro-6-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)-2-methylphenyl)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

Step 1: (S)-5-(((2-((4-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-6-chloro-4-formylpyridin-3-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (40 mg, 0.07 mmol) dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (8 mL) was treated with bis (pinacolato) diboron (27 mg, 0.11 mmol), [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) dichloride (6 mg, 0.007 mmol), and potassium acetate (21 mg, 0.21 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. overnight. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water. The organic layer was concentrated and purified by column chromatography to give(S)-5-(((5-chloro-3-formyl-6-((4-(2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

Step 2: 2-bromobenzo[d]thiazole-6-carbaldehyde (25 mg, 0.10 mmol) and (S)-5-(((5-chloro-3-formyl-6-((4-(2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (40 mg, 0.06 mmol) suspended in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2 mL) was treated with [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) dichloride (6 mg, 0.007 mmol) and 2 M sodium carbonate solution (90 μL, 0.18 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated in the microwave at 110° C. for 90 min. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was concentrated. The residue was suspended in ethyl acetate and washed with water. The organic layer was concentrated and purified by column chromatography to give (S)-5-(((5-chloro-3-formyl-6-((4-(3-(6-formylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.

Step 3: (S)-4-(((2-(3-((S)-1-((5-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-3-chloro-6-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)-2-methylphenyl)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was prepared according to general reductive amination procedure C using (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.02 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.69 (s, 2H), 8.45 (s, 1H), 8.28 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 7.82-7.75 (m, 1H), 7.70 (dd, J=8.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.43-7.32 (m, 1H), 7.32-7.25 (m, 1H), 7.23 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (s, 1H), 5.58 (s, 4H), 4.32 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 3H), 4.17 (s, 5H), 3.07 (s, 3H), 2.88 (s, 3H), 2.69 (s, 1H), 2.39-2.34 (m, 2H), 2.31 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 5H), 1.95 (s, 2H). LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]+ calcd for C₄₅H₄₃ClN₆O₈S: 863.3; found: 863.0.

Example 397: (S)-4-(((7-(3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was prepared in the same manner as Example 393 using 7-bromoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carbaldehyde. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.02 (dd, J=6.3, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.56 (s, 2H), 8.46 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=14.3 Hz, 2H), 7.49 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (ddd, J=17.2, 14.8, 7.5 Hz, 4H), 6.49 (s, 3H), 5.54 (s, 3H), 5.34 (d, J=17.4 Hz, 4H), 4.30 (s, 2H), 4.13 (s, 5H), 3.09 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 2H), 2.91 (d, J=60.1 Hz, 5H), 2.36 (dd, J=8.0, 6.1 Hz, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 1.92 (s, 3H). LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]+ calcd for C₄₅H₄₅ClN₆O₈: 833.3; found: 833.4.

Example 398: (S)-4-(((2-(3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)quinolin-6-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was prepared in the same manner as Example 393 using 2-chloroquinoline-6-carbaldehyde. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.02 (dd, J=5.3, 2.1 Hz, 3H), 8.57 (s, 2H), 8.46 (dd, J=5.4, 3.3 Hz, 2H), 8.14 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.08 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (dd, J=8.7, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.53-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.42 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.23-7.10 (m, 3H), 5.56 (s, 3H), 5.34 (d, J=13.5 Hz, 4H), 4.38 (s, 2H), 4.23-4.05 (m, 4H), 3.07 (s, 4H), 2.90 (s, 4H), 2.11 (s, 3H), 1.97 (s, 3H), 1.10 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 1H). LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]+ calcd for C₄₇H₄₆ClN₅O₈: 844.3; found: 844.3.

Example 399: (S)-4-(((5-(3′-((4-((((S)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-2-chloro-5-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)methyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

The title compound was prepared in the same manner as Example 393 using 5-bromobenzo[d]thiazole-2-carbaldehyde. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.44 (d, J=66.6 Hz, 2H), 9.02 (dd, J=6.2, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 8.58 (s, 2H), 8.24 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.60-7.43 (m, 3H), 7.41-7.23 (m, 3H), 7.22-7.06 (m, 3H), 5.55 (s, 2H), 5.34 (d, J=17.4 Hz, 4H), 4.77 (s, 2H), 4.12 (s, 5H), 3.24 (d, J=12.5 Hz, 2H), 2.98 (s, 3H), 2.83 (s, 2H), 2.36 (ddd, J=18.1, 15.5, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.11 (s, 3H), 1.88 (s, 3H). LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]+ calcd C₄₅H₄₄ClN₅O₈S: 850.3; found: 850.3.

The following compounds were prepared according to the methods provided herein using the appropriate starting material.

Example No. Structure 400 5-((4-chloro-5-((4″-((dimethylamino)methyl)-3″-(4-hydroxybut-1-yn-1-yl)-2,2′- dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-(((2- hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile

401 (S)-2-((5-chloro-2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-((4″-((dimethylamino)methyl)- 3″-(4-hydroxybut-1-yn-1-yl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3- yl)methoxy)benzyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

402 2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5- bromo-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxy-2- methylpropanoic acid)

404 (1S,1′S,2R,2′R)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′- diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3- diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclohexan-1-ol)

405 (1R,1′R,2R,2′R)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′- diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3- diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(cyclohexan-1-ol)

406 (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((2,2′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′- diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(4-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyrimidine-5,2- diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

407 (3R,3′R)-4,4′-(((6,6′-(((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′- diyl)bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3- hydroxybutanoic acid)

408 N,N′-((((([4,4′-biindoline]-1,1′-dicarbonyl)bis(2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4,1- phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl))diacetamide

409 (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((([4,4′-biindoline]-1,1′-dicarbonyl)bis(2-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)- 5,1-phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

410 (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((([4,4′-biindoline]-1,1′-dicarbonyl)bis(2-methoxy-5,1- phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

411 [4,4′-biindoline]-1,1′-diylbis((3-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)phenyl)methanone)

412 (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((([4,4′-biindoline]-1,1′-dicarbonyl)bis(3,1- phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

413 (S)-4-hydroxy-1-(4-(1′-(4-(((R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)-2- methylbenzoyl)-[4,4′-biindoline]-1-carbonyl)-3-methylbenzyl)pyrrolidin-2- one[4,4′-biindoline]-1,1′-diylbis(phenylmethanone) 414 [4,4′-biindoline]-1,1′-diylbis((4-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)phenyl)methanone) 415 (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((([4,4′-biindoline]-1,1′-dicarbonyl)bis(4-methyl-3,1- phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

416 (S)-4-hydroxy-1-(3-(1′-(5-(((R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)-2- methylbenzoyl)-[4,4′-biindoline]-1-carbonyl)-4-methylbenzyl)pyrrolidin-2-one 417 (S)-3-hydroxy-4-((3-(1′-(5-(((S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)-2- methylbenzoyl)-[4,4′-biindoline]-1-carbonyl)-4-methylbenzyl)amino)butanoic acid 418 (3S,3′S)-4,4′-(((([4,4′-biindoline]-1,1′-dicarbonyl)bis(3-methyl-4,1- phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

419 (S)-3-hydroxy-4-((4-(1′-(4-(((S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)-2- methylbenzoyl)-[4,4′-biindoline]-1-carbonyl)-3-methylbenzyl)amino)butanoic acid 420 1,1′-((([4,4′-biindoline]-1,1′-dicarbonyl)bis(3-methyl-4,1- phenylene))bis(methylene))bis(pyrrolidin-2-one)

422 (2R,2′R)-2,2′-(((6,6′-(((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′- diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3- diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))dipropanamide

423 (3R,3′R)-4,4′-(((2,2′-(2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(benzo[d]thiazole-6,2- diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

Example No. Structure 425

426

428

429

430

431

432

433

434

435

436

437

438

439

440

441

442

443

444

445

446

448

449

450

451

452

453

454

455

456

457

458

459

ES/MS Example (m/z, No. Structure M + H⁺) 460

875.03 461

859.06 463

737.17 464

796.31 465

813.17 466

814.21 467

921.2 468

873.9 469

801.12 470

751.3 471

790.3 472

790.3 473

761.1 474

775.2 475

816.2 476

759.2 477

775 478

1117.1 479

1117.1 480

937.2 481

1053.2 482

767.2 483

783.2 484

783.2 485

859.3 486

779.2 487

745.98 488

773.942 489

773.946 490

759.991 491

759.933 497

783.164 498

705.004 499

705.008 500

731.089 501

760.244 502

760.31 503

730.131 504

761.175 505

761.175 506

721.033 507

721.087 508

818.131 509

818.128 510

777.1 511

765.053 512

723.65 513

687.67 514

869.62 515

892.19 516

872.26 517

818.12 518

818.1 519

830.12 520

830.07 521

858.05 522

810.01 523

767.16 524

796.09 525

782.06 526

784.1 527

768.05 528

770.07 529

756.04 540

869.99 541

900.02 542

797.93 543

858.11 544

867.01 545

840.91 546

857 547

856.96 548

701.85 549

701.78 550

856.88 551

787.9 552

803.99 553

803.91 554

803.85 555

788.07 556

843.19 557

803.28 558

846.09 559

848.05 560

818.05 561

808.02 562

907.7 563

1120.94 564

741.2 565

895.02 566

894.96 567

867.01 568

856.21 569

844.15 570

812.06 571

797.05 572

788.16 573

788.12 574

788.12 575

788.17 576

855.06 577

853.03 578

814 579

800.2 580

786.1 581

766.2 582

757.3 583

823.2 584

811 585

787.1 586

977.2 587

789.2 588

761.136 589

761.195 590

757.9 591

758.9 592

834.1 593

834.2 595

835.1

Intermediate 58: 2,2′-(2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane

A mixture of 3-bromo-2-chlorophenol (73.5 g, 0.355 mol, 1.0 eq), B₂Pin₂ (98 g, 0.391 mol, 1.1 eq), KOAc (96.7 g, 0.987 mol, 2.78 eq) and Pd(dppf)Cl₂-DCM (25.97 g, 35.5 mmol, 0.1 eq) were suspended in dioxane (1.2 L) was stirred at 80° C. for 15 h under positive pressure of nitrogen. The resulting mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and filtered. The filter cake was washed with dioxane (500 mL). The filtrates were combined.

3-bromo-2-chlorophenol (73.5 g, 0.355 mol, 1.0 eq), K₂CO₃ (122 g, 0.888 mol, 2.5 eq) and Pd(dppf)Cl₂-DCM (8.8 g, 10.65 mmol, 0.03 eq) were added to the filtrate prepared above. The reaction was stirred at 80° C. for 8 h under positive pressure of nitrogen. The resulting mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and filtered. The filter cake was washed with dioxane (500 mL). The filtrate were combined and concentrated. The residue was dissolved with ethyl acetate (2 L). The solution was washed with water, brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The crude was purified by silica gel chromatography (PE:EA=5:1) to give 2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diol.

To a solution of compound 2 (63.8 g, 0.251 mol, 1.0 eq) and DIPEA (121.5 g, 0.944 mol, 3.76 eq) in DCM (2 L) at 0° C. was added Tf₂O (166 g, 0.590 mol, 2.35 eq) dropwise slowly. Then the reaction was warmed to rt and stirred for 2 h. The pH of the reaction solution was greater than 7. Water (2 L) was added. The layers were separated, and the organic phase was washed with aqueous solution NaHCO₃, and brine, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated. The crude was purified by silica gel chromatography, eluting with PE/DCM/EtOAc (1:1:0-1:1:0.2) to give 2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate).

A mixture of 2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) (150 g, 0.289 mol, 1.0 eq), Bin₂Pin₂ (180 g, 0.722 mol, 2.5 eq) KOAc (113 g, 1.156 mol, 4.0 eq) and Pd(dppf)Cl₂-DCM (31.72 g, 0.0434 mol, 0.15 eq) in dioxane (1.5 L) was stirred at 80° C. for 15 h under positive pressure of nitrogen. The resulting mixture was cooled to ambient temperature. DCM (1.5 L) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 15 min at rt. The mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with DCM (500 mL). The filtrates were combined and concentrated. The crude was purified by silica gel chromatography (PE:EA, 10:1-5:1) to give the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.63 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 7.46-7.30 (m, 4H), 1.34 (s, 24H).

Intermediate 59: 6-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde

6-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (1.2 g, 7.01 mmol), (3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)boronic acid (1.5 g, 6.38 mmol), Potassium Carbonate (1.76 g, 12.75 mmol), and Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (0.37 g, 0.32 mmol), are suspended in 30 mL of a 10:1 mixture of dioxane and water. The mixture is sparged with argon gas for 10 minutes, and heated in a 95 C hot plate for 3 h. The solution is cooled to rt, and diluted with dichloromethane (100 mL), water (50 mL), and brine (50 mL). The organic layer was separated, and aqueous layer extracted 1× with dichloromethane (50 mL). The combined organics were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated, and purified via column chromatography with dichloromethane eluent (dry loaded, solubility issues if DCM is not used). The fractions containing the product are concentrated to yield the crude yellow solid that is contaminated with unreacted 6-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde. The yellow solid is crushed, and diluted with Et2O, sonicated, and filtered. The filtrate is washed 2× with Et2O to give 6-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.30 (s, 1H), 8.22 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (dd, J=8.1, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (dd, J=7.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.53-7.31 (m, 2H), 4.04 (s, 3H).

Intermediate 60: 6-(2-chloro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde

6-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (720 mg, 2.2 mmol), Bis(pinacolato)diborane (615.85 mg, 2.43 mmol), potassium acetate (605.85 mg, 6.17 mmol), and 1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene-palladium(II)dichloride dichloromethane complex (182.27 mg, 0.22 mmol) was suspended in 20 mL of Dioxane. The resulting suspension was sparged with argon for 5 min. The reaction was sealed and stirred at 95 C for 6 h. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc, and filtered through a plug of celite. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by silica gel chromatography, eluting with EtOAc (0-10%) in Hexanes to provide 6-(2-chloro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.30 (s, 1H), 8.20 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.88-7.61 (m, 2H), 7.49 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.04 (s, 3H), 1.34 (s, 12H).

Intermediate 61: 6-(3′-bromo-2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde

6-(2-chloro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (400 mg, 1.07 mmol), Potassium Carbonate (354.57 mg, 2.57 mmol), 1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene-palladium(II)dichloride dichloromethane complex (88.5 mg, 0.11 mmol), and 1,3-dibromo-2-chlorobenzene (578.84 mg, 2.14 mmol) was suspended in 10 mL of a 9:1 mixture of Dioxane:water. The resulting suspension was sparged with argon for 10 minutes, sealed, and stirred at 95 C for 4 h. The suspension was cooled and diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with water and brine. The combined organics were dried over Na2SO4, concentrated, and purified by silica gel chromatography, eluting with Hexane/EtOAc (0-10%). The fractions were collected to afford 6-(3′-bromo-2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.31 (s, 1H), 8.22 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (dd, J=7.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (dd, J=7.8, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.54-7.29 (m, 4H), 4.07 (s, 3H).

Intermediate 62: 6-(2,2′-dichloro-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde

6-(3′-bromo-2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (200 mg, 0.46 mmol), Bis(pinacolato)diborane (127.81 mg, 0.5 mmol), potassium acetate (125.73 mg, 1.28 mmol), and 1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene-palladium(II)dichloride dichloromethane complex (37.83 mg, 0.05 mmol) was suspended in 5 mL of Dioxane. The resulting suspension was sparged with argon for 5 min. The reaction was sealed and stirred at 95 C for 4 h. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc, and filtered through a plug of celite. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by silica gel chromatography, eluting with EtOAc (0-10%) in Hexanes to provide 6-(2,2′-dichloro-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.31 (s, 1H), 8.22 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (ddd, J=15.5, 7.2, 1.9 Hz, 2H), 7.58 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.54-7.41 (m, 4H), 4.07 (s, 3H), 1.33 (s, 12H).

Example 596: (S)-5-((((6-(3′-(1-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)pyrrolidin-2-one

A mixture of tert-butyl (2-(4-bromo-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)ethyl)carbamate (290 mg, 1 mmol), 6-(2,2′-dichloro-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (484 mg, 1 mmol), DMF (3 mL) and 2N potassium carbonate (0.5 mL) was purged with argon for 10 min. [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) complex with dichloromethane (41 mg, 0.05 mmol) was then added. The resulting mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 1 h. After cooling, the mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and 3% LiCl in water. The ethyl acetate layer was taken and concentrated. The residue was purified by Combiflash (70% EtOAc in hexanes), affording tert-butyl (2-(4-(2,2′-dichloro-3′-(5-formyl-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)ethyl)carbamate. [M+H]⁺ 566.9.

tert-Butyl (2-(4-(2,2′-dichloro-3′-(5-formyl-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)ethyl)carbamate was then subjected to the reductive amination using (S)-5-(aminomethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one and sodium triacetoxyborohydride, affording tert-butyl (S)-(2-(4-(2,2′-dichloro-3′-(6-methoxy-5-((((5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)ethyl)carbamate. [M+H]⁺ 664.8.

To a solution of tert-butyl (S)-(2-(4-(2,2′-dichloro-3′-(6-methoxy-5-((((5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)ethyl)carbamate (100 mg, 0.15 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL) was added trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL). After stirring for 30 min. at room temperature, the mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by reverse-phase HPLC, affording (S)-5-((((6-(3′-(1-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)pyrrolidin-2-one as the bisTFA salt. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.14 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.69-7.59 (m, 2H), 7.50 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.38-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.24 (dd, J=7.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.55-4.45 (m, 2H), 4.34 (dd, J=2.6 Hz, 2H), 4.09 (s, 3H), 4.06 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 3.25 (dd, J=6.2, 4.2 Hz, 2H), 2.52-2.30 (m, 3H), 1.99-1.84 (m, 1H). [M+H]⁺ 565.1.

Example 597: (S)-5-((((6-(2-chloro-3-(4-(6-methoxy-5-(((((S)-5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)pyrrolidin-2-one

A 40 mL reaction vial, fitted with a stir bar, was charged with 2-(4-bromothiophen-2-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (0.150 g), 6-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (0.203 g), Pd(dppf) (0.018 g) and potassium carbonate (0.143 g). DriSolv 1,4-Dioxane (5 mL) and distilled water (0.5 mL) were then added by syringe, and the mixture de-gassed by bubbling argon for 5 min while mixing. The reaction vial was then sealed with a septum cap and the reaction heated to 85° C. using a heating block, the reaction was monitored by LC/MS. Upon complete consumption of starting material, saturated NaCl in water was added and the reaction mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The organic layers were collected, volatiles removed and crude mixture purified by silica gel column chromatography. LCMS m/z 410.00 M+1.

A 40 mL screw cap vial, fitted with a stir bar, was charged with 6-(3-(4-bromothiophen-2-yl)-2-chlorophenyl)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (0.070 g), bis(pinacolato)diboron (0.065 g), potassium acetate (0.034 g) and Pd(dppf) (0.007 g). DriSolv 1,4-Dioxane (2 mL) was then added by syringe, and the mixture was de-gassed by bubbling argon through for 5 min while mixing. The vial was then sealed and the mixture heated to 85° C., the reaction was monitored by LC/MS and upon complete consumption of the starting material the crude mixture was carried through to the next reaction without any purification (boronic ester intermediate LCMS m/z 456.128 M+1). To the previous reaction was added 6-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (0.059 g), Pd(PPh3)4 (0.020 g), potassium carbonate (0.047 g) and distilled water (0.2 mL), the mixture was de-gassed by bubbling argon through for 5 min while mixing. The vial was sealed with a septum cap and the mixture heated to 85° C. using a heating block, the reaction was monitored by LC/MS. Upon complete consumption of arylboronic ester a saturated solution of NaCl in water was added to the reaction mixture in equal-volume to the initial reaction volume. The resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate, the organic layers collected, volatiles removed in vacuo and purified by silica gel column chromatography. LCMS m/z 465.100 M+1.

A 20 mL reaction vial, fitted with a stir bar, was charged with 6-(2-chloro-3-(4-(5-formyl-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (0.028 g), (S)-5-(aminomethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one hydrochloride (0.036 g) N,N-diisopropyl-ethylamine (0.042 mL) and dimethylformamide (1 mL) and allowed to mix for 0.5 h. Sodium triacetoxy-borohydride (0.064 g) was then added and the reaction allowed to mix overnight. The next day the reaction was quenched with trifluoroacetic acid (1.205 mmol), filtered, diluted with a 1:4 solution DMF/water and purified by HPLC to give (S)-5-((((6-(2-chloro-3-(4-(6-methoxy-5-(((((S)-5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)pyrrolidin-2-one. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.23 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (dd, J=7.6, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (dd, J=7.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.52-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.33 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.40-4.23 (m, 4H), 4.18-3.99 (m, 8H), 3.28-3.14 (m, 3H), 2.49-2.31 (m, 6H), 1.99-1.82 (m, 2H). ES/MS m/z: 661.281 M+1.

Example 598: (S)-5-((((6-(2,2′-dichloro-3′-(1-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-1H-indol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)pyrrolidin-2-one

To a stirred solution of 5-Bromoindole (200 mg) in DMF at room temperature was added NaH (2.2 equiv.). After gas evolution ceased (2-chloroethyl)dimethylamine hydrochloride (1.2 equiv.) was added. The reaction was stirred until complete consumption was observed by LC/MS. The reaction was then diluted with water and extracted 3×5 mL with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was subjected to column chromatography (0%-10% MeOH/DCM+0.1% NEt₃) to afford 2-(5-bromo-1H-indol-1-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine.

2-(5-bromo-1H-indol-1-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (1.2 equiv.), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.1 equiv.), K₂CO₃ (2.0 equiv.), and 6-(2,2′-dichloro-3′-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (40 mg, 1.0 equiv.) were place in a vial. The vial was charged with a stir bar and sealed. Dioxane (1 mL) and water (0.25 mL) were added via syringe. The vial was then subjected to 4 cycles of evacuation followed by back-filling with argon. The reaction vessel was then heated to 90° C. for 2 hours. LC/MS indicated full consumption of pinacol boronate. The reaction mixture was then diluted with water (3 mL) and extracted 3×5 mL EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was subjected to column chromatography (0%-10% MeOH/DCM+0.1% NEt₃) to afford 6-(2,2′-dichloro-3′-(1-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-1H-indol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde.

To a vial charged with 6-(2,2′-dichloro-3′-(1-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-1H-indol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (20 mg, 1.0 equiv.), (S)-5-(aminomethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one hydrochloride (3.0 equiv.), and triethylamine (3.0 equiv.) was added 0.75 mL of DMF. To this slurry was added sodium cyanoborohydride (5.0 equiv.). Upon complete consumption of starting material according to LC/MS the reaction mixture was diluted with a 5:1 DMF/water solution to a total volume of 4 mL. Purification by reverse phase HPLC afforded (S)-5-((((6-(2,2′-dichloro-3′-(1-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-1H-indol-5-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)pyrrolidin-2-one as a bis-TFA salt. ES/MS (m/z, M+H⁺): 642.2.

Example 599: 5-((6-acetyl-2,6-diazaspiro[3.3]heptan-2-yl)methyl)-2-(3′-(5-((6-acetyl-2,6-diazaspiro[3.3]heptan-2-yl)methyl)-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)-2,2′-dichloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)isoindolin-1-one

Into a flask containing 2-oxoindoline-5-carbaldehyde 1 (500 mg, 3.1 mmol) is added 1,3-dibromo-2-chlorobenzene (1677.51 mg, 6.21 mmol), along with cesium carbonate (2022 mg, 6.21 mmol), N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine 99% (0.34 mL) 3.1 mmol) and dioxane (15 mL). After flushing the reaction with nitrogen several times, the reaction was bubbled with N₂ through the resulting suspension for 30 min before Copper(i) iodide (295 mg, 1.55 mmol) was added. A reflux condenser was attached to the flask, and the reaction mixture was heated at 105° C. overnight. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered. The filtrate was diluted with ethyl acetate (40 mL) and water (20 mL), and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL), and the combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate. The drying agent was removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the resulting residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, 80:20 Hex/EtOAc) to provide 2-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-1-oxoisoindoline-5-carbaldehyde. MS (ESI+) m/z 352.1 (M+H).

Into a microwave vial is placed 2-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-1-oxoisoindoline-5-carbaldehyde (250 mg, 0.71 mmol), 6-(2-chloro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (293 mg, 0.78 mmol), Potassium Carbonate (197 mg, 1.43 mmol), Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (82 mg, 0.07 mmol and dioxane/water (4:1, 10 mL). The mixture was flushed with N₂ and heated at 110° C. for 1 hr. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc and water. The organic layer was separated, washed with brine and dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure before and the resulting residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, 80:20 Hex/EtOAc) to provide 2-(2,2′-dichloro-3′-(5-formyl-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-1-oxoisoindoline-5-carbaldehyde. MS (ESI+) m/z 517.31 (M+H).

The title compound was obtained using reductive amination condition A (DCM/MeOH then Na(OAc)₃BH and AcOH) followed by HPLC purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.97 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.66 (ddd, J=6.0, 2.9, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 7.67-7.39 (m, 6H), 7.36 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (s, 2H), 4.53 (s, 2H), 4.47-4.36 (m, 18H), 4.16 (s, 5H), 4.08 (s, 3H), 1.84 (s, 6H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ −77.63. MS (ESI+) m/z 765.15 (M+H).

The following compounds were prepared according to the procedures described herein using the appropriate starting material(s) and appropriate protecting group chemistry as needed.

Exam- ES/MS ple (m/z, No. Structure M + H⁺) 600

662.264 601

660.809 602

712.3 603

739.3 604

708.2 605

711.4 606

628.2 607

628.2 608

628.2 609

642.2 (M⁺) 610

628.9 611

603.2 612

613.1 613

599 614

722.2 615

616.1 616

616.1 617

560.2 618

722.2 619

698.2 620

592.1 621

708.1 622

698.1 623

530 624

529.9 625

529.6 626

797.65 627

541.2 629

636.33 630

573.27 631

737.16 632

713.12 633

699.1 634

623.0 635

673.2 636

593.0

NMR data for select compounds is shown below.

Example No. NMR 600 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.70 (s, 1H), 8.04 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (ddd, J = 13.5, 7.5, 1.9 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.51-4.28 (m, 4H), 4.10 (d, J = 18.6 Hz, 7H), 2.51-2.28 (m, 6H), 2.04-1.83 (m, 2H). 601 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.93 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J = 3.9 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.63-7.46 (m, 3H), 7.41 (d, J = 3.9 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (dd, J = 24.8, 2.6 Hz, 4H), 4.20-4.01 (m, 7H), 3.01 (s, 1H), 2.88 (d, J = 0.8 Hz, 1H), 2.55-2.32 (m, 5H), 2.03-1.84 (m, 2H). 602 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.63 (s, 1H), 8.24 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.66 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (q, J = 3.8, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 7.53 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (ddd, J = 7.7, 4.7, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.64-4.53 (m, 2H), 4.40-4.29 (m, 2H), 4.11 (s, 3H), 4.06 (s, 2H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 3.29-3.21 (m, 3H), 2.49-2.30 (m, 6H), 1.92 (ddd, J = 10.5, 6.5, 2.8 Hz, 2H). 603 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.98 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.58-7.50 (m, 4H), 7.46-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.37 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (d, J = 1.1 Hz, 1H), 4.74-4.66 (m, 2H), 4.35 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 2H), 4.10 (s, 5H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.49-3.34 (m, 2H), 3.27 (dd, J = 6.2, 4.2 Hz, 2H), 2.52-2.31 (m, 6H), 2.02-1.86 (m, 2H). 605 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 7.89 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 3H), 7.51-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.42 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (dd, J = 6.4, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (dd, J = 8.2, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.56-4.45 (m, 2H), 4.35 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 2H), 4.11 (s, 3H), 4.09-3.97 (m, 3H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.25 (ddd, J = 13.4, 6.0, 3.4 Hz, 4H), 2.38 (dtd, J = 16.9, 10.8, 9.9, 6.6 Hz, 7H), 1.99-1.84 (m, 2H). 611 ¹H (MeOH-d₄, 400 MHz, d): 7.87 (d, 1H); 7.63 (dd, 1H); 7.62-7.57 (m, 3H); 7.54-7.45 (m, 3H); 7.42-7.33 (m, 4H); 5.25 (t, 1H); 4.70 (t, 1H); 4.35 (m, 2H); 4.09 (s, 3H); 4.05 (m, 2H); 3.25 (m, 2H); 3.04 (dt, 1H); 2.50-2.30 (m, 2H); 2.02-1.85 (m, 2H). 619 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.61 (dd, J = 7.1, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.69 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.62-7.53 (m, 3H), 7.49-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.39 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (dd, J = 7.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 2H), 4.37 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 2H), 4.12 (s, 3H), 4.07 (dt, J = 13.3, 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.32-3.21 (m, 4H), 2.52-2.28 (m, 6H), 2.05-1.84 (m, 2H). 631 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.98 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (s, 1H), 7.72-7.40 (m, 8H), 7.37 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (s, 2H), 4.53 (d, J = 31.4 Hz, 4H), 4.37 (d, J = 19.8 Hz, 8H), 4.08 (s, 3H), 3.37-3.28 (m, 2H), 2.50 (q, J = 6.4, 4.8 Hz, 4H), 2.44-2.35 (m, 4H). 633 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.15 (s, 1H), 7.91-7.80 (m, 4H), 7.61 (s, 2H), 6.55 (s, 2H), 3.75 (p, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.58 (s, 3H), 3.30 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 4H), 2.87 (qd, J = 12.9, 5.9 Hz, 4H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 2.27-2.08 (m, 7H), 1.77 (h, J = 8.8, 7.8 Hz, 3H), 1.17 (s, 2H). 634 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.21-8.15 (m, 1H), 7.96 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 7.65-7.60 (m, 2H), 7.53 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (s, 1H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 5.27 (s, 2H), 4.31 (s, 2H), 4.21 (s, 2H), 4.05 (s, 2H), 3.99 (s, 3H), 3.69 (dd, J = 10.7, 5.4 Hz, 3H), 3.58 (s, 2H), 3.07 (s, 2H), 2.99 (s, 2H). 635 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.21 (s, 1H), 8.98 (s, 2H), 8.11 (s, 1H), 8.03 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (dd, J = 14.8, 7.5 Hz, 3H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 5.15 (s, 1H), 4.33 (s, 2H), 3.67 (s, 2H), 3.57 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 3H), 3.05 (s, 2H), 2.87 (s, 2H). 636 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.96 (s, 2H), 8.83 (s, 2H), 8.19 (dd, J = 6.1, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 7.95 (dd, J = 10.3, 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.72 (dd, J = 6.7, 3.7 Hz, 3H), 7.68-7.59 (m, 2H), 7.53 (dd, J = 7.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 5.29 (s, 2H), 4.36 (s, 2H), 4.22 (s, 2H), 3.99 (s, 3H), 3.70 (dt, J = 12.1, 5.1 Hz, 4H), 3.05 (d, J = 33.0 Hz, 4H).

Intermediate 63: 6-chloro-3-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-2-methoxypyridine

To a solution of aldehyde (3.5 g, 20.4 mmol) in 60 mL DCM at 0° C. was added ethylenediamine (1.50 mL, 22.44 mmol) dropwise. The solution was stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes, then N-bromosuccinimide (3.99 g, 22.44 mmol) was added in one portion, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 16 hours with gradual warming to ambient temperature. Reaction was taken up in DCM and stirred vigorously with 1:1 sat. sodium thiosulfate and sat. sodium carbonate for 15 min. The organic later was dried with MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to provide 6-chloro-3-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-2-methoxypyridine.

Example 637: (S)-4-(((5-chloro-6-(((S)-4-(2-chloro-4′-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

To a solution of 4-hydroxy-indan-1-one in CH2Cl2 (500 mL) was added imidazole. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes, to which was added portionwise tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride while cooling in an ice bath. The mixture was stirred for 16 hours at room temperature and was diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with citric acid, water and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue was purified by column chromatography (Hex-EA) to give 4-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-indan-1-one. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.27 (d, 1H, J=7.5 Hz), 7.15 (t, 1H, J=7.5 Hz), 6.89 (d, 1H, J=7.5 Hz), 2.93 (t, 2H, J=5.7 Hz), 2.57 (t, 2H, J=5.7 Hz), 0.81 (s, 9H), 0.15 (s, 6H).

To a 3000 mL rbf was added (R)-(+)-2-methyl-CBS-oxazaborolidine (8.397 g, 30.29 mmol), Toluene (30 mL) and borane-dimethylsulfide (105.35 mL, 1111 mmol) under N2. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 10 min then diluted with DCM (240 mL) and cooled to −20° C. A solution of 4-bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one (53.0 g, 202 mmol) in DCM (240 mL) was added dropwise over 30 min while maintaining the reaction temperature at −10±5° C. The reaction was stirred for 2 h. Rxn quenched by the dropwise addition of MeOH (500 mL). Cooling bath was removed and reaction warmed to rt. About half the rxn volume was distilled off using a short-path distillation apparatus. All remaining solvent was then evaporated under reduced pressure to give a solid which was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with EA-Hex to provide (S)-4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol. ES/MS m/z: [M-OH]+=247. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.13 (dt, J=15.3, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.23 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.00 (ddd, J=16.2, 8.6, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 2.79-2.66 (m, 1H), 2.46 (dddd, J=13.1, 8.3, 6.9, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 1.92 (dddd, J=13.6, 8.6, 6.3, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 1.00 (s, 9H), 0.20 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 6H).

A solution of (S)-4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol (6.0 g, 22.7 mmol) and 6-chloro-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (11.7 g, 45.4 mmol), in toluene (40 mL) was degassed by vigorously bubbling N2 thru solution for 10 min. Then Pd(OAc)2 (1.02 g, 4.54 mmol), t-BuXPhos (3.85 g, 9.07 mmol) and cesium carbonate (29.5 g, 90.8 mmol) were added and the bubbling continued for 5 min more. The reaction was then stirred at 35 C for 48 h under N2. Rxn was cooled to rt and diluted with DCM. Filtered thru celite and loaded directly on silica gel column, eluting with Hex-DCM to provide (S)-6-((4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.29 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.92 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.86 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.16-8.04 (m, 2H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 7.10 (dt, J=15.5, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.79-6.72 (m, 1H), 6.50-6.41 (m, 2H), 5.68-5.53 (m, 2H), 4.12 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.07 (ddd, J=16.3, 8.8, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.86 (ddd, J=16.3, 8.6, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 2.51 (dddd, J=13.9, 8.6, 7.1, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 2.14 (dddd, J=13.9, 8.7, 5.5, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.04 (s, 1H), 1.32-1.19 (m, 2H), 1.01 (s, 9H), 0.23 (s, 6H).

(S)-6-((4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (4.69 g, 9.66 mmol) was taken up in 50 mL THF and cooled to −78 C. TBAF (9.66 mL, 9.66 mmol) was added dropwise and the reaction allowed to warm up to 0 C over 30 min, providing a dark orange solution. AcOH (0.552 mL, 9,655 mmol) was added dropwise, removing most of the color. Diluted with EtOAc and pH 5 citrate buffer. Organic layer was dried (Na2SO4) and conc. Purification by silica gel chromatography provided (S)-6-((4-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.23 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.07-6.96 (m, 1H), 6.78 (dd, J=7.9, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 6.53 (dd, J=7.1, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 6.34 (dd, J=8.4, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (s, 1H), 4.66-4.57 (m, 2H), 3.10 (ddd, J=14.5, 8.7, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2.89 (ddd, J=15.8, 8.7, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.66 (dddd, J=14.0, 8.6, 7.0, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2.26 (dddd, J=13.9, 8.7, 5.2, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 0.91 (s, 2H), 0.08 (s, 9H).

A solution of (S)-6-((4-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (5.00 g, 13 mmol) in 55 mL DCM was treated with pyridine (2.76 mL, 34 mmol), DMAP (164 mg, 1.3 mmol) and TEA (3.75 mL, 27 mmol) was cooled to −78 C and treated dropwise with Tf2O (2.50 mL, 15 mmol). Stirred for 15 min, then allowed to warm to rt. After 1 h the reaction was diluted with EtOAc, washed with citric acid soln, dried with Na2SO4 and concentrated. Purification by silica chromatography (hex-DCM) provided (S)-1-((5-formyl-6-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate (6.42 g, 94% yield). [M+H]=503.7. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.25 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.56 (dd, J=7.1, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 6.37 (dd, J=8.4, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (td, J=8.2, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 3.27 (ddd, J=16.6, 8.9, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.12-2.99 (m, 1H), 2.72 (dddd, J=13.7, 8.5, 7.1, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 2.29 (dddd, J=13.8, 8.8, 6.1, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 1.55 (s, 1H), 1.24-1.18 (m, 2H), 0.07 (s, 9H). ¹⁹F NMR δ −74.10.

A solution of (S)-6-((4-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (6.42 g, 0.13 mmol), 4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi(1,3,2-dioxaborolane) (3.89 g, 15 mmol), Pd-dppf (0.932 g, 1.27 mmol) and KOAc (3.75 g, 38 mmol) in 55 mL dioxane was stirred at 90 C overnight. Reaction was diluted with EtOAc, filtered thru celite and concentrated. Purification of the filtrate derived material by silica chromatography (DCM-hexanes) provided (S)-6-((4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.24 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (dd, J=7.3, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (dd, J=7.1, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 6.33 (dd, J=8.3, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 4.66-4.57 (m, 2H), 3.36 (ddd, J=17.2, 8.7, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.15 (ddd, J=17.2, 8.7, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 2.60 (dddd, J=14.1, 8.6, 7.1, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 2.26-2.13 (m, 1H), 1.34 (s, 12H), 1.31-1.18 (m, 2H), 0.07 (s, 9H).

A solution of (S)-6-((4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (3.20 g, 6.71 mmol), 1,3-dibromo-2-chlorobenzene (5.44 g, 20.1 mmol), Pd-dppf (0.490 g, 0.67 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (2.34 g, 17 mmol) in 60 mL dioxane and 6 mL water was stirred at 90 C for 5 h. Reaction was diluted with EtOAc, dried with MgSO₄ and filtered thru celite and conc. Purification of the filtrate derived material by silica chromatography (DCM-hexanes) provided (S)-6-((4-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.24 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (dd, J=7.7, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.26-7.13 (m, 3H), 6.59 (d, J=16.5 Hz, 1H), 6.38 (s, 1H), 4.62 (t, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 2.82 (tq, J=16.5, 8.5, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.68-2.59 (m, 2H), 2.24-2.15 (m, 1H), 1.30-1.18 (m, 3H), 0.07 (s, 9H).

A solution of (S)-6-((4-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (1.31 g, 2.41 mmol) in 6 mL Chloroform and 3 mL DMF was treated with Palau-Cl (2-chloro-1,3-bis(methoxycarbonyl)guanidine (Baran CBMG Reagent) 631 mg, 3.01 mmol) and TFA (37 uL, 0.48 mmol) as a 10% soln in DMF. The reaction was stirred for 16 h at rt, then diluted with DCM and treated with 10 mL sat thiosulfate and 20 mL NaHCO₃. After stirring vigorously for 10 min, the organic layer was separated, dried with MgSO4, filtered and concentrated. Purification by column chromatography (ISCO, elution with DCM-hexanes) provided (S)-6-((4-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde. 120 mg of starting material was also obtained. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.20 (s, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.66 (dd, J=7.7, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.14 (m, 1H), 7.20 (s, 2H), 6.58 (d, J=22.9 Hz, 1H), 4.61 (t, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 2.94-2.77 (m, 2H), 2.69 (m, 2H), 2.28-2.20 (m, 1H), 1.27-1.17 (m, 2H), 0.07 (s, 9H).

A solution of (S)-6-((4-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (500 mg, 0.86 mmol) in 6 mL DMF was treated with CsF (524 mg, 3.45 mmol) and stirred for 1 h at 60° C. Cooled to 0 C and treated with K₂CO₃ (357 mg, 2.6 mmol), 3-(chloromethyl)-5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridine hydrochloride (251 mg, 1.04 mmol) and NaI (130 mg, 0.86 mmol). Allowed to warm to rt and stir overnight. The reaction was partitioned between EtOAc and water. Organic layer was washed with 2% LiCl, dried with sodium sulfate, filtered and conc. Purification by column chromatography (ISCO, elution with EtOAc-hexanes) provided (S)-6-((4-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)nicotinaldehyde. LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]+ calcd for C28H22BrCl2N2O5S: 648.97; found: 648.94.

A solution of (S)-6-((4-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)nicotinaldehyde (291 mg, 0.45 mmol) in 5 mL DMF and 0.5 mL H2O was treated with 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl (2-hydroxyethyl)(2-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)carbamate (233 mg, 0.52 mmol), K2CO3 (186 mg, 1.4 mmol) and Pd-dppf (33 mg, 0.045 mmol) and stirred for 16 h at 80° C. Cooled to rt and diluted with EtOAc, dried with sodium sulfate, filtered and conc. Purification by column chromatography (ISCO, elution with EtOAc-hexanes) provided 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl (S)-(2-((2′-chloro-3′-(1-((3-chloro-5-formyl-6-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)oxy)ethyl)(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamate. LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]+ calcd for C44H48Cl2N3O9SSi: 892.22; found: 891.83.

A solution of 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl (S)-(2-((2′-chloro-3′-(1-((3-chloro-5-formyl-6-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)oxy)ethyl)(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamate (290 mg, 0.32 mmol) in 2 mL THF was treated with 1.0 M TBAF in THF (0.487 mL, 0.487 mmol) and stirred for 18 h at 20° C. The reaction was partitioned between EtOAc and water. Organic layer was washed with water, dried with sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to provide (S)-5-chloro-6-((4-(2-chloro-4′-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)nicotinaldehyde. LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]+ calcd for C38H36Cl2N3O7S: 748.12; found: 748.03.

(S)-4-(((5-chloro-6-(((S)-4-(2-chloro-4′-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid was prepared from (S)-5-chloro-6-((4-(2-chloro-4′-(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethoxy)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-((5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)nicotinaldehyde using general reductive amination procedure D. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 9.03 (s, 2H), 8.50 (s, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.54 (s, 4H), 7.45 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.41-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.18 (m, 3H), 6.52 (s, 1H), 5.70 (s, 2H), 4.29 (s, 2H), 4.18 (s, 2H), 3.27 (d, J=3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.17 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 3H), 3.07 (dd, J=12.7, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.95-2.87 (m, 2H), 2.76 (s, 1H), 2.57 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 2.10 (s, 1H). LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]+ calcd for C₄₂H₄₅Cl₂N₄O₉S: 851.22; found: 851.00.

Example 638: (S)-2-(((2-(2-chloro-3-(1-((3-chloro-5-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)phenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-7-yl)methyl)amino)ethan-1-ol

A solution of (S)-6-((4-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde (400 mg, 0.69 mmol) in 3 mL DMF was treated with CsF (419 mg, 2.76 mmol) and stirred for 1 h at 60° C. Cooled to 0 C and treated with K2CO3 (286 mg, 2.07 mmol) and methyl iodide (64 μL, 1.04 mmol). Allowed to warm to rt and stir for 2 h. The reaction was partitioned between EtOAc and water. Organic layer was washed with 2% LiCl, dried with sodium sulfate, filtered and conc. Purification by column chromatography (ISCO, elution with EtOAc-hexanes) (S)-6-((4-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde. LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]+ calcd for C₂₂H₁₇BrCl₂NO₃: 491.97; found: 491.83.

A solution of (S)-6-((4-(3-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (357 mg, 0.72 mmol) in 5 mL dioxane was treated with inacoldiboron (221 mg, 0.87 mmol), Pd-dppf (53 mg, 0.073 mmol) and KOAc (213 mg, 2.2 mmol) and heated at 90 C for 1 h. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc and filtered. Purification by column chromatography (ISCO, elution with EtOAc-hexanes) (S)-5-chloro-6-((4-(2-chloro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde. LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]+ calcd for C28H28BCl2NO5: 540.14; found: 540.32.

A solution of (S)-5-chloro-6-((4-(2-chloro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (45 mg, 0.083 mmol), 2-bromo-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-7-carbaldehyde (26 mg, 0.115 mmol), [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) dichloride (7 mg, 0.009 mmol) and sodium carbonate (120 μL, 0.24 mmol, 2M solution in water). The reaction mixture was heated in the microwave at 110° C. for 45 min. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water and brine. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by ISCO silica gel chromatography to give (S)-2-(2-chloro-3-(1-((3-chloro-5-formyl-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)phenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-7-carbaldehyde.

Ethanolamine (15 μL, 0.25 mmol) was first dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (3 mL) and acetic acid (0.6 mL). After stirring for 10 min, (S)-2-(2-chloro-3-(1-((3-chloro-5-formyl-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)phenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-7-carbaldehyde (17 mg, 0.03 mmol) dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (1 mL) was then added slowly dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 4 h before sodium triacetoxyborohydride (57 mg, 0.27 mmol) was added. After 1 h, the reaction was quenched by adding 400 μL of trifluoroacetic acid. Purification on reversed-phase HPLC provided(S)-2-(((2-(2-chloro-3-(1-((3-chloro-5-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)phenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-7-yl)methyl)amino)ethan-1-ol. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.15 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 8.70 (s, 2H), 8.07 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.94 (dd, J=7.3, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.44-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.31 (dd, J=7.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (s, 1H), 5.30 (d, J=21.2 Hz, 2H), 4.39 (s, 2H), 4.09 (s, 2H), 4.02 (s, 3H), 3.68 (dt, J=9.3, 4.6 Hz, 3H), 3.04 (d, J=19.4 Hz, 4H), 2.93-2.83 (m, 1H), 2.79-2.66 (m, 2H), 2.11 (d, J=19.3 Hz, 1H). ES/MS (m/z, M+H⁺): 648.9.

Example 639: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((1R,1′R,2R,2′R)-2,2′-difluoro-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

A stirred mixture of 4-bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one (3.00 g, 14.2 mmol), 1-(chloromethyl)-4-fluoro-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-diium tetrafluoroborate (6.04 g, 17.1 mmol), and sulfuric acid (75.8 μL, 1.42 mmol) in methanol (30 mL) was heated to 62° C. After 22 h, the resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature. Ethyl acetate (50 mL) and diethyl ether (200 mL) were added. The organic layer was washed with water (200 mL), was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 10% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give 4-bromo-2-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one.

[N-[(1R,2R)-2-(Amino-κN)-1,2-diphenylethyl]-4-methylbenzenesulfonamidato-κN]chloro[(1,2,3,4,5,6-q)-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)benzene]-ruthenium (21 mg, 0.033 mmol) was added to a stirred mixture of 4-bromo-2-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one (750 mg, 3.27 mmol), formic acid (890 μL, 24 mmol), triethylamine (2.7 mL, 20 mmol), and dichloromethane (400 μL) at room temperature. After 24 h, diethyl ether (50 mL) was added. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (2×30 mL), was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give (1S,2R)-4-bromo-2-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol.

Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (572 μL, 2.95 mmol) was added over 2 min via syringe to a stirred mixture of (1S,2R)-4-bromo-2-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol (455 mg, 1.97 mmol), 4-nitrobenzoic acid (494 mg, 2.95 mmol), and triphenylphosphine (826 mg, 3.15 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) at 0° C. After 5 min, the resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature. After 13 h, the resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 20% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give (1R,2R)-4-bromo-2-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl 4-nitrobenzoate.

A vigorously stirred mixture of (1R,2R)-4-bromo-2-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl 4-nitrobenzoate (287 mg, 0.754 mmol), 4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi(1,3,2-dioxaborolane) (230 mg, 0.905 mmol), potassium acetate (197 mg, 2.01 mmol), and bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (28 mg, 0.038 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (7.0 mL) was heated to 95° C. After 13 h, the resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature, was filtered through celite, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 12% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give (1R,2R)-2-fluoro-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl 4-nitrobenzoate.

A vigorously stirred mixture of (1R,2R)-4-bromo-2-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl 4-nitrobenzoate (287 mg, 0.754 mmol), (1R,2R)-2-fluoro-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl 4-nitrobenzoate (322 mg, 0.754 mmol), saturated aqueous sodium carbonate solution (943 μL), and chloro(2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropyl-1,1′-biphenyl)[2-(2′-amino-1,1′-biphenyl)]palladium(II) (59 mg, 0.075 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (3.0 mL) was heated to 90° C. After 5 h, the resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature, and ethyl acetate (60 mL) was added. The organic layer was washed with a mixture of brine and water (2:1 v:v, 30 mL), was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give a mixture of (1R,1′R,2R,2′R)-2,2′-difluoro-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl bis(4-nitrobenzoate), (1R,1′R,2R,2′R)-2,2′-difluoro-1′-hydroxy-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biinden]-1-yl 4-nitrobenzoate, and (1R,1′R,2R,2′R)-2,2′-difluoro-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diol. The mixture was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (15 mL) and methanol (15 mL) and was stirred at room temperature. Aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1.0 M, 6.0 mL, 6.0 mmol) was added. After 20 min, ethyl acetate (63 mL) and diethyl ether (63 mL) were added. The organic layer was washed sequentially with water (100 mL), a mixture of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and water (1:1 v:v, 100 mL), and water (100 mL), was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure to give (1R,1′R,2R,2′R)-2,2′-difluoro-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diol.

A vigorously stirred mixture of (1R,1′R,2R,2′R)-2,2′-difluoro-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diol (185 mg, 0.612 mmol), 6-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (420 mg, 2.45 mmol), cesium carbonate (917 mg, 2.82 mmol), and [(2-di-tert-butylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropyl-1,1′-biphenyl)-2-(2′-amino-1,1′-biphenyl)]palladium(II) methanesulfonate (97 mg, 0.12 mmol) in toluene (7.0 mL) was heated to 100° C. After 14.5 h, the resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature, was filtered through celite, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give 6,6′-(((1R,1′R,2R,2′R)-2,2′-difluoro-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde).

Hydrogen chloride solution (4.0 M in 1,4-dioxane, 96.3 μL, 0.385 mmol) was added via syringe to a stirred mixture of 6,6′-(((1R,1′R,2R,2′R)-2,2′-difluoro-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (103 mg, 0.179 mmol) and 2-chloro-1,3-bis(methoxycarbonyl)guanidine (82.7 mg, 0.394 mmol) in acetonitrile (8.0 mL) and chloroform (8.0 mL) at room temperature. After 40 min, 2-chloro-1,3-bis(methoxycarbonyl)guanidine (37.6 mg, 0.179 mmol) was added. After 1 min, hydrogen chloride solution (4.0 M in 1,4-dioxane, 44.8 μL, 0.179 mmol) was added via syringe. After 30 min, ethyl acetate (60 mL) was added. The organic layer was washed sequentially with water (30 mL) and brine (30 mL), was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give 6,6′-(((1R,1′R,2R,2′R)-2,2′-difluoro-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde).

Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (126 mg, 0.596 mmol) was added to a stirred mixture of 6,6′-(((1R,1′R,2R,2′R)-2,2′-difluoro-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (38 mg, 0.060 mmol), (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid (85.1 mg, 0.715 mmol), and acetic acid (0.20 mL) in dimethylsulfoxide (1.5 mL) at room temperature. After 45 min, trifluoroacetic acid (60 μL) was added, and the resulting mixture was purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) to give (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((1R,1′R,2R,2′R)-2,2′-difluoro-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid). ES/MS (m/z, M+H⁺): 847.2.

Example 640: (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((1R,1′R,2S,2′S)-2,2′-difluoro-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid)

A stirred mixture of 4-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one (3.00 g, 18.0 mmol), 1-(chloromethyl)-4-fluoro-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-diium tetrafluoroborate (7.66 g, 21.6 mmol), and sulfuric acid (96.0 μL, 1.80 mmol) in methanol (40 mL) was heated to 65° C. After 18 h, the resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature. Ethyl acetate (50 mL) and diethyl ether (200 mL) were added. The organic layer was washed with water (200 mL), was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 10% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give 4-chloro-2-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one.

[N-[(1S,2S)-2-(Amino-κN)-1,2-diphenylethyl]-4-methylbenzenesulfonamidato-κN]chloro[(1,2,3,4,5,6-η)-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)benzene]-ruthenium (90.9 mg, 0.143 mmol) was added to a stirred mixture of 4-chloro-2-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one (2.64 g, 14.3 mmol), formic acid (3.88 mL, 103 mmol), triethylamine (12 mL, 86 mmol), and dichloromethane (1.5 mL) at room temperature. After 18 h, diethyl ether (150 mL) was added. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (2×90 mL), was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 20% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give (1R,2S)-4-chloro-2-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol.

A vigorously stirred mixture of (1R,2S)-4-chloro-2-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol (1.00 g, 5.36 mmol), 6-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (1.10 g, 6.43 mmol), cesium carbonate (2.27 g, 6.97 mmol), and [(2-di-tert-butylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropyl-1,1′-biphenyl)-2-(2′-amino-1,1′-biphenyl)]palladium(II) methanesulfonate (128 mg, 0.161 mmol) in toluene (8.0 mL) was heated to 105° C. After 3.5 h, the resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature, was filtered through celite, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 20% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give 6-(((1R,2S)-4-chloro-2-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde.

A vigorously stirred mixture of 6-(((1R,2S)-4-chloro-2-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)oxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (312 mg, 0.970 mmol), 4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi(1,3,2-dioxaborolane) (123 mg, 0.485 mmol), saturated aqueous sodium carbonate solution (1.94 mL), and chloro(2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropyl-1,1′-biphenyl)[2-(2′-amino-1,1′-biphenyl)]palladium(II) (76 mg, 0.097 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (9.0 mL) was heated to 100° C. After 15 h, the resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature, and ethyl acetate (50 mL) was added. The organic layer was washed with a mixture of brine and water (2:1 v:v, 30 mL), was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give 6,6′-(((1R,1′R,2S,2′S)-2,2′-difluoro-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde).

Hydrogen chloride solution (4.0 M in 1,4-dioxane, 136 μL, 0.542 mmol) was added via syringe to a stirred mixture of 6,6′-(((1R,1′R,2S,2′S)-2,2′-difluoro-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (144 mg, 0.252 mmol) and 2-chloro-1,3-bis(methoxycarbonyl)guanidine (116 mg, 0.555 mmol) in acetonitrile (8.0 mL) and chloroform (8.0 mL) at room temperature. After 65 min, 2-chloro-1,3-bis(methoxycarbonyl)guanidine (29.1 mg, 0.139 mmol) was added. After 1 min, hydrogen chloride solution (4.0 M in 1,4-dioxane, 31.5 μL, 0.126 mmol) was added via syringe. After 15 min, ethyl acetate (60 mL) was added. The organic layer was washed sequentially with water (30 mL) and brine (30 mL), was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, was filtered, and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give 6,6′-(((1R,1′R,2S,2′S)-2,2′-difluoro-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde).

Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (463 mg, 2.18 mmol) was added to a stirred mixture of 6,6′-(((1R,1′R,2S,2′S)-2,2′-difluoro-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde) (140 mg, 0.218 mmol), (S)-4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid (156 mg, 1.31 mmol), and acetic acid (0.20 mL) in dimethylsulfoxide (1.5 mL) at room temperature. After 60 min, trifluoroacetic acid (150 μL) was added, and the resulting mixture was purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile/water) to give (3S,3′S)-4,4′-((((((1R,1′R,2S,2′S)-2,2′-difluoro-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-2-methoxypyridine-6,3-diyl))bis(methylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(3-hydroxybutanoic acid). ES/MS (m/z, M+H⁺): 847.2.

The following compounds were prepared according to the procedures described herein (e.g., according to Example 637 or 638) using the appropriate starting material(s) and appropriate protecting group chemistry as needed.

Exam- ES/MS ple (m/z, No. Structure M + H+) 641

 769.92 642

 733.03 643

 720.07 644

 732.06 645

 736.98 646

 718.97 647

 733.08 648

 737.98 649

 750.9 650

 756.03 651

 757 652

 745.93 653

 794.02 654

 774 655

 769.01 656

 769.9 657

 779.91 658

 769.97 659

 776.97 660

 851.05 661

 763.96 662

 841.93 663

 841.88 664

 789.23 665

 860.97 666

 877.03 667

 808.07 668

 824.09 669

 876.99 670

 720.02 671

 773.88 672

 762.04 673

 728.08 674

 797.96 675

676

 882.12 677

 802.22 678

 923.25 679

1003.13 681

 679.93 682

 936 683

 863.9 684

 863.9 685

 848 686

1063 687

1056.8 688

1088.9 689

1056.8 690

1063.5 691

 899.1 692

1121.7 693

1103.5 694

1121.3 695

 751.1 696

 750.8 697

 860.0 (M + Na)+ 698

 855.2 (M + Na)+ 699

 940 700

 896.3 701

 822.3 702

 838.3 703

 719.992 704

 718.945 705

 719.956 706

 718.918 707

 733.933 708

 732.974 709

 705.9 710

 704.884 711

 733.881 712

 732.962 713

 743.963 714

 757.982 715

 729.004 716

 700.996 717

 700.961 718

 686.973 719

 728.979 720

 672.956 721

 700.951 722

 715.035 723

 714.998 724

 715.028 725

 714.965 726

 756.972 727

 749.9 728

 750.001 729

 726.012 730

 713.977 731

 718.946 732

 718.958 733

 769.015 734

 744.933 735

 812.906 736

 788.853 737

 807.022 738

 763.09 739

 788.853 740

 729.093 741

 864.968 742

 787.071 743

 910.49 744

 838.88 745

 794.76 746

 760.86 747

 896.48 748

 818.59 749

 774.74 750

 740.48 751

 987.2 752

 977.78 753

 903.94 754

 835.11 755

 879.99 756

 757.06 757

 731.99 758

 761.23 759

 760.12 760

 789.08 761

 774.14 762

 776 763

 760.14 764

 774.13 765

 760.09 766

 786.09 767

 773.02 768

 746.98 769

 745.93 770

 769.18 771

 740.95 772

 608.11 773

 737.25 774

 752.06 775

 759.19 776

 775.96 777

 657.16 778

 672.11 779

 733.15 780

 737.03 781

 752.06 782

 751.94 783

 613.89 784

 693.84 785

 748.08 786

 720.2 787

 738.04 788

 738.01 789

 738.01 790

 777.86 791

 793.16 792

 789.92 793

 608.78 794

 688.75 795

 750.2 796

 756 797

 876.2 798

 758.9 799

 780.1 800

 831.1 801

 873.0 802

 857.0 803

 867.0

NMR data for select compounds is shown below.

Example No. NMR 637 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) d 9.03 (s, 2H), 8.50 (s, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.54 (s, 4H), 7.45 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.41-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.18 (m, 3H), 6.52 (s, 1H), 5.70 (s, 2H), 4.29 (s, 2H), 4.18 (s, 2H), , 3.27 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.17 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 3H), 3.07 (dd, J = 12.7, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.95-2.87 (m, 2H), 2.76 (s, 1H), 2.57 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 2.10 (s, 1H). 638 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.15 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 8.70 (s, 2H), 8.07 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.94 (dd, J = 7.3, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.44-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.31 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (s, 1H), 5.30 (d, J = 21.2 Hz, 2H), 4.39 (s, 2H), 4.09 (s, 2H), 4.02 (s, 3H), 3.68 (dt, J = 9.3, 4.6 Hz, 3H), 3.04 (d, J = 19.4 Hz, 4H), 2.93-2.83 (m, 1H), 2.79-2.66 (m, 2H), 2.11 (d, J = 19.3 Hz, 1H). 641 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d 8.84 (s, 1H), 8.63 (s, 1H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.94 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.55-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.38 (dd, J = 13.8, 7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (s, 1H), , 4.33 (s, 2H), 4.21 (s, 2H), 4.00 (s, 3H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.88 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (m, 6H), 3.10 (d, J = 26.0 Hz, 2H), 2.93-2.82 (m, 1H), 2.81-2.61 (m, 2H), 2.34-2.03 (m, 5H), 1.85-1.71 (m, 1H). 642 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetonitrile-d3) d 8.52 (d, J = 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.73 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.53 (s, 2H), 7.49-7.40 (m, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 4.47 (s, 2H), 4.41 (d, J = 2.9 Hz, 1H), 4.19 (s, 2H), 4.11 (s, 6H), 3.84 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 1H), 3.68-3.53 (m, 1H), 3.11-2.62 (m, 5H), 2.40-2.00 (m, 2H), 2.00-1.62 (m, 3H), 1.57 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 3H). 643 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d 9.04 (s, 1H), 8.89 (s, 1H), 8.77-8.70 (m, 1H), 8.58 (s, 1H), 8.45 (s, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.69 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (s, 2H), 7.37 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 5.54 (s, 2H), 4.36 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 4.26 (d, J = 18.3 Hz, 2H), 4.04 (s, 2H), 4.02 (s, 3H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 2.95-2.63 (m, 4H), 2.10 (s, 1H), 2.06-1.89 (m, 2H), 1.79 (td, J = 8.8, 8.1, 5.2 Hz, 4H), 1.78-1.61 (m, 3H), 1.60-1.47 (m, 2H). 644 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetonitrile-d3) ? 7.83 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (td, J = 7.7, 4.5 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (q, J = 10.1, 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.34-7.19 (m, 2H), 6.65 (s, 1H), 4.30 (t, J = 3.5 Hz, 1H), 4.29-4.16 (m, 2H), 4.11 (s, 2H), 4.01 (d, J = 12.6 Hz, 7H), 3.39 (td, J = 8.6, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.15-3.01 (m, 2H), 2.93 (s, 1H), 2.76 (m, 1H), 2.68 (dd, J = 14.5, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 2.41-2.25 (m, 4H), 2.17 (s, 2H), 2.05 (ddt, J = 12.2, 8.4, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 1.91-1.52 (m, 4H). 645 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetonitrile-d3) d 7.82 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.61 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (q, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.32-7.24 (m, 3H), 6.65 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.32-4.25 (m, 1H), 4.22 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 2H), 4.11 (s, 2H), 4.01 (d, J = 14.6 Hz, 6H), 3.75 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 1H), 3.39 (td, J = 8.7, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.92 (s, 1H), 2.83-2.55 (m, 4H), 2.23-2.10 (m, 1H), 2.10-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.90-1.66 (m, 2H), 1.66-1.52 (m, 1H), 1.48 (s, 3H). 650 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d 8.84 (s, 1H), 8.73 (s, 1H), 8.62 (s, 1H), 8.44 (s, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.63-7.50 (m, 3H), 7.45 (dd, J = 7.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.44-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.24 (m, 2H), 6.61 (s, 1H), 5.55 (s, 1H), 5.30 (s, 2H), 4.23 (s, 3H), 4.04 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 2H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 3.88 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.31 (s, 1H), 3.13 (s, 1H), 3.06 (s, 1H), 2.91-2.84 (m, 1H), 2.82-2.61 (m, 2H), 2.26-2.07 (m, 4H), 1.99-1.89 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.60 (m, 5H), 1.53 (m, 1H). 651 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d 8.93 (s, 1H), 8.74 (s, 2H), 8.45 (s, 1H), 8.06 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.70 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.63-7.53 (m, 3H), 7.46 (s, 2H), 7.37 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (dd, J = 7.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.60 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (s, 1H), 5.29 (s, 2H), 4.25 (s, 3H), 4.04 (s, 2H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 3.89 (s, 1H), 3.32 (s, 1H), 3.16 (s, 1H), 3.09 (s, 1H), 2.88 (s, 1H), 2.80-2.67 (m, 3H), 2.26-2.07 (m, 2H), 2.01-1.89 (m, 1H), 1.78 (s, 4H), 1.83-1.63 (m, 2H), 1.53 (m, 1H). 652 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) d 9.27 (s, 1H), 9.17 (s, 1H), 8.84 (s, 1H), 8.63 (s, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.74 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.71-7.56 (m, 3H), 7.52 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 2H), 7.42 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.36-7.31 (m, 1H), 6.66 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (s, 2H), 4.14 (s, 2H), 4.07 (s, 3H), 4.04 (s, 3H), 3.98 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (m, 2H), 3.24 (s, 2H), 3.10 (s, 1H), 3.04 (s, 1H), 2.92 (s, 1H), 2.79 (d, J = 17.8 Hz, 1H), 2.71 (d, J = 19.0 Hz, 1H), 2.29-2.13 (m, 6H), 1.88-1.76 (m, 2H). 653 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) d 8.86 (d, J = 22.3 Hz, 2H), 8.65 (s, 2H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.68-7.56 (m, 4H), 7.56-7.46 (m, 3H), 7.46-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.33 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.78-6.58 (m, 1H), 5.36 (s, 2H), 4.45 (s, 2H), 4.29 (s, 2H), 4.15 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.98-3.86 (m, 2H), 3.27-3.00 (m, 8H), 3.01-2.63 (m, 3H), 2.32-2.15 (m, 5H), 1.84 (td, J = 10.2, 5.2 Hz, 2H). 654 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d 8.85 (s, 1H), 8.67 (s, 3H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.63-7.50 (m, 3H), 7.50-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.44-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.27 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 6.60 (s, 1H), 5.59 (s, 1H), 5.30 (s, 2H), 4.23 (s, 2H), 4.16 (s, 1H), 4.09-4.03 (m, 2H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 3.89 (s, 1H), 3.13 (s, 1H), 3.05 (s, 2H), 2.88 (s, 2H), 2.87 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.80-2.70 (m, 1H), 2.69 (s, 1H), 2.51 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 0H), 2.45 (s, 0H), 2.37 (dd, J = 15.9, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 2.26-2.07 (m, 4H), 1.78 (q, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H). 655 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) d 8.86 (d, J = 22.3 Hz, 2H), 8.65 (s, 2H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.68-7.56 (m, 4H), 7.56-7.46 (m, 3H), 7.46-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.33 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.78-6.58 (m, 1H), 5.36 (s, 2H), 4.29 (s, 2H), 4.15 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 2H), 4.06 (s, 3H), 3.98-3.86 (m, 2H), 3.27-3.00 (m, 8H), 3.01-2.63 (m, 3H), 2.32-2.15 (m, 5H), 1.84 (td, J = 10.2, 5.2 Hz, 2H). 658 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d 8.83 (s, 2H), 8.64 (s, 2H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.94 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (dd, J = 10.0, 5.9 Hz, 3H), 7.47 (s, 2H), 7.38 (dd, J = 10.8, 7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 5.40-5.26 (m, 2H), 4.21 (s, 2H), 4.12 (s, 2H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.89-3.81 (m, 2H), 3.14 (s, 1H), 3.07 (s, 2H), 3.01 (s, 1H), 2.97-2.71 (m, 3H), 2.27-2.03 (m, 5H), 1.77 (s, 2H). 659 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) d 9.03 (s, 2H), 8.50 (s, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.54 (s, 4H), 7.45 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.41-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.18 (m, 3H), 6.52 (s, 1H), 5.70 (s, 2H), 4.29 (s, 2H), 4.18 (s, 2H), , 3.27 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.17 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 3H), 3.07 (dd, J = 12.7, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.95-2.87 (m, 2H), 2.76 (s, 1H), 2.57 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 2.10 (s, 1H). 675 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetonitrile-d3) d 8.89 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.79 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.24 (s, 1H), 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.36-7.15 (m, 8H), 7.05 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.53-6.39 (m, 1H), 5.58 (s, 2H), 4.39 (m, 1H), 4.29 (q, J = 6.6, 5.8 Hz, 3H), 4.23 (dd, J = 15.5, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 3.54 (s, 1H), 3.52-3.44 (m, 2H), 3.27 (dd, J = 12.9, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.21-3.05 (m, 3H), 3.00 (dd, J = 12.8, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.87 (d, J = 14.8 Hz, 1H), 2.72 (m, 2H), 2.63-2.44 (m, 6H), 2.02 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H). 676 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetonitrile-d3) d 8.90 (s, 1H), 8.80 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.25 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.79 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (td, J = 7.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.37-7.12 (m, 9H), 7.09-7.02 (m, 2H), 6.46 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 1H), 5.58 (s, 2H), 4.35-4.24 (m, 4H), 4.21 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 2H), 3.28 (dd, J = 12.8, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 3.22-3.04 (m, 3H), 3.00 (dd, J = 12.8, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.94-2.81 (m, 1H), 2.72 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 2.65-2.37 (m, 6H). 679 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetonitrile-d3) d 8.85 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.75 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.21 (t, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.86 (s, 1H), 7.45 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.20 (m, 2H), 7.15 (dd, J = 5.4, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 6.62-6.54 (m, 1H), 6.39 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (s, 2H), 4.30-4.20 (m, 3H), 4.19 (s, 2H), 4.10 (s, 2H), 3.99 (s, 3H), 3.11 (ddd, J = 16.3, 12.9, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 3.02-2.76 (m, 4H), 2.69 (ddt, J = 26.4, 13.1, 7.0 Hz, 3H), 2.57-2.42 (m, 4H), 2.41 (dt, J = 13.6, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 2.11 (ddt, J = 13.8, 9.1, 5.0 Hz, 1H). 683 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) d 8.96 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.90-8.79 (m, 1H), 8.37 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, J = 15.1 Hz, 2H), 7.60 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.45-7.39 (m, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (s, 1H), 7.24 (s, 2H), 6.54 (d, J = 23.0 Hz, 1H), 5.64 (s, 2H), 4.59-4.25 (m, 8H), 4.08 (s, 3H), 3.27-2.78 (m, 3H), 2.69-2.46 (m, 6H), 2.40 (dd, J = 8.2, 6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.20-2.01 (m, 2H). 684 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) d 8.99 (s, 1H), 8.84 (s, 1H), 8.40 (s, 1H), 7.95-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.60 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.44-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.28 (d, J = 19.1 Hz, 2H), 6.96 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 5.63 (s, 2H), 4.65-4.26 (m, 8H), 4.15-4.04 (m, 4H), 4.00-3.80 (m, 2H), 3.03-2.67 (m, 1H), 2.54 (dt, J = 31.0, 7.2 Hz, 3H), 2.40 (dd, J = 8.1, 6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.10 (dq, J = 13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.60 (s, 3H). 694 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) d 9.03 (dd, J = 5.5, 2.1 Hz, 4H), 8.50 (t, J = 2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.90 (s, 2H), 7.31-7.21 (m, 4H), 7.19 (dd, J = 5.8, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 6.50 (dd, J = 6.9, 5.0 Hz, 2H), 5.70 (s, 4H), 4.41-4.19 (m, 6H), 3.27 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 2H), 3.18 (s, 6H), 3.08 (dd, J = 12.7, 9.8 Hz, 2H), 2.99-2.69 (m, 4H), 2.68-2.41 (m, 6H), 2.16-1.98 (m, 2H). 697 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.88 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.60-7.25 (m, 6H), 7.24-7.16 (m, 1H), 6.67-6.57 (m, 1H), 4.42-4.30 (m, 2H), 4.30-4.15 (m, 2H), 4.10 (s, 3H), 4.09 (s, 3H), 4.09-3.76 (m, 3H), 3.30-3.20 (m, 2H), 3.08-2.52 (m, 2H), 2.52-2.31 (m, 4H), 2.27-2.08 (m, 1H), 1.99-1.84 (m, 1H). 1.59 (s, 3H). 700 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.99 (s, 1H), 8.83 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 8.39 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.89 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.55-7.49 (m, 2H), 7.38 (td, J = 6.7, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.10 (m, 4H), 6.53 (q, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 5.65-5.57 (m, 2H), 4.34 (s, 2H), 4.31 (s, 2H), 4.10 (s, 3H), 4.09-4.00 (m, 2H), 3.85 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 3.29-3.21 (m, 2H), 2.99-2.62 (m, 2H), 2.62-2.49 (m, 1H), 2.49-2.30 (m, 3H), 2.17-2.03 (m, 1H), 1.97-1.85 (m, 1H), 1.58 (s, 3H). 703 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.50 (s, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.67 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.63-7.31 (m, 4H), 7.28 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.83-4.06 (m, 14H), 4.00-2.10 (m, 14H). 704 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.90 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.63 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.57-7.31 (m, 5H), 7.27 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 4.59-4.01 (m, 14H), 4.00-2.11(m, 14H). 705 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.51 (s, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.67 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.62-7.32 (m, 4H), 7.28 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (d, J = 28.8 Hz, 2H), 4.55-4.17 (m, 5H), 4.13 (s, 7H), 4.03-2.12 (m, 11H), 1.59 (d, J = 22.4 Hz, 3H). 706 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.91 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 7.63 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.60-7.31 (m, 5H), 7.27 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 4.60-4.32 (m, 4H), 4.23 (t, J = 10.4 Hz, 2H), 4.19-4.03 (m, 8H), 4.01-2.10 (m, 11H), 1.56 (s, 3H). 707 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.50 (s, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.67 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (dd, J = 15.8, 7.8 Hz, 3H), 7.38 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 4.70 (d, J = 19.3 Hz, 2H), 4.49 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (s, 2H), 4.24-4.06 (m, 8H), 4.02 (d, J = 10.7 Hz, 1H), 3.97-2.15 (m, 13H), 1.36 (d, J = 32.1 Hz, 3H). 708 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.89 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (dd, J = 6.0, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 7.58-7.31 (m, 5H), 7.27 (dd, J = 7.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (s, 1H), 4.48 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 4.38 (s, 2H), 4.23 (dd, J = 10.9, 4.6 Hz, 2H), 4.16-4.05 (m, 6H), 4.07-2.11 (m, 15H), 1.32 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 3H). 709 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.51 (s, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.67 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.60-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.38 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 4.74 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 4H), 4.36 (d, J = 25.7 Hz, 4H), 4.13 (d, J = 1.1 Hz, 8H), 3.99-2.13 (m, 10H). 710 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.91 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 7.63 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.58-7.30 (m, 5H), 7.27 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (s, 1H), 4.81-4.57 (m, 1H), 4.56-4.26 (m, 7H), 4.12 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 8H), 4.01-2.14 (m, 10H). 711 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.55 (s, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.68 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.64-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.38 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 4.47 (s, 2H), 4.46-4.28 (m, 3H), 4.14 (d, J = 1.1 Hz, 6H), 4.04-2.12 (m, 18H). 712 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.89 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.59-7.19 (m, 6H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 4.47-4.30 (m, 3H), 4.28 (s, 2H), 4.12 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 6H), 3.95-2.21 (m, 18H). 713 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.99-7.83 (m, 2H), 7.72-7.21 (m, 7H), 6.67 (s, 1H), 4.56-4.27 (m, 11H), 4.13 (d, J = 2.9 Hz, 6H), 3.77-3.62 (m, 1H), 3.13-2.15 (m, 9H). 714 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.90 (s, 2H), 7.68-7.21 (m, 7H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 4.58-4.25 (m, 8H), 4.13 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 6H), 3.56 (d, J = 46.3 Hz, 4H), 3.14-2.15 (m, 11H). 715 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.63 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 4H), 7.59-7.17 (m, 6H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 4.55-4.25 (m, 4H), 4.13-3.99 (m, 4H), 3.94-3.82 (m, 1H), 3.31-3.20 (m, 2H), 3.22-1.52 (m, 16H). 721 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.86 (s, 1H), 7.63 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 4H), 7.57-7.31 (m, 5H), 7.26 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (s, 1H), 4.48-4.27 (m, 7H), 4.13 (s, 3H), 4.05 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.72 (p, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.31-3.20 (m, 2H), 3.16-1.84 (m, 9H). 722 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.63 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 4H), 7.50 (t, J = 9.4 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (dd, J = 23.8, 7.6 Hz, 3H), 7.27 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 4.52-4.29 (m, 4H), 4.14 (s, 3H), 4.05 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.95-3.45 (m, 4H), 3.31-3.20 (m, 2H), 3.17-2.62 (m, 4H), 2.55-2.34 (m, 4H), 2.24 (s, 2H), 2.02-1.85 (m, 1H). 723 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.63 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 4H), 7.51 (t, J = 9.4 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (dd, J = 23.7, 7.6 Hz, 3H), 7.27 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 4.49-4.27 (m, 4H), 4.14 (s, 3H), 4.05 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.00-3.41 (m, 4H), 3.31-3.20 (m, 2H), 3.12-2.53 (m, 4H), 2.53-2.32 (m, 4H), 2.24 (s, 2H), 2.05-1.82 (m, 1H). 725 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.63 (s, 4H), 7.50 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.46-7.32 (m, 3H), 7.26 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 4.49-4.30 (m, 4H), 4.18 (t, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.13 (s, 3H), 4.04 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.73-3.64 (m, 1H), 3.31-3.20 (m, 2H), 3.14-1.83(m, 13H). 726 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.98-7.79 (m, 2H), 7.71-7.19 (m, 7H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 4.54-4.23 (m, 8H), 4.14 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 7H), 3.33-3.21 (m, 2H), 3.14-2.63 (m, 3H), 2.45 (tt, J = 17.1, 9.7 Hz, 7H), 2.23 (s, 1H), 2.04-1.80 (m, 1H). 727 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.00-7.83 (m, 2H), 7.71-7.58 (m, 1H), 7.60-7.19 (m, 6H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 4.37 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 2H), 4.24 (s, 2H), 4.20-4.02 (m, 8H), 3.86 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.33-3.20 (m, 2H), 3.15-2.66(m, 3H), 2.58-2.34 (m, 3H), 2.23 (s, 1H), 2.13-1.90 (m, 1H), 1.61 (s, 3H). 728 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.91 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (s, 1H), 7.69-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.60-7.19 (m, 6H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 4.43-4.27 (m, 3H), 4.22 (s, 2H), 4.13 (s, 7H), 3.53-3.49 (m, 1H), 3.33-3.19 (m, 2H), 3.16 (s, 1H), 3.14-2.67 (m, 3H), 2.58 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.55-2.34 (m, 3H), 2.23 (s, 1H), 2.04-1.84 (m, 1H). 730 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.87 (s, 1H), 7.63 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 4H), 7.57-7.21 (m, 6H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 4.45-4.31 (m, 2H), 4.25 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 2H), 4.15 (s, 3H), 4.05 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.30-3.20 (m, 4H), 3.11-2.64 (m, 3H), 2.55-2.34 (m, 6H), 2.23 (s, 1H), 1.95 (d, J = 13.0 Hz, 2H). 731 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.70-7.16 (m, 10H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 4.36 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 2H), 4.25 (s, 2H), 4.10 (d, J = 22.7 Hz, 5H), 3.88 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.28 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 1H), 3.14-2.62 (m, 3H), 2.56-2.32 (m, 3H), 2.23 (s, 1H), 2.03-1.88 (m, 1H), 1.63 (s, 3H). 732 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.85 (s, 1H), 7.63 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 4H), 7.57-7.17 (m, 6H), 6.67 (s, 1H), 4.48-4.27 (m, 3H), 4.22 (s, 2H), 4.13 (s, 3H), 4.04 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 1H), 3.33-3.22 (m, 4H), 3.11-2.64 (m, 3H), 2.59 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.56-2.30 (m, 3H), 2.23 (s, 1H), 2.02-1.81 (m, 1H). 734 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.92 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (s, 1H), 7.63 (dd, J = 7.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.57-7.31 (m, 5H), 7.28 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 4.37 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 2H), 4.25 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 2H), 4.20-3.98 (m, 8H), 3.33-3.21 (m, 4H), 3.13-2.63 (m, 3H), 2.58-2.33 (m, 6H), 2.24 (s, 1H), 2.07-1.77 (m, 2H). 735 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.90 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.59-7.17 (m, 6H), 6.65 (s, 1H), 4.62-4.23 (m, 12H), 4.13 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 6H), 3.10-2.65 (m, 3H), 2.68-2.32 (m, 8H), 2.22 (s, 1H). 736 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.58-7.30 (m, 5H), 7.27 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.65 (s, 1H), 4.37 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 2H), 4.25 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 2H), 4.20-3.97 (m, 8H), 3.33-3.20 (m, 4H), 3.15-2.61 (m, 3H), 2.59-2.30 (m, 6H), 2.22 (s, 1H), 2.07-1.83 (m, 2H). 737 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 9.02 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.87 (s, 1H), 8.44 (s, 1H), 8.11 (s, 1H), 7.98 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.79 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.60-7.39 (m, 3H), 7.30 (d, J = 26.0 Hz, 3H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 5.66 (s, 2H), 4.35 (s, 2H), 4.17 (s, 4H), 4.11 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 2.85 (dd, J = 47.3, 25.8 Hz, 2H), 2.60 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H), 2.13 (dq, J = 13.6, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 1.63 (s, 3H). 738 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 9.02 (s, 1H), 8.87 (s, 1H), 8.43 (s, 1H), 8.11-7.91 (m, 3H), 7.88-7.67 (m, 3H), 7.65-7.12 (m, 5H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 5.67 (s, 2H), 4.35 (s, 2H), 4.17 (s, 4H), 4.11 (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 3.05-2.71 (m, 2H), 2.60 (s, 1H), 2.13 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 1H), 1.63 (s, 3H). 739 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.58-7.30 (m, 5H), 7.27 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.65 (s, 1H), 4.37 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 2H), 4.25 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 2H), 4.20-3.97 (m, 8H), 3.33-3.20 (m, 4H), 3.15-2.61 (m, 3H), 2.59-2.30 (m, 6H), 2.22 (s, 1H), 2.07-1.83 (m, 2H). 741 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 9.02 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.89 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 8.43 (s, 1H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.74-7.14 (m, 10H), 6.56 (s, 1H), 5.66 (s, 2H), 4.44-4.28 (m, 4H), 4.20-4.00 (m, 2H), 3.90 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 3.27 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.11-2.52 (m, 3H), 2.53-2.32 (m, 3H), 2.13 (dt, J = 13.1, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 1.94 (q, J = 6.9, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 1.63 (s, 3H). 743 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 9.01 (s, 1H), 8.89 (s, 1H), 8.51 (s, 1H), 8.11 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.49-7.21 (m, 5H), 6.67-6.49 (m, 1H), 5.67 (s, 2H), 4.45-4.24 (m, 4H), 4.20-3.99 (m, 5H), 3.96-3.84 (m, 4H), 3.31-3.26 (m, 2H), 3.10-2.70 (m, 2H), 2.70-2.53 (m, 1H), 2.53-2.27 (m, 3H), 2.22-2.05 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.79 (m, 1H), 1.64 (s, 3H). 744 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 9.02 (s, 1H), 8.87 (s, 1H), 8.43 (s, 1H), 8.30 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.75-7.69 (m, 1H), 7.65-7.52 (m, 2H), 7.52-7.45 (m, 1H), 7.39-7.19 (m, 3H), 6.60-6.48 (m, 1H), 5.66 (s, 2H), 4.34 (s, 2H), 4.21 (s, 3H), 4.18-4.04 (m, 5H), 3.99-3.84 (m, 1H), 3.07-2.68 (m, 2H), 2.68-2.50 (m, 1H), 2.25-2.04 (m, 1H), 1.63 (s, 3H). 747 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 9.02 (s, 1H), 8.87 (s, 1H), 8.44 (s, 1H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.48-7.17 (m, 5H), 6.56 (s, 1H), 5.66 (s, 2H), 4.45-4.29 (m, 4H), 4.18-4.01 (m, 5H), 3.95-3.84 (m, 1H), 3.30-3.25 (m, 2H), 3.06-2.67 (m, 2H), 2.67-2.53 (m, 1H), 2.53-2.33 (m, 3H), 2.20-2.07 (m, 1H), 2.01-1.84 (m, 1H), 1.64 (s, 3H). 748 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.99 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.84 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.40 (s, 1H), 8.27 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.08 (s, 1H), 7.50 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.35 (m, 2H), 7.34-7.13 (m, 4H), 6.59-6.48 (m, 1H), 5.69-5.57 (m, 2H), 4.32 (s, 2H), 4.16 (s, 3H), 4.12-4.04 (m, 5H), 3.87 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 3.01-2.41 (m, 3H), 2.17 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 3H), 2.14-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.60 (s, 3H). 749 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.99 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.84 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.39 (s, 1H), 8.27 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.50 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.45-7.35 (m, 2H), 7.33-7.12 (m, 4H), 6.62-6.50 (m, 1H), 5.64 (s, 2H), 4.32 (s, 2H), 4.16 (s, 3H), 4.12-4.03 (m, 5H), 3.87 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 2.98-2.44 (m, 3H), 2.27-2.03 (m, 4H), 1.61 (s, 3H). 753 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.21-8.18 (m, 2H), 8.12-8.05 (m, 2H), 7.37-7.03 (m, 10H), 6.46 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 5.67-5.57 (m, 2H), 4.47-4.14 (m, 6H), 3.54 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.40-3.32 (m, 2H), 3.19-3.03 (m, 2H), 2.97-2.60 (m, 2H), 2.60-2.41 (m, 5H), 2.10-1.99 (m, 1H), 1.96 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 3H). 757 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.95-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.63 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.44-7.31 (m, 3H), 7.27 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 4.41-4.29 (m, 7H), 4.13 (d, J = 0.9 Hz, 7H), 3.72 (q, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.37 (s, 1H), 3.28 (dd, J = 6.2, 3.7 Hz, 2H), 3.01 (s, 1H), 2.71 (d, J = 26.4 Hz, 2H), 2.51-2.35 (m, 3H), 2.22 (s, 1H), 2.00-1.89 (m, 1H). 758 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.95-7.87 (m, 2H), 7.63 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (s, 2H), 7.48-7.33 (m, 3H), 7.27 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.69 (s, 1H), 4.43-4.32 (m, 2H), 4.31 (ddd, J = 9.0, 7.3, 2.0 Hz, 5H), 4.13 (s, 4H), 4.07 (q, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 3.37 (s, 1H), 3.31-3.25 (m, 1H), 3.12 (s, 3H), 3.04-2.96 (m, 2H), 2.72 (d, J = 32.0 Hz, 3H), 2.51-2.35 (m, 2H), 2.27-2.17 (m, 3H), 2.00-1.88 (m, 2H). 759 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.95-7.87 (m, 2H), 7.63 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.48-7.35 (m, 3H), 7.27 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.69 (s, 1H), 4.43-4.29 (m, 3H), 4.17-3.96 (m, 7H), 3.77-3.69 (m, 1H), 3.69-3.61 (m, 1H), 3.53 (d, J = 15.2 Hz, 1H), 3.28 (dd, J = 6.2, 3.8 Hz, 2H), 3.12 (s, 2H), 2.99 (d, J = 13.8 Hz, 1H), 2.87-2.70 (m, 2H), 2.51-2.35 (m, 3H), 2.23 (s, 2H), 2.12-2.03 (m, 1H), 1.99-1.86 (m, 2H), 1.85-1.72 (m, 1H), 1.66-1.58 (m, 1H). 761 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.95-7.82 (m, 2H), 7.63 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (s, 2H), 7.39 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 4.37 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 2H), 4.35-4.22 (m, 2H), 4.18-4.04 (m, 6H), 3.62 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.37 (s, 1H), 3.29 (dd, J = 6.2, 3.7 Hz, 2H), 3.01 (t, J = 12.2 Hz, 2H), 2.84 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 1H), 2.76 (s, 2H), 2.72-2.63 (m, 1H), 2.51-2.35 (m, 3H), 2.23 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 2H), 2.03-1.89 (m, 2H), 1.80 (dd, J = 13.2, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 1.64-1.52 (m, 1H), 1.29 (s, 3H). 762 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.95-7.87 (m, 2H), 7.66-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.53 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.43-7.32 (m, 3H), 7.27 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 4.40-4.26 (m, 4H), 4.16-4.02 (m, 7H), 3.37 (s, 3H), 2.82-2.70 (m, 3H), 2.72-2.63 (m, 1H), 2.49-2.36 (m, 4H), 2.26-2.18 (m, 3H), 1.95 (ddd, J = 19.9, 16.9, 8.4 Hz, 5H). 763 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.91 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.63 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (s, 3H), 7.43-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.27 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 4.43-4.34 (m, 4H), 4.14 (d, J = 3.4 Hz, 6H), 4.07 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 3.66 (s, 2H), 3.37 (s, 6H), 2.72 (d, J = 32.0 Hz, 1H), 2.49-2.36 (m, 2H), 2.23 (s, 2H), 1.94 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 1.49 (d, J = 16.3 Hz, 4H). 764 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.96-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.63 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.43-7.36 (m, 3H), 7.28 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 4.43-4.31 (m, 3H), 4.15 (d, J = 16.4 Hz, 6H), 4.14-4.04 (m, 1H), 3.69 (s, 1H), 3.37 (s, 1H), 3.31-3.23 (m, 4H), 3.02 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 2H), 2.79-2.65 (m, 3H), 2.51-2.35 (m, 3H), 2.24 (s, 1H), 2.07-1.98 (m, 2H), 1.98-1.89 (m, 1H), 1.64-1.56 (m, 2H), 1.51-1.43 (m, 2H). 765 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.91 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.63 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (s, 2H), 7.38 (dd, J = 13.8, 7.3 Hz, 3H), 7.27 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 4.43-4.29 (m, 4H), 4.13 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 7H), 3.91 (s, 1H), 3.69 (s, 1H), 3.61 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 3.29 (dd, J = 6.2, 3.7 Hz, 2H), 3.01 (d, J = 12.5 Hz, 2H), 2.81 (s, 6H), 2.61-2.51 (m, 1H), 2.51-2.35 (m, 3H), 2.23 (s, 1H), 1.32 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 3H). 766 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.97-7.88 (m, 2H), 7.63 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (s, 2H), 7.44-7.33 (m, 3H), 7.27 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 4.49-4.31 (m, 4H), 4.13 (s, 6H), 4.08 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 1H), 3.38 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 3.31-3.21 (m, 4H), 2.81-2.65 (m, 3H), 2.51-2.33 (m, 3H), 2.29-2.18 (m, 1H), 2.15-1.90 (m, 6H), 1.38-1.27 (m, 1H). 769 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.92 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.67-7.60 (m, 1H), 7.52 (s, 2H), 7.49-7.33 (m, 3H), 7.28 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.69 (s, 1H), 4.37 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 3H), 4.14 (d, J = 3.4 Hz, 7H), 3.95-3.83 (m, 1H), 3.81-3.74 (m, 1H), 3.63 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 3.32-3.25 (m, 1H), 2.99 (dd, J = 13.1, 6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.81 (s, 2H), 2.79-2.65 (m, 2H), 2.61-2.52 (m, 1H), 2.49-2.35 (m, 3H), 2.23 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, 2H), 1.98-1.90 (m, 1H). 775 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.27 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.68 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.60-7.38 (m, 4H), 7.34 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.21 (m, 1H), 6.62 (s, 1H), 4.33 (d, J = 18.8 Hz, 7H), 4.18 (s, 3H), 4.15 (s, 3H), 4.10 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 7H), 3.07-2.61 (m, 3H), 2.20 (d, J = 11.8 Hz, 1H), 1.85 (s, 3H). 779 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.29 (dd, J = 7.9, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.68 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.63-7.29 (m, 6H), 7.25 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (s, 1H), 4.21 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 2H), 4.18 (s, 3H), 4.10 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 7H), 4.04 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 3.27-3.11 (m, 2H), 3.07-2.61 (m, 3H), 2.47-2.29 (m, 2H), 2.25-2.12 (m, 1H), 1.98-1.84 (m, 1H). 780 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.85 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.58-7.18 (m, 8H), 6.62 (s, 1H), 4.30-4.17 (m, 2H), 4.14-3.99 (m, 12H), 3.86 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.10-2.58 (m, 3H), 2.19 (s, 1H), 1.61 (s, 3H). 781 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.32-8.23 (m, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.68 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.62-7.37 (m, 4H), 7.34 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.70-6.55 (m, 1H), 4.60-4.47 (m, 1H), 4.23 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 3H), 4.18 (s, 4H), 4.09 (s, 4H), 4.05 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (dd, J = 12.1, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.68 (dd, J = 11.5, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 3.12-2.60 (m, 3H), 2.25-2.11 (m, 1H), 1.60 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 3H), 1.48 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H). 782 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.27 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.68 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.62-7.38 (m, 4H), 7.34 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.16 (m, 1H), 6.63 (s, 1H), 4.54 (ddd, J = 11.3, 7.8, 6.2 Hz, 1H), 4.28-4.21 (m, 3H), 4.18 (s, 3H), 4.06 (d, J = 21.7 Hz, 4H), 3.92-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.68 (dd, J = 11.5, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.17-2.60 (m, 3H), 2.19 (s, 1H), 1.60 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 3H), 1.48 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H). 785 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.28 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.68 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.62-7.22 (m, 5H), 6.63 (s, 1H), 4.48-4.25 (m, 1H), 4.18 (s, 3H), 4.10 (s, 5H), 4.06 (s, 3H), 3.89 (s, 1H), 3.34 (s, 5H), 3.18-2.61 (m, 3H), 2.42-1.54 (m, 6H). 786 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.28 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.68 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.61-7.39 (m, 5H), 7.34 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.28-7.20 (m, 1H), 6.62 (s, 1H), 4.17 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 6H), 4.10 (d, J = 3.5 Hz, 8H), 3.16-2.60 (m, 3H), 2.19 (s, 1H), 1.66 (s, 6H). 787 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.29 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.68 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.60-7.39 (m, 4H), 7.34 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.31 (dtd, J = 9.6, 6.3, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (d, J = 4.7 Hz, 5H), 4.10 (d, J = 3.4 Hz, 7H), 3.23 (dd, J = 12.7, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.09-2.64 (m, 3H), 2.56 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.19 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H). 788 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.28 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.68 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.61-7.38 (m, 4H), 7.34 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.20 (m, 1H), 6.62 (s, 1H), 4.22 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (s, 3H), 4.10 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 7H), 4.06 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.11-2.60 (m, 3H), 2.19 (s, 1H), 1.60 (s, 3H). 789 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.28 (dt, J = 7.9, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.68 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.61-7.39 (m, 4H), 7.34 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.28-7.19 (m, 1H), 6.62 (s, 1H), 4.22 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 2H), 4.18 (s, 4H), 4.10 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 9H), 4.04 (s, 1H), 3.86 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.14-2.62 (m, 1H), 2.19 (s, 1H), 1.60 (s, 3H). 790 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.66 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (dd, J = 7.5, 4.2 Hz, 2H), 7.44-7.28 (m, 4H), 7.23 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.42 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 2H), 4.21 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 2H), 4.10 (s, 3H), 4.04 (p, J = 5.9, 5.4 Hz, 2H), 3.31-3.25 (m, 5H), 3.07-2.61 (m, 2H), 2.51-2.28 (m, 6H), 2.17-1.82 (m, 4H). 792 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.56-7.29 (m, 5H), 7.26-7.17 (m, 2H), 7.12 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 4.41-4.28 (m, 2H), 4.21 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 2H), 4.10 (s, 3H), 4.04 (dd, J = 7.4, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.27-3.12 (m, 4H), 3.07-2.56 (m, 3H), 2.48-2.29 (m, 6H), 2.17-1.90 (m, 5H). 797 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.18 (s, 2H), 8.07 (d, J = 16.7 Hz, 1H), 7.95-7.83 (m, 2H), 7.63-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.46 (dt, J = 19.9, 9.7 Hz, 2H), 7.35 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (s, 1H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 5.61 (s, 2H), 4.37-4.28 (m, 4H), 4.10 (d, J = 4.7 Hz, 3H), 3.29-3.22 (m, 1H), 3.13-3.02 (m, 1H), 2.88 (s, 1H), 2.79 (s, 1H), 2.58 (dd, J = 6.4, 4.4 Hz, 4H), 2.46-2.33 (m, 2H), 2.05 (d, J = 19.7 Hz, 1H), 1.91 (s, 2H), 1.32-1.26 (m, 1H). 798 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 7.87 (s, 1H), 7.60 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.47-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.26 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.67 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 4.42 (s, 2H), 4.24 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 2H), 4.12 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 6H), 4.06 (dt, J = 12.8, 6.5 Hz, 2H), 3.29-3.19 (m, 2H), 3.00 (dd, J = 31.1, 13.1 Hz, 1H), 2.92-2.70 (m, 2H), 2.68 (s, 1H), 2.54 (s, 3H), 2.52-2.34 (m, 6H), 2.25 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 1H), 2.05-1.86 (m, 2H). 799 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.89 (d, J = 50.9 Hz, 2H), 8.66 (d, J = 29.3 Hz, 2H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 3H), 7.49 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 2H), 7.40 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (s, 2H), 4.12 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 2H), 4.03 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 5H), 3.88 (dt, J = 13.0, 8.1 Hz, 3H), 3.28-2.96 (m, 5H), 2.96-2.65 (m, 4H), 2.25-2.13 (m, 5H), 1.88-1.74 (m, 2H). 800 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.05 (s, 1H), 8.99 (s, 2H), 8.84 (s, 1H), 8.68 (s, 2H), 8.49 (s, 1H), 7.99 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.63-7.51 (m, 3H), 7.45 (t, J = 9.9 Hz, 2H), 7.38-7.23 (m, 3H), 6.54 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 5.60 (s, 2H), 4.24 (s, 4H), 4.01 (s, 3H), 3.90 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.10 (s, 5H), 2.87 (s, 2H), 2.72 (s, 2H), 2.19 (tq, J = 12.3, 6.5 Hz, 6H). 801 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.06 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 9.00 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.81 (s, 2H), 8.67 (s, 1H), 8.50 (s, 1H), 8.30 (s, 1H), 8.15 (s, 1H), 8.08 (s, 1H), 7.69-7.53 (m, 4H), 7.45 (d, J = 18.0 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (s, 2H), 7.26 (s, 1H), 6.55 (s, 2H), 5.62 (s, 2H), 4.85 (s, 3H), 4.22 (s, 3H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 2.25-2.10 (m, 5H), 1.98 (s, 2H), 1.79 (d, J = 22.4 Hz, 3H). 802 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.21 (s, 1H), 9.03 (d, J = 21.4 Hz, 3H), 8.50 (s, 2H), 8.08 (s, 2H), 7.95 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.88 (s, 2H), 7.60 (d, J = 10.1 Hz, 3H), 7.34 (d, J = 16.5 Hz, 3H), 6.54 (s, 2H), 5.63 (s, 2H), 4.37 (s, 2H), 4.23 (s, 2H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.58 (s, 4H), 2.19 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 4H). 803 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.16 (s, 1H), 8.99 (d, J = 23.2 Hz, 2H), 7.72 (s, 4H), 7.30 (d, J = 16.6 Hz, 2H), 6.50 (s, 3H), 5.51 (d, J = 52.9 Hz, 3H), 4.30 (s, 1H), 4.09 (d, J = 56.2 Hz, 4H), 2.92 (d, J = 40.3 Hz, 3H), 2.68 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 2.24-1.87 (m, 5H).

Biological Activity

PD-1/PD-L1 & CTLA/CD80 Biochemical Protein-Protein Interaction Assay:

Compounds were tested in biochemical protein-protein interaction assays to determine if they can specifically block the interaction between the extracellular domains of PD-1/PD-L1 or CTLA/CD80. Binding of the protein pairs is measured using a bead based Amplified Luminescent Proximity Homogeneous Assay (ALPHA) platform. Binding of each protein pair results in proximity of the donor and acceptor beads which leads to an increase in ALPHA signal. Disruption of the protein-protein interaction with a test compound results in a decrease in ALPHA signal. Assays are performed in 25 mM Hepes (pH 7.4), 150 mM NaCl, 3.4 mM EDTA, 0.005% Tween 20, and 0.01% BSA. Final protein concentration in the assays were 0.3 nM (His tagged PD-L1), 2.5 nM (biotinylated Fc-PD-1), 1 nM (His tagged CTLA4) and 1 nM (biotinylated CD80). After an assay reaction time of 60 minutes at 25° C., binding was measured with addition of 20 μg/mL ALPHA assay acceptor beads (anti-His coated) and 20 g/mL ALPHA assay donor beads (streptavidin coated). IC₅₀ values were calculated from the fit of the dose-response curves to a four-parameter equation. Representative data are shown below in Table 1.

TABLE 1 IC₅₀ PD-L1-PD-1 Alpha IC₅₀-mono PD-L1-fcP-D1 Example (nM) 3 0.2 4 0.1 5 0.1 6 0.1 7 0.1 9 0.5 11 0.4 12 11.1 13 2.2 14 2.1 15 1250 16 0.1 17 0.3 18 16.2 19 1.1 20 12.6 21 17 22 34.9 23 40.6 24 41.7 25 20.9 26 16.2 27 2.3 28 12.7 29 0.8 32 0.3 33 0.4 34 0.4 35 15.6 36 21.6 38 2.8 39 166.6 40 0.1 41 0.2 42 0.3 58 0.3 59 0.1 60 2.3 61 0.7 66 0.4 67 1 68 10.3 69 14.2 70 10.6 71 26.5 72 8 73 56.1 84 0.9 106 0.4 113 0.6 114 0.5 119 0.8 120 2 121 1.4 126 0.1 127 0.2 132 0.3 137 0.6 138 1 139 5.1 141 3.6 147 0.3 150 0.5 151 2.2 154 3.8 155 0.2 156 2.3 157 0.2 158 2 159 0.5 160 0.6 161 2.8 162 0.2 163 0.6 164 0.2 165 5.8 166 2 167 2.2 177 0.1 178 0.2 180 4.6 181 3.3 186 18.8 187 0.6 188 0.3 199 187.8 200 138.3 201 31.2 202 3.2 203 1 204 25.7 205 6.9 206 0.2 207 2 208 1.4 213 1.6 214 0.2 215 1.26 219 0.2 220 2 221 1.5 222 0.3 223 34.6 224 1.8 238 0.9 239 8.1 240 0.4 241 0.6 242 0.2 243 0.2 245 0.6 246 1 248 0.2 250 63.6 251 2 252 0.3 253 4.6 254 20.8 257 24 258 6.3 259 22.7 261 120 262 1.5 263 1.8 265 3.2 267 1.1 269 12.3 271 56 272 2.5 273 200.2 275 153.9 276 77.8 277 124.8 280 0.3 281 8.7 283 0.8 287 456.6100 289 0.075 290 0.068 291 0.175 292 0.509 293 0.226 294 9.237 295 0.312 296 0.064 297 0.187 298 0.051 299 0.761 300 0.673 301 0.109 302 0.348 303 0.166 304 0.064 305 0.158 306 1.972 307 0.536 308 0.346 309 0.168 310 0.069 311 0.064 312 0.051 313 0.051 314 0.064 315 0.242 317 0.577 323 0.074 324 0.505 325 1.375 326 1.15 327 0.051 328 0.142 329 0.284 330 0.188 331 0.273 332 0.114 333 0.289 334 0.143 335 0.414 336 0.124 337 0.287 338 0.179 339 1.304 340 0.087 341 0.064 342 0.4 343 0.218 344 0.064 345 0.09 346 0.074 347 0.211 348 0.122 349 0.064 350 0.105 351 0.982 352 0.207 353 0.311 354 0.241 355 0.148 356 0.264 357 0.358 358 0.137 359 2.108 360 1.116 361 0.13 362 0.104 363 0.081 364 0.304 365 1.574 366 2.335 367 2.534 368 1.879 369 0.164 370 0.139 371 0.074 372 1.126 373 2.59 374 0.136 375 0.21 376 0.346 377 0.178 378 0.127 379 2.382 380 0.282 381 0.158 382 0.304 383 0.252 384 0.112 385 0.051 386 0.302 387 0.051 389 0.374 390 0.324 391 1.415 392 0.051 393 0.064 394 0.102 395 0.217 396 0.064 397 0.064 425 0.755 426 0.397 428 1.37 429 0.14 430 2.056 431 1.316 432 1.525 433 0.08 434 0.077 435 0.234 436 0.064 437 1.608 438 0.476 439 0.376 440 0.115 441 0.212 442 0.697 443 0.064 444 0.064 445 0.719 446 0.453 448 0.618 449 0.653 450 1.562 451 0.104 452 0.076 453 0.111 454 1.012 455 0.172 456 0.269 457 0.064 458 0.325 459 0.064 460 0.147 461 0.064 463 0.159 464 0.099 465 0.116 466 0.064 467 0.161 468 0.558 469 0.064 470 0.096 471 0.205 473 0.159 474 0.064 475 0.088 476 1.109 477 1.038 478 0.064 479 0.098 480 1.125 481 0.064 482 0.064 483 0.064 484 0.205 485 0.321 486 0.146 487 0.064 488 0.064 489 0.064 490 0.064 491 0.064 497 1.433 498 0.115 499 0.093 500 0.064 501 0.064 502 0.081 503 0.064 504 0.064 505 0.064 506 0.239 507 0.693 508 0.084 509 0.097 510 0.064 511 0.082 512 0.526 513 0.301 514 0.735 515 0.203 516 0.065 517 0.064 518 0.064 519 0.064 520 0.064 521 0.064 522 0.064 523 0.295 524 0.064 525 0.064 526 0.064 527 0.064 528 0.068 529 0.064 540 0.593 541 0.641 542 1.243 543 0.07 544 0.09 545 0.089 546 0.515 547 0.363 548 0.676 549 0.355 550 0.134 551 0.064 552 0.716 553 0.101 554 0.15 555 0.396 556 0.194 557 0.201 558 0.065 559 0.064 560 0.135 561 0.531 562 0.102 563 0.317 564 0.293 565 0.259 566 0.11 567 0.327 568 0.064 569 0.085 570 0.092 571 0.091 572 0.431 573 0.154 574 0.071 575 0.073 576 0.169 577 0.064 578 0.111 579 0.064 580 0.215 581 0.182 582 1.304 583 0.296 584 0.124 585 0.098 586 0.836 587 0.145 588 0.081 589 0.163 590 0.186 591 0.064 592 0.095 593 0.064 595 0.064 596 0.671 597 1.26 598 3.004 599 0.214 600 0.39 601 5.267 602 0.236 603 0.206 604 4.867 605 1.055 606 6.234 607 1.187 608 1.718 609 0.387 610 0.746 611 0.482 612 2.446 613 1.381 614 11.52 615 7.883 616 0.295 617 0.17 618 0.224 619 0.159 620 2.842 621 1.039 622 0.567 623 5.197 624 0.109 625 0.238 626 3.075 627 2.443 629 0.0640 630 0.0640 631 0.13 632 0.147 633 1.261 634 0.208 635 0.1 636 0.188 637 0.0640 638 0.0640 639 1.8540 640 1.0940 641 0.0640 642 2.3580 643 0.7340 644 1.9450 645 0.0640 646 6.2550 647 1.8850 648 0.0640 649 0.0640 650 0.2880 651 0.2970 652 0.1580 653 0.1700 654 0.0900 655 0.4040 656 0.2900 657 0.7950 658 0.2210 659 0.0640 660 0.0640 661 0.2560 662 0.1390 663 0.0640 664 2.6040 665 0.0640 666 0.0760 667 0.0640 668 0.0640 669 0.0640 670 1.7390 671 0.1590 672 0.0640 673 0.1540 674 0.0640 675 0.0640 676 0.0640 677 0.0630 678 0.1050 679 0.0580 681 8.9150 682 0.4210 683 0.1040 684 0.0640 685 0.5520 686 0.2820 687 0.6590 688 0.4120 689 0.0640 690 0.2800 691 2.3500 692 0.0510 693 0.5850 694 0.0510 695 0.0640 696 0.0990 697 0.0680 698 0.7040 699 0.1200 700 0.0640 701 0.8180 702 0.3160 703 0.0640 704 0.0640 705 0.0640 706 0.0640 707 0.0640 708 0.0640 709 0.0640 710 0.0640 711 0.0690 712 0.0640 713 0.0640 714 0.0640 715 0.0640 716 0.4030 717 0.5720 718 0.2420 719 0.0640 720 0.2620 721 0.0640 722 0.0640 723 0.0640 724 0.0640 725 0.0640 726 0.1250 727 0.0640 728 0.0640 729 0.9350 730 0.7400 731 0.0640 732 0.0740 733 0.2220 734 0.4630 735 0.3450 736 0.1530 737 0.0640 738 0.0640 739 0.0640 740 0.0640 741 0.0640 742 0.0640 743 0.3120 744 0.0640 745 0.0640 746 0.0640 747 0.0640 748 0.0640 749 0.0640 750 0.0640 751 4.5080 752 0.7790 753 0.0640 754 0.0910 755 0.1550 756 1.1610 757 0.0640 758 0.0640 759 0.0640 760 0.0640 761 0.0640 762 0.0640 763 0.0640 764 0.0640 765 0.0640 766 0.0640 767 0.0640 768 0.0640 769 0.0640 770 0.4180 771 0.0640 772 0.5520 773 0.6380 774 1.3120 775 0.2760 776 8.3100 777 0.0640 778 0.1130 779 0.3530 780 0.0640 781 0.0640 782 0.0640 783 0.2590 784 0.0640 785 0.0640 786 0.0640 787 0.0660 788 0.0640 789 0.0640 790 0.8650 791 2.8370 792 0.5340 793 1.7450 794 1.7340 795 0.0640 796 0.7620 797 0.0640 798 0.0640 799 0.3410 800 1.2940 801 9.6910 802 0.0840 803 0.0640

The above data shows that compounds of the present disclosure are generally effective at blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction.

EC₅₀-CHO/PD-L1-Capture Assay:

Compounds were tested in a cell capture assay to determine if they can specifically block the interaction between the recombinant extracellular domain (ECD) of PD-1 and native cell-bound PD-L1. Binding affinity of stable CHO cells overexpressing PD-L1 with its cognate recombinant ligand coated on plates was measured by counting the number of ‘captured’ cells. High-capacity streptavidin-coated plates were incubated with biotylated-Fc-PD-1 for 2 hours in PBS. Unbound ligand was washed out. CHO-PD-L1 cells (resuspended in PBS pH 7.4, 0.5 mM EDTA, and 2% bovine serum albumin) were pre-incubated for 1 hr with compound, dispensed into each PD-1 ECD coated well and then incubated for 75 min at room temperature. To stop the capture assay, a fixative/staining solution (final concentrations are 1.3% glutaraldehyde and 1.67 μM Draq5) was gently added to the cells and incubated for 2 hrs at room temperature. Unbound cells were then washed out and ‘captured’ cells were enumerated using a high-content microscopy system. EC₅₀ values were calculated from the fit of the dose-response curves to a four-parameter equation. Representative data are shown below in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Example EC₅₀-CHO/PD-L1- No. capture 1 381.5 2 1274.4 4 15.6 5 38.1 6 63.8 7 56 8 79.7 9 101.5 10 185 11 169.8 13 456.7 16 6 29 217.5 30 52.1 31 30.1 32 42.1 34 321.2 35 263.6 39 267.2 41 248.4 42 149.2 43 65.2 45 165.6 47 225.8 48 297.5 49 123.5 54 232.8 55 314.6 61 199.9 68 279.2 74 175.7 76 83.2 78 187.4 90 218.6 91 195.8 92 25.9 93 44.4 94 228.2 106 110.2 109 7.5 110 6.5 111 45.7 112 34.4 113 148.5 114 140.3 116 134.2 117 158.2 118 169.4 121 176.2 122 191.6 123 137.3 124 146.8 126 179.6 127 68.6 129 220.7 130 123.4 131 231 132 194.2 133 129.1 134 111.9 135 221.4 143 296.3 145 63.6 146 184.3 147 116.9 148 131.8 149 275.4 155 210.7 157 81.1 159 189.8 160 190.9 162 262.5 165 155.8 166 41.6 167 62.3 172 50.6 178 71.6 179 318.7 182 91.4 183 69.1 185 276.9 192 31.2 198 100.91 203 316.7 205 394 206 160.8 208 752 209 13.1 211 45.6 212 92.2 213 165.3 214 22.3 216 205.6 217 71.6 231 276.6 232 141.8 234 131.8 240 216.7 241 165.6 242 129.4 243 90.6 245 308.5 248 200.3 279 27.7 280 207.9 282 253.7 288 10.3

The above data shows that compounds of the present disclosure are generally effective at inhibiting or specifically blocking the interaction between the recombinant extracellular domain (ECD) of PD-1 and native cell-bound PD-L1.

PD-1/PD-L1 NFAT Reporter Assay:

Compounds were tested in a functional co-culture reporter assay in which TCR-mediated NFAT activity is inhibited by the engagement of PD-1 with PD-L1. Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction impairs PD-1 mediated blunting of TCR signaling and significantly increases NFAT-mediated transcription of luciferase. CHO cells expressing surface-bound anti-CD3 antibodies and PD-L1 (artificial antigen presenting cells, aAPC-PD-L1) were first seeded overnight. Jurkat cells overexpressing PD-1 and expressing a luciferase construct under NFAT control are diluted in RPMI assay medium (RPMI 1640 with 2% FBS), mixed with compounds, and immediately seeded on the monolayer of aAPC-PD-L1. The co-culture is then incubated for 6 hrs at 37° C. Luciferase activity is assessed by adding the ONE-Glo reagent and measuring luminescence with a plate reader. EC₅₀ values are calculated from the fit of the dose-response curves to a four-parameter equation (Table 3).

PD-L1/PD-L1 Dimerization Biochemical Protein-Protein Interaction Assay:

Compounds were tested in biochemical protein-protein interaction assays to determine if they can specifically dimerize the extracellular domains of PD-L1. Dimerization of the proteins (His-tagged PD-L1 and FLAG-tagged PD-L1) is measured using a bead based Amplified Luminescent Proximity Homogeneous Assay (ALPHA) platform. Compound induced dimerization of PD-L1 results in proximity of the donor and acceptor beads which leads to an increase in ALPHA signal. Assays are performed in 25 mM Hepes (pH 7.4), 150 mM NaCl, 3.4 mM EDTA, 0.005% Tween 20, and 0.01% BSA. Final protein concentration in the assays were 0.5 nM (His tagged PD-L1) and 0.5 nM (FLAG tagged PD-L1). After an assay reaction time of 2 hours at 25° C., 20 μg/mL (final assay concentration) ALPHA assay acceptor beads (anti-His coated) were added and incubated for 60 minutes at 25° C. Binding was measured following a final 60 minute incubation with 40 μg/mL (final assay concentration) ALPHA assay donor beads (anti-FLAG coated). AC₅₀ values were calculated from the fit of the dose-response curves to a four-parameter equation (Table 3).

TABLE 3 AC₅₀ PDL1 DimerAlpha EC₅₀ NFAT Ex. 1 nM Luciferase 1 516 2 456 3 48 4 67.228 17 5 29 6 90.878 148 7 140.42 89 8 290 9 340 10 502 11 1100 12 653 13 4802 14 13076 15 5706 16 100.07 88 17 1607 18 50000 19 5136 20 1198 21 1372 22 2073 23 50000 24 1887 25 3763 26 18881 27 25293 28 663 29 244 30 369.04 50000 31 687 32 127 33 322 34 195 35 296 36 1070 37 894 38 2667 39 50000 40 176 41 188 42 123 43 10000 79 44 62 45 75 46 87 47 503 48 412 49 274 50 76 51 105 52 19786 53 722 54 997 55 1516 56 50000 57 351 58 822 59 1247 60 50000 61 6780 62 19476 63 50000 64 9781 65 3348 66 369.76 338 67 1317 68 553 69 1744 70 902 71 1030 72 2512 73 2618 74 10000 138 75 384 76 1056 77 50000 78 395 79 381 80 50000 81 50000 82 1706 83 1680 84 10003 85 9771 86 50000 87 50000 88 4146 89 670 90 10000 113 91 10000 523 92 170.13 63 93 145.16 127 94 210 95 639 96 912 97 28 98 70 99 157 100 482 101 1799 102 13240 103 14939 104 50000 105 50000 106 5271 107 35026 108 13867 109 112.6 662 110 194.34 354 111 129 112 183.78 286 113 193 114 186 115 50000 116 702 117 361.32 779 118 823 119 863 120 1302 121 74 122 79 123 198.44 75 124 10000 74 125 158 126 327 127 166.03 193 128 234 129 166.51 198 130 236.56 164 131 964 132 279.48 391 133 281.64 288 134 660 135 249.98 812 136 529 137 195.02 1453 138 392 139 23869 140 239 141 50000 142 235 143 395.15 217 144 205.78 201 145 362 146 334.48 2300 147 1202 148 124 149 668 150 50000 151 50000 152 594 153 329 154 50000 155 6487 156 34156 157 465 158 28121 159 538 160 139 161 310 162 236.19 160 163 343 164 500 165 352 166 139 167 10000 109 168 308 169 225 170 50000 171 7716 172 10000 139 173 50000 174 50000 175 808 176 2875 177 20608 178 10000 115 179 655 180 24816 181 30930 182 439 183 260.25 141 184 1390 185 195 186 1512 187 3201 188 1550 189 106 190 516 191 10000 60 192 267.46 197 193 132.45 99 194 1261 195 408 196 222.8 151 197 98 198 69 199 2151 200 893 201 1115 202 1919 203 696 204 927 205 1431 206 672 207 1547 208 10575 209 70.478 73 210 83.051 114 211 81.193 304 212 229.64 306 213 255.38 182 214 187.53 172 215 413 216 514 217 589 218 680 219 558 220 177 221 274 222 856 223 50000 224 24920 225 422.99 145 226 775 227 615 228 844 229 1222 230 821 231 962 232 313.88 331 233 11557 234 444 235 50000 236 5030 237 50000 238 2124 239 1118 240 366.95 108 241 275 242 288 243 393 244 390 245 3436 246 1200 247 776 248 540 249 50000 250 7492 251 25882 252 333 253 304 254 689 255 50000 256 758 257 657 258 419 259 511 260 463 261 3168 262 8621 263 36360 264 1293 265 7058 266 1381 267 8541 268 993 269 50000 270 50000 271 50000 272 37700 273 50000 274 1203 275 10367 276 2049 277 50000 278 50000 279 109.03 260 280 592 281 488 282 326.84 463 283 20893 284 1462 285 9688 286 232 287 958 288 57 289 10000 70 290 25.132 311 291 27.528 46 292 230.22 615 293 125.16 73 294 547.21 714 295 67.628 279 296 108.27 844 297 187.45 266 298 21 299 161.64 326 300 222.67 3720 301 95.867 1023 302 76.204 283 303 101.04 289 304 16.481 79 305 150.01 1765 306 291.81 547 307 598.97 702 308 203.4 373 309 102.96 240 310 120.6 215 311 75.526 104 312 143.95 97 313 91.301 152 314 188 315 1248 317 1179.2 1099 323 67.101 168 324 1023.6 894 325 633.12 2575 326 1211.6 439 327 114 328 241 146 329 289.72 466 330 209.33 1638 331 500.24 232 332 18.738 47 333 202.79 481 335 230.8 437 336 108.74 398 337 1924 338 140.24 1058 339 2216 340 27.769 217 341 38.336 284 342 118.42 447 343 81.128 158 344 55 475 345 228.95 552 346 181.34 214 347 124.8 142 348 80.408 381 349 62.843 320 350 252.44 527 351 168.24 235 352 56.314 105 353 214.6 153 354 341.99 1882 355 712 356 237.38 733 357 10000 202 358 100.37 2090 359 540.45 216 360 223.56 520 361 137.79 314 362 108.06 221 363 170.84 168 364 98.276 353 365 174.12 408 366 2842 367 227.46 376 368 274.21 118 369 57.569 107 370 81.369 577 371 78.017 210 372 425.11 860 373 168 339 374 164.76 788 375 173.05 389 376 770 377 231.43 262 378 191 379 153.36 415 380 184.26 652 381 143.98 219 382 334.26 1232 383 157.24 467 384 153.77 154 385 84 386 868 387 362 388 10000 225 389 119.85 306 390 97.456 120 391 242.51 305 392 232.4 351 393 84.033 118 394 130.25 435 395 89.645 151 396 37.94 105 397 709 398 728.01 1096 399 288.86 319 425 225.89 544 426 408.29 634 428 525.26 282 429 240.33 680 430 290.48 268 431 249.39 275 432 538.83 289 433 166.99 290 434 105.68 332 435 86.182 316 436 77.818 544 437 476.69 476 438 168.29 222 439 153.58 270 440 112.89 251 441 301.38 260 442 327.98 930 443 154.06 276 444 133.01 296 445 265.84 1493 446 457.95 315 448 902.63 1005 449 1493.4 2566 450 110.23 277 451 105.3 472 452 144.49 253 453 325.73 895 454 942.69 953 455 686.13 1544 456 182.03 1230 457 49.346 1557 458 138.59 429 459 89.904 1201 460 302.01 112 461 127.63 47 463 71.305 123 464 87.623 152 465 84.765 193 466 44.128 93 467 111.22 197 468 131.28 183 469 73.532 125 470 126.83 217 471 79.996 144 472 51 473 76.813 86 474 137.4 59 475 134.26 117 476 149.11 196 477 359.77 179 478 267.83 48 479 347.71 45 480 113.77 147 481 92.888 155 482 25.491 47 483 40.947 69 484 107.98 138 485 61.295 200 486 112 487 25.228 16 488 25.557 26 489 18.276 18 490 14.082 19 491 19.794 21 497 302.1 182 498 84.694 111 499 86.519 59 500 50.08 97 501 35.261 60 502 85.226 100 503 42.089 81 504 47.85 68 505 54.984 80 506 172.49 204 507 262.46 210 508 77.969 156 509 128.55 89 510 232.49 147 511 36.86 197 512 255.17 131 513 89.301 47 514 358.78 156 515 95 516 104.22 92 517 91.652 154 518 96.106 159 519 102.68 125 520 57.454 97 521 124.63 106 522 74.343 195 523 10000 129 524 67.668 39 525 34.846 27 526 73.609 110 527 69.901 46 528 63.33 89 529 56.181 165 540 126.03 103 541 70.351 93 542 135.98 197 543 49.676 187 544 17.344 109 545 24.445 145 546 39.174 109 547 20.054 51 548 74.563 197 549 54.558 177 550 47.657 163 551 12.434 100 552 74.724 152 553 17.727 70 554 39.501 148 555 23.089 84 556 37.72 86 557 137.33 135 558 33.558 51 559 18.667 53 560 77.784 163 561 193.04 146 562 126.34 162 563 564 80 565 73.433 112 566 39.38 86 567 68.718 85 568 44.311 65 569 128.37 74 570 56.457 115 571 155.58 126 572 452.86 129 573 215.25 120 574 55.956 72 575 40.589 34 576 24.313 32 577 9.732 16 578 37.182 135 579 34.754 191 580 231.43 200 581 60.308 158 582 346.58 147 583 38.272 180 584 38.566 149 585 182 586 181 587 324.37 45 588 206.48 50 589 164.01 89 590 134.21 140 591 22.717 20 592 107.3 172 593 124.18 113 595 77.049 65 596 415.02 169 597 310.22 231 598 480.36 1836 599 7925.6 50000 600 261.4 240 601 1125.1 748 602 124.08 242 603 235.05 158 604 934.65 552 605 351.78 130 606 557.85 50000 607 296.48 1732 608 214.46 50000 609 143.28 541 610 104.78 50000 611 408.3 223 612 728.92 50000 613 157.64 484 614 10000 50000 615 10000 50000 616 155.9 50000 617 264.72 50000 618 389.37 50000 619 118.12 187 620 10000 50000 621 10000 50000 622 10000 50000 623 10000 50000 624 20.923 50000 625 98.154 50000 626 10000 50000 627 480.39 50000 629 10000 251 630 10000 165 631 440.7 50000 632 313.61 2985 633 2841.4 2275 634 96.94 495 635 340.05 50000 636 83.554 180 637 20.779 90 638 23.809 429 639 942 640 50000 641 34.707 60 642 67.167 194 643 39.001 89 644 135.96 82 645 30.693 30 646 73.171 145 647 211.12 234 648 60.881 57 649 38.806 29 650 8.201 39 651 29.501 41 652 140.25 59 653 105.23 93 654 10.897 27 655 25.985 28 656 37.666 24 657 156.4 197 658 78.516 51 659 22.096 51 660 15.245 107 661 125.67 159 662 14.486 83 663 6.56 118 664 10000 50000 665 16.491 150 666 22.851 418 667 17.028 1893 668 16.485 886 669 17.179 637 670 74.789 50000 671 10000 235 672 24.53 435 673 398.99 583 674 11.32 44 675 95 676 62 677 180.38 145 678 253.53 264 679 100.56 64 681 50000 682 193.69 243 683 115.93 98 684 41.209 36 685 1822.3 625 686 136.97 46 687 3096.1 605 688 140.78 50000 689 114.12 139 690 80.795 287 691 193.17 443 692 198 693 120 694 96 695 21.64 26 696 16.885 12 697 51.001 50 698 111.18 152 699 24.684 136 700 22.122 43 701 332.27 3053 702 332.32 1311 703 24.212 11 704 66.777 11 705 60.582 20 706 42.831 14 707 39.298 31 708 38.593 34 709 49.36 21 710 54.611 22 711 102.77 69 712 32.999 12 713 69.421 25 714 66.315 26 715 7.886 35 716 15.094 343 717 16.161 484 718 70.434 704 719 32.67 110 720 94.892 558 721 18.996 14 722 16.05 47 723 35.134 41 724 21.158 120 725 14.262 88 726 81.94 76 727 15.841 27 728 14.976 25 729 48.994 652 730 40.706 100 731 15.975 26 732 2.694 14 733 129.31 120 734 45.993 36 735 104.09 95 736 18.388 22 737 8.231 80 738 8.059 72 739 3.815 10 740 53.577 288 741 3.104 12 742 42.007 32 743 82.234 50 744 9.532 44 745 19.203 113 746 103.63 143 747 5.356 10 748 10.056 24 749 16.809 77 750 72.114 222 751 181.6 355 752 82.454 471 753 35 754 434 755 39.227 139 756 6586 757 17.559 15 758 36.654 29 759 18.894 16 760 44.242 63 761 13.202 10 762 13.558 18 763 11.335 10 764 31.93 23 765 13.146 11 766 19.366 21 767 75.724 57 768 47.439 33 769 28.129 25 770 700.16 856 771 45.017 130 772 19.477 50000 773 10000 2100 774 2726.7 463 775 68.021 84 776 10000 1443 777 45.788 179 778 258.91 212 779 112.82 68 780 14.393 50 781 23.265 34 782 23.072 38 783 823.38 2987 784 28.933 182 785 16.139 66 786 12.246 86 787 35.352 58 788 11.785 39 789 17.884 58 790 75.688 84 791 205.9 175 792 22.685 40 793 186.83 1813 794 94.243 794 795 9.646 41 796 227.82 151 797 41.412 30 798 22.717 20 799 150.12 167 800 536.96 246 801 10000 50000 802 55.521 177 803 11.741 49 

1. A compound of formula (VIII):

wherein: each of X⁴ and X⁵ are independently N, CH or CZ³; each Z is independently is halo, —OR^(a), —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —N₃, —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, or —C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, and cyano; each w is independently 0, 1 or 2; each Z³ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N); and wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —O—C₁₋₆-cyanoalkyl, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and further wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone; R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —O—C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —O—C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —O—C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

wherein: L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂; V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂; ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —O—C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —O—C₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and  wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; each t is independently 0, 1 or 2; R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —O—C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —S—C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)—SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)—C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂₋C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —(CH₂)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d), —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)], —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂, —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)), or

wherein: V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a), NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹, or NR^(a)SO₂; L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a), NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹, or NR^(a)SO₂; ring B is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; T is independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R², (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e), or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e); p is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; z is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl of R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl; provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a nitrogen atom; each R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b); each R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b) and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b); or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b); each R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a); each R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl; each R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl; or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f), —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g); each R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl; R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl; each R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —O—C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —O-heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl, —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g); each R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl; and each R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, solvate, or tautomer thereof.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is represented by a compound of formula (VIIIa):


3. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is represented by a compound of formula (VIIIb):


4. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is represented by a compound of formula (VIIIc):


5. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is represented by a compound of formula (VIIId):


6. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is represented by a compound of formula (VIIIe):

wherein: each of X⁴ and X⁵ are independently N, CH or CZ³; each Z¹ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —CN, or —C₁₋₆ alkyl; each w is independently 0, 1 or 2; each Z³ is independently halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N); and wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —O—C₁₋₆-cyanoalkyl, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and further wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone; R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —O—C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —O—C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —O—C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹, —S—C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a),

wherein: L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂; V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂; ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —O—C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —O—C₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and  wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is optionally independently substituted with —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; each t is independently 0, 1 or 2; each R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b); each R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b) and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b); or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b); each R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a); each R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl; each R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl; or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f), —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g); each R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl; each R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl; each R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl; and each R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, solvate, or tautomer thereof.
 7. The compound of claim 6, wherein the compound is represented by a compound of formula (VIIIf):


8. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is represented by a compound of formula (VIIIg):


9. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is represented by a compound of formula (VIIIh):


10. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is represented by a compound of formula (VIIIi):


11. The compound of any preceding claim, wherein each Z³ is independently halo.
 12. The compound of any preceding claim, wherein each Z³ is independently halo or C₁₋₆ alkoxy.
 13. The compound of any preceding claim, wherein each Z³ is independently chloro.
 14. The compound of any preceding claim, wherein each Z³ is independently chloro or methoxy.
 15. A compound of formula (I) R^(W)-Q^(W)-L^(W)-Ar^(W)—Ar^(E)-L^(E)-Q^(E)-R^(E)   (I) wherein: Ar^(E) and Ar^(W) are each independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from halo, —OR^(a), —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —N₃, —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and cycloalkyl group is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, and cyano; L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)S(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —C(O)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, C₂₋₆ alkenylene, C₂₋₆ alkynylene,

wherein each m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from halo, oxo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)NR¹R², —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone; wherein R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

wherein L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂; V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂; ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₂₋₆alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;  wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d), —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)], —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂, —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)(CH₂)_(u)P(O)(OR^(c))₂, —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)); —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)), or

wherein: V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a), NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂; L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, SO₂, C(O)NR^(a), NR^(a)C(O), SO₂NR¹R², or NR^(a)SO₂; ring B is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; T is independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R², (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e), (CH₂)_(q)OR^(a), or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e); p is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; q is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and z is 0, 1, 2, or 3; wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl of R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl; provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a nitrogen atom; R¹ is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₈ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), and C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —OC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b); R² is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b) and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b); or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, and optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b); R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a); R⁴ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), or —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a); R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆alkylheterocyclyl; R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl; or R^(a) and R^(b) may combine together to form a ring consisting of 3-8 ring atoms that are C, N, O, or S; wherein the ring is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from —OR^(f), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(f), —C(O)OR^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(f), —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —SO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), —SO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)SO₂R^(g) and —NR^(f)C(O)R^(g); R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl; R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl; R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl, —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g); R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl; and R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof.
 16. The compound according to claim 1 wherein: Ar^(E) and Ar^(W) are each independently a cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from halo, —OR^(a), —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —N₃, —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl, and cycloalkyl group is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, and cyano; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereof.
 17. The compound according to claim 15, wherein: Ar^(E) and Ar^(W) are each independently an aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from halo, —OR^(a), —CN, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and —OC₁₋₆ alkyl; wherein each alkyl group is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), halo, or cyano; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereof.
 18. The compound according to claim 15, wherein: Ar^(W) is the same as Ar^(E) and is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, indanyl, and indolinyl, wherein each phenyl, pyridinyl, indanyl, and indolinyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from halo, —OR^(a), CN, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆haloalkyl, and —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereof.
 19. The compound according to any one of claims 15-17, wherein Ar^(E) and Ar^(W) are phenyl each substituted with a methyl group.
 20. The compound according to any one of claims 15-18, wherein: Ar^(W) is phenyl and Ar^(E) is phenyl wherein each is optionally substituted with halo.
 21. The compound according to claim 1 wherein Ar^(E) and Ar^(W) are each indanyl.
 22. The compound according to any one of claims 15-18, wherein Ar^(W) is indolinyl and Ar^(E) is indolinyl, each optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from methyl, ethyl, methoxy, chloro, and CF₃.
 23. The compound according to any one of claims 15-18, wherein Ar^(E) is phenyl and Ar^(W) is phenyl each optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from methyl, ethyl, methoxy, chloro, and CF₃.
 24. The compound according to claims 15-18, wherein Ar^(E) is the same as Ar^(W) wherein each is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from methyl, chloro, bromo, CN, OCF₃, CF₃ CH₂CF₃, and ethyl.
 25. The compound according to claims 15-18, wherein Ar^(E) is different from Ar^(W) wherein each is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from methyl, chloro, bromo, CN, OCF₃, CF₃ CH₂CF₃, and ethyl.
 26. The compound according to any one of claims 15-18, wherein L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —O—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —C(O)—, C₂₋₆ alkenylene, C₂₋₆ alkynylene,

and each m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 27. The compound according to any one of claims 15-18, wherein: L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —C(O)—,

wherein each m is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3; R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OH, —OCH₃, or —OCH₂CH₃; and R⁴ is independently H, halo, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OH, —OCH₃, or —OCH₂CH₃; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 28. The compound according to any one of claims 15-18, wherein: L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —C(O)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)C(O)NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, or —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³C(O)(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, wherein each m is independently 0, 1, or 2; and R³ and R⁴ are each independently H, or —C₁₋₆alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 29. The compound according to any one of claims 15-18, wherein: L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —O(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O—, or —C(O)—: wherein each m is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3; and R³ and R⁴ are each independently H, or —C₁₋₆alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 30. The compound according to any one of claims 15-18, wherein: L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently —CH₂—, —OCH₂—, —CH₂O— or —C(O)—; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 31. The compound according to any one of claims 15-30, wherein: Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from halo, oxo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and R^(N); wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; wherein the heteroaryl or heterocyclic group may be oxidized on a nitrogen atom to form an N-oxide or oxidized on a sulfur atom to form a sulfoxide or sulfone; R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

wherein L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a) or S; L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a) or S; V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl, and C₂₋₆alkenyl; and ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; wherein the cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally independently substituted with 1 or 2 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 32. The compound according to any one of claims 15-30, wherein: Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with R^(N); and R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

wherein L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a) or S; L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a) or S; V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl, and C₂₋₆alkenyl; and ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; wherein the cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally independently substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 33. The compound according to any one of claims 15-30, wherein: Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each independently phenyl, pyridine, indanyl, naphthyl, indolyl, indolinyl, benzthiazolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, or thienyl; wherein each phenyl, pyridine, indanyl, naphthyl, indolyl, indolinyl, benzthiazolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, or thienyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 34. The compound according to any one of claims 15-30, wherein: Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each independently phenyl, pyridine, indanyl, naphthyl, indolyl, indolinyl, benzthiazolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, or thienyl; wherein each phenyl, pyridine, indanyl, naphthyl, indolyl, indolinyl, benzthiazolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, or thienyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and R^(N); and R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

wherein L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂; L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂; V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl; wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is optionally independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b) or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally independently substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, CN, NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 35. The compound according to any one of claims 15-30, wherein: Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each independently phenyl, pyridine, indazolyl, thiazolyl, or indolinyl; wherein each phenyl, pyridine, indazolyl, thiazolyl, or indolinyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halo, —OR^(a), —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and R^(N); and R^(N) is independently —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR¹, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), or

wherein L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂; L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂; V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, or C₂₋₆alkynyl; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is optionally independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; wherein the cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally independently substituted with 1 to 2 groups selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, CN, NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b) and C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 36. The compound according to any one of claims 15-30, wherein: Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from OH, halo, CN, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆haloalkyl —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆haloalkyl, —SO₂C₁₋₆alkyl,

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 37. The compound according to any one of claims 1-36, wherein R^(E) an R^(W) are independently selected from —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylN⁺R¹R²R³, —SC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —(CH₂)N⁺R¹R²O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d), —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)], —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(O)(OR^(c))₂, —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), and —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)); R¹ is selected from H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆alkyl-OR^(a), or —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b); R² is selected from —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), and —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b); or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, and optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), and —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b); R³ is independently H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl; R^(a) is independently H or —C₁₋₆ alkyl; R^(b) is independently H or —C₁₋₆ alkyl; R^(c) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl; u is 0, 1, 2, or 3; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 38. The compound according to any one of claims 1-36, wherein R^(E) an R^(W) are independently selected from —C(O)NR¹R², —SO₂R^(a), —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², and —(CH₂)_(u)C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b); and R¹ is selected from H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆alkyl-OR^(a), and —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b); R² is selected from —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), and —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b); or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, and optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), and —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b); R^(a) is independently H or —C₁₋₆ alkyl; R^(b) is independently H or —C₁₋₆ alkyl; and u is 0, 1, 2, or 3; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 39. The compound according to any one of claims 1-36, wherein R^(E) an R^(W) are independently selected from —(CH₂)_(u)N⁺R¹R²O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(b)R^(c)R^(d), —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺R^(c)R^(d)O⁻, —(CH₂)_(u)P⁺O[NR^(a)R^(b)][NR^(c)R^(d)], —(CH₂)_(u)NR^(c)P(o)(OR^(c))₂, —(CH₂)_(u)CH₂OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), and —(CH₂)_(u)OP(O)NR^(a)R^(b))(OR^(a)); R¹ is selected from H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆alkyl-OR^(a), or —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b); R² is selected from —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), and —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b); or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, and optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), and —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b); R^(a) is independently H or —C₁₋₆ alkyl; R^(b) is independently H or —C₁₋₆ alkyl; R^(c) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl; and u is 0, 1, 2, or 3; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 40. The compound according to any one of claims 1-36, wherein R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², or

wherein V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO or SO₂; L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂; ring B is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; T is independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R², (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e) or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e); p is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3; q is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3; and z is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl of R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl; provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a nitrogen atom; R¹ is selected from H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆alkyl-OR^(a), or —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b); R² is selected from —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), and —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b); or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, and optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), and —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b); R^(a) is independently H or —C₁₋₆ alkyl; R^(b) is independently H or —C₁₋₆ alkyl; R^(e) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, and —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl; R^(e) is selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl, —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g); R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; and R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 41. The compound according to any one of claims 1-36, wherein R^(E) and R^(W) are each

wherein V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂; R^(c) is independently selected from H, OH, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, and —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl; L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂; ring B is cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; T is independently H, OR^(a), (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R², (CH₂)_(q)NR^(a)C(O)R^(e), or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e); R^(e) is selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl, —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), —C(O)NR^(f)R^(g), C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g); R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; p is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3; q is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3; and z is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl of R^(E) or R^(W) is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl; provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a nitrogen atom; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 42. The compound according to any one of claims 1-36, wherein R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², or —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²; R¹ is selected from H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆alkyl-OR^(a), or —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b); R² is selected from —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), and —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b); or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, and optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), and —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b); R^(a) is independently H or —C₁₋₆ alkyl; and R^(b) is independently H or —C₁₋₆ alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 43. The compound according to any one of claims 1-36, wherein R^(E) and R^(W) are each —C₁₋₆alkylOC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²; R¹ is selected from H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆alkyl-OR^(a), and —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b); R² is selected from —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆alkyl-OR^(a), and —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b); or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, and optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), and —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b); R^(a) is independently H or —C₁₋₆alkyl; and R^(b) is independently H or —C₁₋₆alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 44. The compound according to any one of claims 1-36, wherein R^(E) and R^(W) are each —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R²; R¹ is selected from H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆alkyl-OR^(a), and —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b); R² is selected from —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆alkyl-OR^(a), and —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b); or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, and optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), and —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b); R^(a) is independently H or —C₁₋₆alkyl; and R^(b) is independently H or —C₁₋₆alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 45. The compound according to any one of claims 1-36, wherein R^(E) and R^(W) are each —NR¹R²; R¹ is selected from H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆alkyl-OR^(a), and —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b); R² is selected from —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆alkyl-OR^(a), and —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b); or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl group optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, and optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), and —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b); R^(a) is independently H or —C₁₋₆alkyl; and R^(b) is independently H or —C₁₋₆alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 46. The compound according to any one of claims 1-36, wherein the groups R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently:


47. The compound according to any one of claims 1-36, wherein R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently selected from:


48. The compound according to claim 15, wherein Ar^(E) and Ar^(W) are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from halo, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, and —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; L^(E) and L^(W) are each independently a bond, —O—, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, —O(CR³R⁴)_(m), —(CR³R⁴)_(m)O, —(CR³R⁴)_(m)NR³—, —NR³(CR³R⁴)_(m)—, or —C(O)—; m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and Q^(E) and Q^(W) are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from halo, —OR^(a), —N₃, —NO₂, —CN, —NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and R^(N); wherein R^(N) is

L¹ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂; V is independently selected from a bond, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, and C₂₋₆alkynyl; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is optionally independently substituted with OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), or —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; L² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂; ring A is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; wherein each cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally independently substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR^(a), halo, cyano, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC₁₋₆ alkylCN, —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))OR^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and C₁₋₆alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; R^(E) and R^(W) are each independently —NR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —OC₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C₁₋₆ alkylOC₁₋₆alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —C(O)NR¹R², —(CH₂)_(u)SO₂NR¹R², —SO₂NR^(a)C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², —NR^(a)SO₂C₁₋₆ alkylNR¹R², or

wherein V² is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO or SO₂ L³ is independently a bond, O, NR^(a), S, SO, or SO₂; ring B is cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; T is (CH₂)_(q)NR¹R² or (CH₂)_(q)C(O)R^(e); p is 0, 1, 2, or 3; q is 0, 1, 2, or 3; z is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of NR^(a)R^(b), halo, cyano, oxo, OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylOH, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl; provided that at least one of V², L³, ring B and T contains a nitrogen atom; R¹ is selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a), and C₁₋₆ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), oxo, —CN, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkyl C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b), and —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)C(O)R^(b); R² is selected from —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, —C₂₋₆ alkyl-OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), and —C₂₋₆ alkenylC(O)OR^(a); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from —OR^(a), —CN, halo, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)SO₂R^(b) and —NR^(a)C(O)R^(b); or R¹ and R² combine to form a heterocyclyl optionally containing 1, 2, or 3 additional heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, and optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from oxo, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₂₋₆ alkenyl, —C₂₋₆ alkynyl, —OR^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₆ cyanoalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(O)R^(a), C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(a)R^(b), —SO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(a), —SO₂NR^(a)R^(b), and C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(a)R^(b); R³ is independently H, halo, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OH, —OCH₃, or —OCH₂CH₃; R⁴ is independently H, halo, —C₁₋₆alkyl, —OH, —OCH₃, or —OCH₂CH₃; R^(a) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl; R^(b) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl; R^(c) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl; R^(d) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, and —C₁₋₃alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl; or wherein any two R^(c), any two R^(d) or any R^(c) and R^(d) optionally combine to form a 3-6 membered cycloalkyl ring; R^(e) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —OC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —Oaryl, —Oheteroaryl, —Oheterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆alkylheteroaryl, —NR^(f)R^(g), —C₁₋₆ alkylNR^(f)R^(g), C₁₋₆ alkylC(O)NR^(f)R^(g), —NHSO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂R^(f), and —C₁₋₆ alkylSO₂NR^(f)R^(g); R^(f) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl; and R^(g) is independently selected from H, —C₁₋₆ alkyl, —C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C₁₋₃ alkylC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, —C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, and —C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 49. The compound

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 50. The compound

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 51. The compound

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 52. The compound

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 53. The compound

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 54. The compound

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 55. The compound

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 56. The compound

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 57. The compound

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 58. The compound

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 59. A method for inhibiting PD-1, PD-L1 and/or the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction comprising administering a compound according to any one of claims 1-58 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof, to a patient in need thereof.
 60. A method for treating cancer comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1-58 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof, to a patient in need thereof.
 61. The method according to claim 60, wherein the cancer is pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, renal cancer, hepatocellular cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, melanoma, neuroendocrine cancer, CNS cancer, brain cancer, bone cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, non-small cell lung cancer, small-cell lung cancer or colon cancer.
 62. The method according to claim 60, wherein the cancer is acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), myeloproliferative disease (MPD), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), multiple myeloma (MM), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), follicular lymphoma, Waldestrom's macroglobulinemia (WM), T-cell lymphoma, B-cell lymphoma or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).
 63. The method according to claim 59 or 60 further comprising administering at least one additional anticancer agent or therapy selected from nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, ipilimumab, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and resection therapy, to a patient in need thereof.
 64. The method according to claim 59 or 60 wherein the additional anticancer agent or therapy is nivolumab, pembrolizumab, artezolizumab, and nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, or ipilimumab.
 65. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any one of claims 1-58 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 66. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 65, further comprising at least one additional anticancer agent or therapy selected from rituxan, doxorubicin, gemcitabine, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and ipilimumab, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 67. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 65 wherein the additional anticancer agent is nivolumab, pembrolizumab a, atezolizumab, or ipilimumab.
 68. A compound according to any one of claims 1-58 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof for use in therapy.
 69. A compound according to any one of claims 1-58 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof, for use in the manufacture of a medicament for treating cancer.
 70. A compound according to any one of claims 1-58 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof, and at least one additional anti-cancer agent selected from rituxan, doxorubicin, gemcitabine, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and ipilimumab for use in the manufacture of a medicament for treating cancer.
 71. A kit for treating or preventing cancer or a disease or condition that is amenable to treatment by inhibiting PD-1, PD-L1 and/or the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction in a patient in need thereof, comprising: a) a compound according to any of claims 1-58, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof; b) a monoclonal antibody checkpoint inhibitor or antigen binding fragment thereof; and optionally c) a label or instructions for use.
 72. A kit for treating or preventing cancer or a disease or condition that is amenable to treatment by inhibiting PD-1, PD-L1 and/or the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction in a patient in need thereof, comprising: a) a compound according to any of claims 1-58, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof; b) a monoclonal antibody checkpoint inhibitor or antigen binding fraction thereof; and optionally c) an additional therapeutic agent; and optionally, d) a label or instructions for use.
 73. A kit for treating or preventing cancer or a disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, comprising: a) a compound according to any of claims 1-58, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof; b) an anti-MMP9 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof; and optionally c) an additional therapeutic agent; and optionally; d) a label or instructions for use. 